Index of Subjects

Page numbers prefixed by 'S' refer to the supplement California Bearing Ratio, and saturated gypsiferous soil 87-89 3DEC model 15-16 carbonate dissolution, mine discharges 71, 74-78 AAS (atomic absorption spectrometry) 324, 355 catchment conditions modelling, Lincolnshire Limestone ABEM Lund imaging system 164-165 233-245 accelerated testing 291-292, 296 catchment hydrogeology, Thurne River 365-379 acid mine drainage 69-71, 74-78, 351,359-361 catchment hydrology, Hong Kong hillsides 251 acoustic velocities 107-116 cation exchange capacity (CEC) 262, 263, 264, 268 activity cave systems, gypsum karst 305-310 clay soils in leaching tests 264 cavities, detection by ground penetrating radar 157-162 Claygate Beds 223 CBR see California Bearing Ratio aerial photography, landslide characteristics 247-249, 251, cementing 257, 258 lacustrine deposits 271 288 agricultural runoff 355, 372, 379 sands 22, 23-26, 33-42 algal blooms 365 Chalk allophane 324, 342 aquifer flow characteristics 55-67 alluvial aquifers unsaturated zone transport 185-198 geophysical investigation 139-155 Champlain Sea clay 266 transmissivity estimation 204 channellized debris flows 247, 253, 255, 256-258 alumina-to-calcium-sodium (ACN) ratio 335 chemical weathering indices, volcanic rocks 324, 335-339, alumina-to-potassium-sodium (AKN) ratio 335, 346 346 aluminium, and mine discharges 70, 356 cherty sandstone 21, 35 aluminium hydroxides see sesquioxides chloride concentrations ankerite 279 Almond River 355 applied geological mapping studies S1-44 Thurne catchment 373, 376 aquifers chlorite 220, 230, 263, 272, 324, 327, 328 aquifer characteristics and water balance 365 379 classification schemes 5-6 gravel, transmissivity 201-204 weathered volcanic rocks and soils, Hong Kong 339-342 karstic groundwater flow characteristics 55-67 clay content, and hydraulic conductivity 199-200 limestone, focused packer testing 173-182 clay mineralogy management 233, 245 clay soils in leachate tests 263-264, 268 rive~aquifer interaction 239 240, 242-244, 245, 373-379 Claygate and Bagshot Beds 219-220, 225, 230 spring-aquifer interaction 239, 242, 245 Dunarobba lacustrine deposits 272 total catchment conditions, numerical model 233~45 Hong Kong volcanic rocks 323-335 wadi alluvium, geophysical investigation 139-155 clay soils artificial land, maps $24-27 attenuation barrier competency assessment 261-269 atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) 324, 355 heavy metal sorption 264-269 Atterberg limits clay veins, weathered volcanic rocks 331-335 and calcium carbonate content 279-281 Claygate Beds 215-225, 228-230 weathered volcanic soils 345 clays, Bothkennar 97-103 see also plasticity claystones, geophysical borehole logging 168-169 avalanches climatic simulator 291-300 ice 210, 212 closed-circuit television (CCTV), in packer testing 172-182 rock 311-315 coal workings, abandoned bacterial sulphate reduction 71, 76, 77-78 discharge quality 69-78 Bagshot Beds 215-219, 225-230 maps $22-24 batch equilibrium tests, clay soils 262-263 minewater pollution modelling 351-361 biotite dissolution 357, 359 coastal highway, rockfall checkfences 311-314 Blisworth Clay/Limestone 236 cohesion bonding, weathered volcanic rocks and soils 335, 342, 347 Bagshot Beds 228 borehole logging, Crag aquifer 369-372; see also core Folkestone Bed Sands 21M4 logging; crosshole techniques; drilling colluvium 250, 251,253 boreholes, uncontrolled (wild bores) 240-241,244 compaction Bothkennar soft clays 97-103 gypsiferous soil 87-89 breccia pipes 307-310 weathered volcanic soils 345-346 breccias, cemented 9 compressibility, lacustrine deposits 271-288 brick, performance testing, climatic simulator 291-300 consistency, Claygate and Bagshot Beds 223, 228, 230 Bryozoan limestone 107-116 consolidation buried valley, River Ure, Yorkshire 305 Claygate Beds 224 Dunarobba lacustrine deposits 272 calcite 273, 279, 324, 357, 361,372 constraints maps S15, S18, $34-37 calcium bicarbonate 273 construction materials, durability assessment 291-300 calcium carbonate Contact Index (CI) 27-39 and Atterberg limits 279-281 contaminant attenuation barriers, clay soil competency and compressibility of lacustrine deposits 271-288 assessment 261-269 394 contaminant transport in the unsaturated zone 185, 186-187 engineering geology maps $28 contaminated ground, maps $24, $34-37 Equivalence, Principle of 142 contamination, geophysical investigation techniques 199; see ERT see resistivity tomography also pollution; water quality eutaxite 324, 329 copper, leaching column tests 264~269 evapotranspiration 375-376, 378, 379 copper mine, three-dimensional computer modelling 2 3 excavations, geotechnical design ~3, 11-15 core density scanning, Palaeogene limestones 107-116 expansive soils, prediction of vertical swell 45 54 core logging Dunarobba lacustrine deposits 275-276 fabric railway tunnel site 167-170 Dunarobba lacustrine deposits 276-277 recharge dam sites 142-155 Hong Kong volcanic rocks and soils 323-335, 339-342, Cornbrash 236 346 347 Crag aquifer hydrogeology 365-379 see also microfabric crosshole techniques fabrication yard, permeability tests 383 388 electrical imaging, in packer testing 173 182 falling head tests, permeability estimation 383-388 ERT 173-182, 191-192, 198 feldspars 324, 327, 328, 333 seismic surveying 97-103 Fick's Law 197 fill, scour cavity detection by radar 157-162 dams fissure transfer 243 moraine, breaching and remediation 209--214 fissure transport in the unsaturated zone 185 95 recharge, site investigation 139-155 fissured aquifer, focused packer testing 173-182 safety assessment 17 fissuring, Palaeogene limestones 107-116 Dar Zarrouk transmissivity technique 199-204 Flamborough Formation 187 198 data point maps $22 flocculation, minewater treatment 359, 361 databases, applied geological mapping $2-4, S10, $22, $40 Flood Plain Gravels, transmissivity 201-204 debris fans floods, glacial lake outburst (GLOFs) 209-214 glacial lake outburst floods 210 Fluorescein Sodium 57 rainfall-induced landslides 247 249, 255 256 Folkestone Bed sands, microfabric and shear strength 21-43 debris flow landslides, Hong Kong 247 258 fracture location, geophysical methods 173 182 density fracturing, Palaeogene limestones 107-116 Claygate and Bagshot Beds 221,227 228 freezing/freeze-drying simulation, construction materials core density scanning, Palaeogene limestones 107 116 testing 292-293 Dunarobba lacustrine deposits 272 weathered volcanic soils 345 gamma ray attenuation 108-116 derelict land, maps $24 Generalized Reciprocal Method (GRM) 123-125 design process 3-4 geochemistry, Dunarobba lacustrine deposits 271-288 development and planning, applied geological maps S IM4 geographical information systems (GIS) SI0, $22 development planning and design in subsidence-prone areas geogrid mattresses 310 309 geological mapping, applied S1-44 Dhruma Formation 45 54 geological maps (solid and drift) $27 digital cartographical techniques $2~,, $40 geological models, quantification 1 19 digital databases, applied geological mapping S2M, SI0, $22, Geological Society of London 321, 342, 346 $40 Applied Earth Science Mapping $4 discontinuities, scanline surveying 187 188 Geological Strength Index (GSI) 8-18 discontinuity infillings, weathered volcanic rocks 331-335 Geomorphological Services Limited (GSL), Report on dissolution, gypsum karst 305 310 Environmental Geology Mapping $4, $6 dolomite (mineral) 220, 230, 279, 357, 359 geomorphology maps $30 drainage pumps, Thurnc catchment 367, 369, 376, 378, 379 geophysics drilling Crag aquifer 369 372 recharge dam site investigation 142 155 gypsum karst hazard assessment 308 309 sand and gravel reserves estimation 81, 84 shallow techniques 107-204 wire line core drilling 167-170 Geotechnical Control Office 321,346 Dunarobba Fossil-Forest Natural Analogue study 271 geotechnical engineering processes 1 19 durability assessment of construction materials 291 geotechnical properties, Claygate and Bagshot Beds 215 230 dye tracing experiments, Ulster White Limestone 57-67 gibbsite 324, 331,342 dynamic moduli, and core density scanning 107 116 glacial drift cover, shallow seismic surveys 119 137 glacial granular soils, permeability estimation methods early warning systems, GLOF hazard 214 383--388 Earth Science Information S1, $40 glacial hazard assessment, Nepal 209-214 Eavesdropper software program 370-371 glacial sands and gravels, transmissivity estimation 204 Edlington Formation 305 glacial till soil, contaminant attenuation assessment 261-269 EDTA 275-276 glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) 209-214 elastic moduli, Palaeogene limestones 107 116 glauconite 23, 219 elasto-static thermal stress model 7 GLOFs (glacier lake outburst floods) 209-214 engineering classifications, weathered volcanic rocks 321 gneiss, geophysical site investigations 163-172 engineering design processes 1--19 goethite 328, 331,342, 357, 361 395

grain size see particle size and porosity 199 Grantham Formation 235 see also transmissivity granular soils, permeability estimation methods 383 388 hydraulic property determination using focused packer gravel see sand and gravel testing 173-182 gravity profiling, recharge dam sites 142-155; see also hydro-electric scheme, and GLOF hazard 209, 214 specific gravity hydrochemistry, Ulster White Limestone 57, 59, 60-63 Great Oolite Clay/Limestone 236 hydrogeochemical monitoring, Almond catchment 353-361 ground penetrating radar, highway scour cavity detection hydrogeology 157 162 Crag aquifer 369-372 ground stability maps $30, $32 Dunarobba lacustrine deposits 272-275 groundwater chemistry use of geophysical techniques 173-205 Almond River and Polkemmet shaft 355 357 hydrography, Ulster White Limestone 57 Crag aquifer 372 373 hydrology Dunarobba lacustrine deposits 272-275 Hong Kong hillsides 251 groundwater discharge recording 57 Ulster White Limestone 57-67 groundwater flow boundary flow interpretation 303 ice avalanches 210, 212 characteristics 55-67 ice front development, Magnesium Limestone 299-300 Lincolnshire Limestone aquifer 239 ICPAES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission non-linear flow, correction techniques 176-177, 180 spectrometry) 324, 355 vertical flow (upwards leakage) 241,244-245 illite 47, 263, 264, 272, 333, 335 groundwater level monitoring, Crag aquifer 369-370 induced polarization (IP) measurements, recharge dam sites groundwater modelling 139-155 runoff-recharge, Lincolnshire Limestone 236 239 induration, Palaeogene limestones 107-116 total catchment conditions 233~45 insurance, subsidence-prone areas 309 groundwater monitoring, polluted minewater 69 79, 351-361 Intrinsic Compression Line (ICL) 284 Groundwater Protection Zones 185 IP see induced polarization groundwater recharge 65-67 iron dams, geophysical site investigation 139-155 concentration in Crag Aquifer 368 groundwater solute transport, unsaturated zone, resistivity and mine discharges 70~78, 356-359 imaging 185-198 iron hydroxide minerals 330-331; see also sesquioxides groundwater storage, Thurne catchment 377 378 iron oxide minerals 23, 324-331,335, 342, 359 groundwater transmissivity 199-204 ironstone doggers 21, 35 using focused packer testing 175-182 groundwater-surface water interaction 230-241 joints 186; see also fissures gypsiferous soil, and California Bearing Ratio 87-89 gypsum 230, 357, 372 Kger6d Formation 168-169 dissolution 305 310 kaolin minerals, weathered volcanic rocks 324-342 kaolin veins, weathered volcanic rocks 331-335 kaolinite 23, 47, 220, 230, 263, 264, 268, 272 haematite 331,342 karstic groundwater flow characteristics 55-67 Hallandss Railway Tunnel Project, site investigation 163-172 Kellaway Beds 236 halloysite 324, 327, 328, 330, 342, 347 key planning issues maps $2, S10, S15 hardness, scales 109; see also induration Kobenhavn Limestone Formation 107-116 Hawasina Complex, Oman 139-155 hazard early warning systems, GLOFs 214 lacustrine deposits, compressibility 271-288 hazard evaluation 5 land drainage schemes, Thurne catchment 367, 369, 376, 379 glacier lake outburst floods 209 214 land use maps $22-39 Ripon gypsum karst 308-309 landfill liner contaminant attenuation 261-269 and risk assessment 15-17 landfill location maps $24 hazard mitigation by rockfall checkfences 311-315 landscape resource maps $37 hazard zoning, debris flow landslides 255-258 landslides Hazen's rule, permeability estimation 383-388 Claygate Beds 224-225, 230 heave, in expansive soils 45-54 rainfall-induced 247-258 heavy metals attenuation, clay soils 262-269 lateritic soils 339 heavy metals pollution, mine drainage 351 lavas, weathered, Hong Kong 317-347 highways leaching column tests 262-269 protection by rockfall checkfences 311-314 lead, leaching column tests 264-269 scour cavity detection by radar 157-162 Lias Clay 235 Hong Kong, characterization of weathered volcanic rocks lime-dosing and limestone buffering 74, 77, 78, 359-361 317-347 limestone horizontal shear modulus, in situ determination 97-104 aquifer, catchment conditions 233-245 hydraulic conductivity core density scanning 107-116 and clay content 199-200 focused packer testing 173-182 clay soils in leachate tests 264 Limestone Coal Group 351-354 Dunarobba lacustrine deposits 272 limonite 23 396

Lincolnshire Limestone aquifer, catchment conditions Crag aquifer 373, 379 233-245 Yorkshire Chalk 186-187 locked sands 22, 26, 42, 43 Nitrate Sensitive Areas 185, 186-187 London Clay 215 Norfolk Broads, Crag aquifer hydrogeology 365-379 loss-on-ignition (LOI) value 335 Northampton Sand 235 Lower Coal Measures 352-354 Norwich Crag 367 magnesium 359, 372 Ocean Drilling Program 108 Magnesium Limestone, ice front development 299-300 ochre deposits 359 magnetite 324, 331 oedometer tests manganese, and mine drainage 357, 359, 361 Dunarobba lacustrine deposits 282, 284 manganese oxides 335 expansive soils 45-54 maps, applied geological ophiolite 140-155 for planning and development S1-44 opportunity maps S 15, S 16 presentation and content S 10-S 15 organic compounds, and carbonate dissolution 279 marl layers in chalk, and solute transport 187, 190, 197 Oxford Clay 236 Masch & Denny method, permeability estimation 383-388 masonry materials testing, climatic simulator 291-300 packer testing, focused 173-182 material constants, estimating 8-18 parameters, in engineering design 1-19 maze caves 305-310 Park Limestone, focused packer testing 174-182 Meteorological Office Rainfall and Evaporation Calculation particle density, weathered volcanic soils 345 System (MORECS) 377-378 particle size mica 220, 230, 324, 335 Bagshot Beds 225-227 micaceous minerals 324, 327 Claygate Beds 221 microfabric Dunarobba lacustrine deposits 272 Folkestone Bed sands 21-44 and permeability estimation 383-388 weathered rocks 335-337 weathered volcanic soils 342, 345 microgranodiorite 312 Passage Group 352 micropetrographic indices pebble beds 21,225, 230 weathered rocks 335-337 Penmaenmawr Intrusion 312 weathered volcanic rocks, Hong Kong 335-337, 346 permeability microscopic modal analysis 324 comparison of estimation methods for granular soils 383 Midland Valley, abandoned coal workings 69-78 388 mined ground maps $22-24 permeability/resistivity relationships 199 mineral resource maps $37 pH, and mine drainage 70, 71, 73-78; see also acid mine mineralogy drainage Claygate and Bagshot Beds 219-220, 225, 230 PHASE2 program 13-14 Dunarobba lacustrine deposits 272 PHREEQE computer model 351,353, 359, 361 Folkestone Bed sands 22-23 phyllites 9 Hong Kong volcanic rocks and soils 324-337, 339-344, plagioclases 324-329 346-347 planning and development, applied geological maps S1-44 minewater discharge quality, long-term trends 69-78 planning developments in subsidence-prone areas 309 minewater pollution modelling 351-361 plasticity minewater pollution remediation 78, 351,359-361 clay soils in leaching tests 263-264, 268 mining industry, computer generated modelling 1-3 Claygate and Bagshot Beds 221-223, 228, 229-230 Mirage Project 271 Dunarobba lacustrine deposits 272 mobiles index 335, 346 weathered volcanic soils 345 modelling, quantification of geological model 1-19 see also Atterberg limits moisture content Pliocene lacustrine deposits, Dunarobba Forest 271-288 clay soils in leachate tests 264 point counting technique 335-337 Claygate and Bagshot Beds 221,227 polluted minewater discharge weathered volcanic soils 345-346 long-term trends 69-78 montmorillonite 220, 222, 225, 230, 272 modelling 351-361 moraine dams, breaching, and remediation 209 214 remediation 78, 359-361 MORECS (UK Meteorological Office Rainfall and pollution Evaporation Calculation System) 377 378 Crag aquifer groundwater 372-373 mudrock soil, contaminant attenuation assessment 261-269 see also heavy metals mudslide, Alvera, Italy 91-92 pollution-activated events, climatic simulation 291-300 municipal solid waste, bottom liner specifications 261 porewater chemistry, clay soils 262, 267, 268 muscovite 324 porosity Claygate and Bagshot Beds 221,228 Nant Ffrancon Formation 312 Folkestone Bed sands 22-29 natural gamma borehole logging, Crag aquifer 369-372 and hydraulic conductivity 199 NETPATH computer code 351,353, 357-359, 361 potassium 372 nitrate concentrations precipitation see rainfall Almond River 355 project feasibility assessment 5 397

Prymnesium parvum 365 sandstones, comparisons with Folkestone Sand 42 pumping tests 173-182 saponite 272 and permeability estimation methods 383-388 saprolites 249-250, 251,253 pyrite saprolitic soils 321-323, 334-347 in Claygate and Bagshot Beds 230 saturation, gypsiferous soil, and CBR 87-89 and mine discharges 70-71, 74, 356-359, 361 scanline surveying 187-188 schist, Geological Strength Index 9, 11-15 Q system of rock mass classification 11 Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) 353 quartz content, Claygate and Bagshot Beds 220, 222, 225, scour holes, detection by ground penetrating radar 157-162 230 scree slope rockfall checkfences 311-314 Quaternary alluvium, geophysical site investigations 139-155 Sedimentation Compression Line (SCL) 284 Quaternary drift cover, shallow seismic surveys 11%137 seismic reflection surveys Crag aquifer 369-372 radar, ground penetrating 157-162 drift deposits 119-137 railway tunnel site, electrical imaging 163 172 seismic refraction surveys rainfall, and slope stability, Hong Kong 303 drift deposits 119-137 rainfall input, Crag aquifer 374, 378, 379 recharge dam sites 141-155 rainfall simulation, construction materials testing 292-293 seismic surveying, comparison of crosshole methods 97-103 rainfall-induced landslides 247-258 SEISTRIX2 data processing package 129 Ramsar Convention 365 sericite 324, 333 reflection seismology see seismic reflection sesquioxides 328, 330-331,339, 342, 347 remote sensing, glacial lake outburst flood hazard 214 sewage discharge 355, 372 residual soils 249-250, 253, 321-323, 334-347 shale, expansive, triaxial swell testing 45-54 resistivity, translation to transmissivity (Dar Zarrouk shear modulus, horizontal, survey methods 97-103 technique) 199-204 shear strength resistivity imaging, unsaturated zone solute transport Claygate and Bagshot Beds 223, 228, 230 185-198 Folkestone Bed sands 2944 resistivity surveys Sherwood Sandstone 185 railway tunnel site 163-172 side shear effects in slope analysis model 91-92 recharge dam sites 139-155 siderite 276, 279, 357, 359 resistivity tomography (ERT) silica-to-alumina (SA) ratio 335 in packer testing 172-182 silts, see also Claygate Beds and unsaturated zone transport 191-192, 193-194, 197 silty sand, and California Bearing Ratio 87-89 rheological model for slope analysis 91-92 sink hole, thermokarst 213 rhodocrosite 357 sink holes gypsum karst 305-310 risk assessment 15-17 remediation problems 309-310 glacier lake outburst floods 209-214 siphoning, glacier lakes 213-214 subsidence-prone areas 309 site investigation river-aquifer interaction 239-240, 242-244, 245, 373-379 electrical imaging, railway tunnel site 163-172 rock mass parameters, in engineering design 6-18 geophysical surveys of recharge dam sites 139-155 Rock Mass Rating (RMR) 11 scour hole detection by radar 157-162 rock powder 74, 77 SLIDE program 15-16 rockfall checkfences, coastal highway 311-314 slope analysis model, and side shear 91-92 Rockfall Hazard Rating System 5 slope angle, and rainfall-induced landslide hazard 255-256, rockfall protection, control and avoidance strategy 313-314 258 rockhead contour maps $27 slope failure Roxby Formation 305 Claygate Beds 224-225, 230 runoff-recharge modelling, Lincolnshire Limestone aquifer mudslide, Italy 91-92 236-239 rainfall-induced, Hong Kong 247-258 Rutland Formation 236 risk assessment 15-17 slope stability, and rainfall, Hong Kong 303 S-Geobor wire line core drilling 167-170 slope steepness maps $30 salinity, Crag aquifer 373 smectite 272, 333-335 salinity control, Thurne catchment 365, 376, 379 soaking, long-term, and CBR of gypsiferous soil 87-89 salt, gypsum and soil strength 87-89 soil moisture deficit (SMR) 375, 377 sands soil pipes 253 and California Bearing Ratio 87-89 soils microfabric and shear strength 2143 column leaching tests 262-269 properties, Claygate Beds 221,224 expansive, triaxial swell testing 45-54 tensile strength tests 4142 granular, permeability estimation methods 383-388 see also Bagshot Beds gypsiferous, long-term soaking and CBR 87-89 sands and gravels Thurne catchment 367, 378 accuracy of reserve estimates 81-86 transition stage, Hong Kong 330 transmissivity estimation 204 weathered volcanic, Hong Kong 321-323, 334-347 see also granular soils see also clay soils; lateritic soils; residual soils; saprolitic soils 398 solute transport in the unsaturated zone, resistivity imaging UK Meteorological Office Rainfall and Evaporation Calcu- 185-198 lation System (MORECS) 377-378 solution, gypsum karst 305 310 Ulster White Limestone Formation (UWLF) 55 67 solution pits, weathered tufts 327 undermined ground maps $22~4 solution weathering, Hong Kong rocks 329-330 uniaxial compressive strength specific gravity estimating 8 18 Claygate and Bagshot Beds 221,227 Folkestone Bed sands 41 weathered volcanic soils 345-346 Kobenhavn Limestone 109-110 specific surface area (SSA) 262, 263, 264, 268 unsaturated zone, resistivity imaging of solute transport specifications, durability of construction materials 291 185-198 spectrometry 324, 355 USA, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 5 springs aquife~spring interaction, Lincolnshire Limestone 239, 242, vermiculite 324, 327, 328 245 vertical electrical soundings (VES) and groundwater flow, Ulster White Limestone 55-67 Dar Zarrouk parameters 203, 204 and landslides, Claygate Beds 224-225 recharge dam sites 139-155 and seepage, Crag Aquifer 368 Vincentown Sands 35, 42 statutory planning constraints maps $37 volcanic rocks, weathered, characterization 317-347 stiffness volume change potential, Claygate and Bagshot Beds 223, Claygate and Bagshot Beds 230 228, 230 gypsiferous soil 87-89 in situ determination in soft clay 97-103 wadi alluvium, geophysical investigation 139-155 stone, performance testing, climatic simulator 291-300 WATEQ4F speciation modelling 357 strength, gypsiferous soil 87-89 water balance calculation, Crag aquifer 369, 373 377, stress, in situ, estimation 7-8 378-379 subsidence from gypsum dissolution 305-310 water quality, abandoned coal workings 69-78, 351-361 sulphate concentrations water table, and rainfall event modelling 303 Almond catchment 355-359, 361 weak rocks Crag aquifer 373, 379 Geological Strength Index 9, 13 sulphate reduction, bacterial 71, 76, 77-78 geophysical borehole logging 168-169 summary maps $2, S10, Si3, Si5-21 horizontal shear modulus 97-103 swell prediction, in expansive soils 45 54 microfabric and strength 2143 swelling behaviour, Dunarobba lacustrine deposits 283-288 weathered volcanic rocks, Hong Kong, characterization 3 ! 7-347 Tangential Index (TI) 27-39 weathering, Claygate and Bagshot Beds 228-230 TEM see transient electromagnetic sounding weathering grade scheme, volcanic rock, Hong Kong tensile strength tests, sands 41-2 321-323 Tertiary sands, silts and clays, geotechnical properties weathering indices 317, 335-339, 346 215530 weathering simulator 291-300 Thames Flood Plain Gravels, transmissivity 201 204 wet sand, shear tests 41 thematic maps $2, $8, Sl0, S12, $22-39 wetlands thermogravimetric analysis 324 Crag aquifer characteristics and water balance 365-379 thermokarst sink hole 213 polluted minewater remediation 78, 359-361 Thurne catchment, hydrogeology 365-379 wetting, and swell testing 49-50; see also soaking Tiber Lake deposits 271 288 wild bores 240, 244 Tinwell-Marholt Fault 236 winter weather simulation, construction materials testing tracer experiments 292 293 karstic groundwater flow 57-67 wire line core drilling 167-170, 182 unsaturated zone transport 185-198 worked ground maps $22 transient electromagnetic (TEM) sounding, recharge dam World Stress Map project 7 sites 139 155 x-ray diffraction (XRD) 47, 324, 327 transmissivity x-ray fluorescence (XRF) 324 determination using focused packer testing 175 182 estimation from surface resistivity 199-204 yield stress 282-288 travertine 273 triaxial swell tests, expansive soils 45 54 zero flux planes (ZFP) 192-193, 197 tufts, weathered, Hong Kong 317 347 zinc tunnel site investigaton, electrical imaging 163-172 leaching column tests 264-269 tunnelling, and Geological Strength Index 11-15 and mine discharges 70 Index of Localities

Page numbers prefixed by 'S' refer to the supplement Crouch River Valley, Essex 215-230 Cumbria 173-182, 306, 307, S1.44 Aberdare, S. Wales 261-269 Aberdaron, N. Wales 120, 121, 131 Dalquharran, Ayrshire, Scotland 70 Aintree, Merseyside $1.44 Dearham, Cumbria S1.44 A1 Batinah, Oman 139-155 Deeside, N. Wales S1-44 A1-Ghatt, Saudi Arabia 45-54 Denmark 107-116 Aldridge, W. Midlands S1-44 Desborough Island, Thames Valley 201 204 Almond River, Scotland 351-361 Devon S1-44 Althorne, Essex 219 Dinas Dinlle, N. Wales 122 Alvera, Italy 91-92 Dorset S 1.44 Arabian Gulf 87 Dunarobba Basin, Italy 271-288 Ashington, Northumberland S 1.44 Durham 70, 307 Athens, Greece 9 Avon S1-44 East Anglia see Norfolk; Suffolk East Glen River, Lincolnshire 233-245 Baghdad, Iraq 87 89 England, South East 21.43 Beauchamps, Essex 219 England and Wales S1.44 Bedlington, Northumberland $1.44 Essex 215-230, S1-44 Beltinge, Kent 91 Exeter, Devon S1-44 Benfleet, Essex 225 Black Country (Birmingham- West) S1-44 Fareham, Hampshire S 1.44 Bootle, Merseyside S1.44 Fleam Dyke, Cambridgeshire 186 Bothkennar, Scotland 97-105 Florida, USA 309 Bournemouth S 1.44 Folkestone, Kent 21.43 Brabourne, Kent 21.43 Fordell Castle, Scotland 71 Bradford, W. Yorks. S1.44 Forth catchment, Scotland 71 Bridgend, S. Wales S1.44 Brierley Hill, W. Midlands S 1.44 Garforth, W. Yorks. S1-44 Bristol S1-44 Gilcrux, Cumbria S 1.44 British Columbia, Canada 251 Great Broughton, Cumbria S1.44 Broads, Norfolk 365-379 Great Yarmouth, Norfolk 367 Brograve Marsh, Norfolk 370, 371 Greece, Athens 9 Brownhills, W. Midlands S1.44 Grimsthorpe Brook, Lincolnshire 237, 242 Bryn Pica, Aberdare, S. Wales 261-269 Bure River, Norfolk 367 Burton Coggles, Lincolnshire 242 Hadleigh, Essex 219, 225 Bushy Hill, Essex 225 Hallands s Horst, Sweden 163-172 Hampshire 215, S1.44 California 251 Hanningfield, Essex 219, 225 Cambridgeshire 186 Happisburgh, Norfolk 377 Canada 251 Havant, Hampshire S1-44 Castleford, W. Yorks. S1.44 Hell's Mouth Bay, N. Wales 119-136 Catfield, Norfolk 369, 371,372, 376 Hickling Broad, Norfolk 367, 370, 374, 376 Central Coalfield, Scotland 351-361 Himachel Pradesh, India 11 15 Chacewater, Cornwall S1-44 Himalayas 209-214 Charing, Kent 21.43 Hockley, Essex 219, 225 Chile 2-3, 9 Holywell Brook, Lincolnshire 237, 242, 244 Chubung, Nepal 210-211 Hong Kong 247-258, 303, 317-347 Chuquicamata Copper Mine, Chile 2-3 Horsey Marsh/Mere, Norfolk 367, 370 Clyde catchment, Scotland 71 Copenhagen, Denmark 107-116 India, Himachel Pradesh 11-15 Cornwall S 1.44 Iraq 87-89 Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy 91-92 Ireland, Northern 55-67 Coventry, W. Midlands S1.44 Irnham Brook, Lincolnshire 237, 242, 244 Cramlington, Northumberland S1.44 Italy 91-92, 271 288 Creeton Springs, Lincolnshire 237, 242 Cromarty Firth, Scotland 383-388 Kent 21.43, 91 Crosby, Merseyside $1.44 Khimti, Rolwaling, Nepal 209 400

Kilham, E. Yorks. 185-198 St Helens, Merseyside S1-44 Killingworth, Northumberland $1-44 Saudi Arabia 45-54 Scotland 69-78, 351-361,383-388 Lamplugh, Cumbria $1-44 Sefton, Merseyside S1-44 Langtoft Valley, E. Yorks. 185-198 Severn Levels S1-44 Lantau Island, Hong Kong 247-258 Shamley Green, Surrey 21-43 Leeds, W. Yorkshire S1-44 Sizewell, Suffolk 368 Lincolnshire 233-245 Skgme, Sweden 163-172 Llyn Peninsula, N. Wales 119-136 Somerton, Norfolk 369, 371 London Basin 215 South Humberside S1-44 Ludham, Norfolk 368, 372 Southampton S 1-44 Stock, Essex 219, 225 Martham Broad, Norfolk 367, 370 Stoke-on-Trent S 1-44 Maryport, Cumbria $1-44 Storrington, Sussex 21-43 Merseyside S 1-44 Suffolk 368 Middlebarrow Quarry, Cumbria 173-182 Surrey 21-43 Midhurst, Sussex 21-43 Sussex 21-43 Midland Valley, Scotland 69-78 Sweden 163-172 M611eb/icken Zone, Sweden 169-170, 172 Morpeth, Northumberland S 1-44 Tham River, Lincolnshire 237, 242 Thames Valley 201-204 Nafferton Wold, E. Yorks. 185-198 Thundersley, Essex 219, 225 Nant-y-Garth Pass, N. Wales 157-162 Thurne River, Norfolk 365-379 Nathpa Jhakri, India 11-15 Tiber Basin 271-289 Nepal 209-214 Torbay, Devon S1-44 Newcastle-upon-Tyne S 1-44 Tsho Rolpa, Rolwaling, Nepal 209-214 Nigg Bay, Scotland 383-388 Tyne and Wear S1-44 Norfolk 365-379 Northern Ireland 55 67 Upper Limestone Group 352 Northumberland S1-44 Urals, Russia 308 Nottingham S 1-44 Ure River, N. Yorks. 305-310 USA 5, 28, 69, 70, 251 Oman 139-155 One Tree Hill, Essex 225 Vange, Essex 219, 225 Oregon, USA 5 Venezuela 9 Ormesby, Norfolk 368 Paglesham, Essex 219 Wales, North 119-137, 157-162, 311-314, S144 Pen-y-Clip, N. Wales 311-314 Wales, South 70, 261-269, $1-44 Penmaenmawr, N. Wales 312 Walton-on-Thames, Surrey 201-204 Pennsylvania, USA 70 Washington, Sussex 21-43 Petworth, Sussex 21-43 Waxham, Norfolk 371 Plymouth, Devon S1-44 West Glen River, Lincolnshire 233-245 Polkemmet, Scotland 351-361 West Harting, Sussex 21-43 Pontefract, W. Yorks. S1-44 West Midlands S1-44 Ponteland, Northumberland S 1-44 Westerham, Kent 21-43 Poole, Dorset S1-44 Westley Heights, Essex 219, 225 Porth Neigwl, N. Wales 119-136 Whitburn, W. Lothian, Scotland 351-361 Wide Open, Northumberland S1-44 Rayleigh, Essex 219 Wigan, Greater Manchester S1-44 Red Sea 87 Wiltshire S 1-44 Redhill, Surrey 21-43 Woodham Ferrers, Essex 219, 225 Reigate, Surrey 21-43 Workington, Cumbria $1-44 Riddochhill, Scotland 351-361 Wrexham, N. Wales S1-44 Ripon, N. Yorks. 305-310 Wrotham, Kent 21-43 Rolwaling, Nepal 209-214 Wyoming Basin, USA 28 Runfold, Surrey 21-43 Russia, Urals 308 Ynysarwed, S. Wales 70 Ruston Parva, E. Yorks. 185-198 Yorkshire 185-198, 305-310, S1-44 Index of Authors

Abdullah Adam, Osman 139 Korsbech, U. 107 A1-Mhaidib, A. I. 45 A1-Shamrani, M. A. 45 Laycock, E. A. 291 A1-Touqy, Nasser 139 MacDonald, A. M. 199 Barbieri, M. 271 Marcoccia, S. 271 Barnes, S. 55 McCarroll, D. 119 Barton, M. E. 21 McDonald, R. J. 119 Bell, F. G. 215 McDougall, J. 303 Bentley, S. P. 261 Middleton, R. T. 185 Binley, A. M. 185 Bjelm, L. 163 Nichol, D. 157, 311 Borre, M. K. 107 Northmore, K. J. 215 Bozzano, F. 271 Brabham, P. J. 119 Razouki, S. S. 87 Brown, D. 173 Reynolds, J. M. 157, 209 Burgess, W. G. 199 Richards, N. P. 21 Burleigh, J. 199 Robins, N. S. 69 Butcher, A. P. 97 Rushton, K. R. 233

Chen, M. 351 Slater, L. D. 173 Chroston, P. N. 365 Smith, A. $1 Clayton, C. R. I. 97 Soulsby, C. 351 Cooper, A. H. 305 Svensson, C. 163 Culshaw, M. G. 215 Tan, B. K. 261 Dahlin, T. 163 Taylor-Firth, A. 291 Theilgaard, A. T. 107 E1-Janabi, O. A. 87 Thomas, H. R. 261 E1 Khatim, Sir 139 Tomlinson, L. M. 233 Ellison, R. A. S1 Trenter, N. A. 383

Fabricius, I. L. 107 Waltham, A. C. 305 Franks, C. A. M. 247 Wardrop, D. R. 81 West, L. J. 185 Henriksen, A. D. 107 Wood, S. C. 69 Hiscock, K. M. 365 Hoek, E. 1 Yong, R. N. 261 Holman, I. P. 365 Young, M. E. 139 Hope, V. S. 97 Younger P. L., 69, 351 Hutchinson, J. N. 91 Zaidman, M. D. 185 Irfan, T. Y. 317 Zandbergen, J. B. 107 The Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology

1999. Vol. 32

Scientific Editor: C. R. I. Clayton Assistant Scientific Editors: D. J. Allen, A. Forster

Editorial Board: M. Coop, R. A. Downing, J. Dottridge, S. Glendinning, J. A. Heathcote, A. W. Herbert, M. E. Jones, M. J. O'Shea, M. Owen, D. B. Powell, J. M. Reynolds, M. O. Rivett, M. S. Rosenbaum, R. Sage, L. J. West, M. E. Woodbridge

Overseas Editors: F. G. Bell, R. Goodman, A. W. Hatheway, M. S. Lawrence, F. Schokking, J. Vrba, Ryunoshin Yoshinaka

Published by The Geological Society Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1V 0JU, UK. © 1999 The Geological Society We wish to thank the following people for their assistance with the reviewing of papers submitted to QJEG during the past year.

R. D. Barker K.M. Hiscock C. Pound A. D. Barley J. Knill K.D. Privett D. Beamish F. Kulhawy A. Ridley F. G. Bell J.-P. Latham C. Rogers R. Butterfield J.W. Lloyd S.K. Sarma R. J. Chandler J.A. Lord J.H.F. Sedman A. Charles J.D. Mather R. Soley J. H. Charman M.C. Matthews J.H. Tellam B. G. Clarke D.M. McCann D.G. Toll M. G. Culshaw P.W. McDowell C. Tubb G. Darling A. McGown K. van Westen C. N. Edmonds T. Onoufriou A.C. Waltham S. W. Fletcher M. Owen G. Walton E. E. Hellawell A.R. Pickles G. West S. Hencher R. Pine Contents of Volume 32

Part 1 February 1999

The second Glossop Leeture, 16 November 1998

E. Hoek: Putting numbers to geology--an engineer's viewpoint ...... 1 N. P. Richards & M. E. Barton: The Folkestone Bed Sands: microfabric and strength ...... 21 M. A. A1-Shamrani & A. I. A1-Mhaidib: Prediction of potential vertical swell of expansive soils using a triaxial stress path cell ...... 45 S. Barnes: Karstic groundwater flow characteristics in the Cretaceous Chalk aquifer, Northern Ireland ...... 55 S. C. Wood, P. L. Younger & N. S. Robins: Long-term changes in the quality of polluted minewater discharges from abandoned underground coal workings in Scotland ...... 69 D. R. Wardrop: A study on the accuracy of sand and gravel reserve estimates ...... 81 S. S. Razouki & O. A. E1-Janabi: Technical Note: Decrease in the CBR of gypsiferous soil due to long-term soaking ...... 87 J. N. Hutchinson: Discussion on 'A visco-plastic model for slope analysis applied to a mudslide in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy' by M.-G. Angeli, P. Gasparetto, R. M. Menotti, A. Pasuto & S. Silvano (Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 29, 233-240) ...... 91 Book Reviews ...... 93

Part 2 May 1999

Applications of Shallow Geophysics Geomaterial Properties

V. S. Hope, C. R. I. Clayton & A. P. Butcher: In situ determination of Ghh at Bothkennar using a novel seismic method ...... 97

A. D. Henriksen, I. L. Fabricius, M. K. Borre, U. Korsbech, A. T. Theilgaard & J. B. Zandbergen: Core density scanning, degree of induration and dynamic elastic moduli of Palaeogene limestone in the Copenhagen area ...... 107

P. J. Brabham, R. J. McDonald & D. McCarroll: The use of shallow seismic techniques to characterize sub-surface Quaternary deposits: the example of Porth Neigwl (Hells Mouth Bay), Gwynedd, N. Wales ...... 119

Site Investigation

M. E. Young, Nasser A1-Touqy, Sir E1 Khatim & Osman Abdullah Adam: Geophysical investigation of proposed sites for artificial recharge in Northern Oman ...... 139 iv CONTENTS

D. Nichol & J. M. Reynolds: Ground penetrating radar survey to detect scour holes beneath the A525 highway at Nant-y-Garth Pass, Wales: a case history ...... 157

T. Dahlin, L. Bjelm & C. Svensson: Use of electrical imaging in site investigations for a railway tunnel through the Hallandsgts Horst, Sweden ...... 163

Mass Characteristics and Hydrogeological Behaviour

D. Brown & L. D. Slater: Focused packer testing using geophysical tomography and CCTV in a fissured aquifer ...... 173

M. D. Zaidman, R. T. Middleton, L. J. West & A. M. Binley: Geophysical investigation of unsaturated zone transport in the Chalk in Yorkshire ...... 185

A. M. MacDonald, J. Burleigh & W. G. Burgess: Technical Note: Estimating transmissivity from resistivity soundings: an example from the Thames Gravels ...... 199

Book Reviews ...... 207

Supplement May 1999

A. Smith & R. A. Ellison: Applied Geological Maps for Planning and Development. A Review of Examples from England and Wales, 1983-1996

Part 3 August 1999

J. M. Reynolds: Photographic Feature: Glacial hazard assessment at Tsho Rolpa, Rolwaling, Central Nepal ...... 209

K. J. Northmore, F. G. Bell & M. G. Culshaw: Some geotechnical properties of the Claygate 'Beds' and Bagshot 'Beds' of south Essex ...... 215

K. R. Rushton & L. M. Tomlinson: Total catchment conditions in relation to the Lincolnshire Limestone in South Lincolnshire ...... 233

C. A. M. Franks: Characteristics of some rainfall-induced landslides on natural slopes, Lantau Island, Hong Kong ...... 247

R. N. Yong, B. K. Tan, S. P. Bentley & H. R. Thomas: Competency assessment of two clay soils from South Wales for landfill liner contaminant attenuation ...... 261

F. Bozzano, S. Marcoccia & M. Barbieri: The role of calcium carbonate in the compressibility of Pliocene lacustrine deposits ...... 271

A. Taylor-Firth & E. A. Laycock: Weathering simulation for durability assessment of the in-service performance of construction materials ...... 291

J. McDougall: Discussion on 'Influence of rainfall intensity and duration on slope stability in unsaturated soils' by C. W. W. Ng & Q. Shi (Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 31, 105-114) ...... 303

Book Reviews ...... 304 CONTENTS v

Part4 November 1999

A. H. Cooper & A. C. Waltham: Photographic Feature: Subsidence caused by gypsum dissolution at Ripon, North Yorkshire ...... 305

D. Nichol: Photographic feature: Rockfall checkfences at Pen-y-Clip on the A55 North Wales Coast Road, UK ...... 311

T. Y. Irfan: Characterization of weathered volcanic rocks in Hong Kong ...... 317

M. Chen, C. Soulsby & P. L. Younger: Modelling the evolution of minewater pollution at Polkemmet Colliery, Almond catchment, Scotland ...... 351

I. P. Holman, K. M. Hiscock & P. N. Chroston: Crag aquifer characteristics and water balance for the Thurne catchment, northeast Norfolk ...... 365

N. A. Trenter: A note on the estimation of permeability of granular soils ...... 383

Book reviews ...... 389

Indexes ...... 393