DOCSLIB.ORG

Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies Institute for Peace and Security Studies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies Institute for Peace and Security Studies ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES INSTITUTE FOR PEACE AND SECURITY STUDIES THE ROLE OF GIBE III DAM IN ACHIEVING EFFECTIVE COOPERATION BETWEEN ETHIOPIA AND KENYA BY MAHLET FITIWI TEKLE JUNE, 2016 ADDIS ABABA 1 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES INSTITUTE FOR PEACE AND SECURITY STUDIES THE ROLE OF GIBE III DAM IN ACHIEVING EFFECTIVE COOPERATION BETWEEN ETHIOPIA AND KENYA BY MAHLET FITIWI TEKLE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES OF ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN PEACE AND SECURITY STUDIES JUNE, 2016 ADDIS ABABA 2 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES INSTITUTE FOR PEACE AND SECURITY STUDIES THE ROLE OF GIBE III DAM IN ACHIEVING EFFECTIVE COOPERATION BETWEEN ETHIOPIA AND KENYA BY MAHLET FITIWI TEKLE Name and Signature of Board of the Examiners Director of IPSS Signature Date Advisor / Examiner Signature Date __________________ Internal Examiner Signature Date ___________________ External Examiner Signature Date 3 Acknowledgement First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Kidane Kiros for guiding me throughout this research. Even with the work load that he had he had been understanding and supportive of my work. I would also like to thank all the informants that have been cooperative in taking time to answer my questions even though the topic is sensitive. Last but not least I would like to extend my gratitude to my family and friends who have understood when I disappeared from their lives in order to do this research. i Table of Contents Contents Page Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. iv Acronyms and Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................... v Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Statement of the problem .............................................................................................................. 3 1.3. Objective of the study ................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.1. General objective .................................................................................................................. 5 1.3.2. Specific objectives ................................................................................................................ 5 1.4. Research questions ........................................................................................................................ 5 1.5. Significance of the study ............................................................................................................... 6 1.6. Scope of the study ......................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... 8 2. Conceptual Framework ......................................................................................................................... 8 2.1. Trans-boundary Waters ................................................................................................................. 9 2.2. Principles of trans-boundary waters ............................................................................................ 10 2.2.1. Equitable and reasonable utilization and participation ....................................................... 10 2.2.2. Not to cause significant harm .............................................................................................. 11 2.2.3. Cooperation ......................................................................................................................... 12 2.3. Hydroelectric Power Projects ...................................................................................................... 12 2.4. Overview of the Omo River and Lake Turkana .......................................................................... 14 2.5. Gibe III Hydroelectric Power Project ......................................................................................... 17 2.6. The Dilemma of the Gibe III Dam .............................................................................................. 19 2.7. Gibe III: source of conflict or means of cooperation .................................................................. 24 CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................... 27 3. Methodology and Research Design .................................................................................................... 27 ii 3.1. Research Site ............................................................................................................................... 27 3.2. Methodical Consideration and Choice ........................................................................................ 27 3.3. Method of Data Collection .......................................................................................................... 28 3.3.1. Primary Data ....................................................................................................................... 29 3.3.1.1 Interview ................................................................................................................................. 29 3.3.1.2 Sampling ................................................................................................................................ 29 3.3.2. Secondary Data ................................................................................................................... 30 3.4. Analysis Method ......................................................................................................................... 30 3.5. Ethical Consideration .................................................................................................................. 31 CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................................... 32 4. Discussion and Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 32 4.1. The Focus on Hydroelectric Power Projects in Ethiopia ............................................................ 32 4.2. Implication of the Gibe III Dam for Kenya and Downstream Communities .............................. 33 4.3. Reactions of Kenya to the Dam .................................................................................................. 35 4.4. Benefits of the Gibe III Dam for the Downstream Communities ............................................... 37 4.4.1. Roles of International Organizations .................................................................................. 41 4.5. Cooperation and Agreements on the Gibe III Project ................................................................. 44 4.5.1. Challenges during the construction of the Dam .................................................................. 47 4.6. Water Management ..................................................................................................................... 50 4.7. Conflict, Prevention, Management and Resolution .................................................................... 51 4.7.1. Conflict due to the Gibe III Dam ........................................................................................ 53 4.8. Lessons Learned from Gibe I and II ........................................................................................... 55 5. Conclusion and Policy Implication ..................................................................................................... 57 5.1. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 57 5.2. Policy Implication ....................................................................................................................... 60 REFERENCE .............................................................................................................................................. 62 Appendices .................................................................................................................................................. 71 iii List of Figures Figure
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Memo on Violence in South Omo Areas, SNNPRS, Ethiopia (October 2019): a Call for Preventive Action and Rule of Law
    Memo on violence in South Omo areas, SNNPRS, Ethiopia (October 2019): a call for preventive action and rule of law Concerned Scholars Ethiopia (CSE) 25 October 2019 1. Since the 2018 change of government and the significant and promising reform process in Ethiopia, not all regions and peoples have fared equally well. While the policies of the new, Nobel Laureate PM Abiy Ahmed and his government hold out hope for millions and have bought very meaningful, positive changes, developments on the local level in ‘peripheral’ regions outside the purview of the Federal government are not yet addressed. Scores of people – including those of ethnic minority groups - are suffering of displacement, killings, and discrimination – all issues that are not in line with the new ethos of democratic reform and human rights respect. 2. The present Memo calls attention to the situation in the South Omo Region - as emblematic for more general problems that play out in some areas of the Southern Regional State (SNNPRS), in Beni Shangul-Gumuz, Gambela and possibly other Regional States of Ethiopia. 3. The prime cases at hand here are that of the ‘Bodi’ people (self-name: Me’en, with two sub-divisions: Mela and Chirim) in South Omo Zone (since 2nd week of September), and the Mursi people in South Omo Zone (since 29 September 2019, through to 13 October). Since 20 October there are also indications of additional instability in the Dima area (southwest of Mizan town) that has led to killings of people of the Suri ethnic group. So far, no decisive action has been taken by either the Federal Army or by local, Zonal or SNNPRS Regional authorities against abusive police and armed forces units.
    [Show full text]
  • Title Cultural Capital As Access to Livelihood Opportunities for Local
    Cultural Capital as Access to Livelihood Opportunities for Title Local People at Destinations, and Effect of Changes in Cultural Practice: A Case Study in South Omo Zone, Ethiopia Author(s) Girmai, Azeb African study monographs. Supplementary issue (2020), 59: Citation 105-122 Issue Date 2020-03 URL https://doi.org/10.14989/250121 Copyright by The Center for African Area Studies, Kyoto Right University, March 1, 2020. Type Journal Article Textversion publisher Kyoto University African Study Monographs, Suppl. 59: 105–122, March 2020 105 CULTURAL CAPITAL AS ACCESS TO LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES FOR LOCAL PEOPLE AT DESTINATIONS, AND EFFECT OF CHANGES IN CULTURAL PRACTICE: A CASE STUDY IN SOUTH OMO ZONE, ETHIOPIA Azeb Girmai Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University ABSTRACT The objectives of this paper are to understand the Mursi people’s perspectives on the significance of cultural tourism on their livelihood and wellbeing, and identify assets and drivers that determine Mursi engagement in tourism activities. The data for this case study methodology was gathered through in-depth interview, focus group discussion, unstructured interviews, and participator observation. Findings show that the Mursi people at tourist destination have taken opportunity of their cultural identity as an asset to diversify their livelihood. Photo for cash, a transaction of cash for photo taken by tourists, is providing indispensable income to purchase grain in times of poor harvest without having to sell their livestock. Photo for cash also provides women with a source of income. While tourism is considered beneficial by the Mursi people, a benefit valuation exercise reveals that the economic benefits of tourism falls below the local peoples’ aspired state of wellbeing.
    [Show full text]
  • Mursi-English-Amharic Dictionary
    Mursi-English-Amharic Dictionary David Turton Moges Yigezu and Olisarali Olibui December 2008 Culture and Art Society of Ethiopia (CASE) is a non- profit, non-governmental Society operating in Ethiopia. The Society's mission is to document, nurture and promote the cultural and artistic practices, natural heritage, indigenous knowledge and socio-economic institutions of local communities in Ethiopia and to help these continue to play an active role in their lives. It is committed to fostering the continuation of all activities that the Ethiopian people see as signifying their cultural identity and traditional heritage. Indigenous institutions are imbued with the wisdom needed to keep society healthy, both in terms of economic /material well-being and spiritual satisfaction. They are also rich in ways of caring for and sustaining the environment and the landscape. CASE is committed to studying and promoting these traditional systems and institutions and to finding ways of preserving them as living practices for posterity. The Society is therefore interested in documenting and promoting the linguistic heritage of the Ethiopian people, with a particular focus on the least studied languages, such as that of the Mursi. It was in accordance with this part of its mission, therefore, that the Society supported the production of this dictionary. CASE would like to take this opportunity to thank The Christensen Fund, a USA based organization which provides support for the conservation and promotion of the traditions and natural environment of Ethiopia. CASE also extends its sincere appreciation to Dr David Turton of the African Studies Centre, University of Oxford, Dr. Moges Yigezu of the Department of Linguistics, Addis Ababa University and Ato Olisarali Olibui, of the Mursi community, for their efforts to produce this important work.
    [Show full text]
  • Clanship, Conflict and Refugees: an Introduction to Somalis in the Horn of Africa
    CLANSHIP, CONFLICT AND REFUGEES: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOMALIS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA Guido Ambroso TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I: THE CLAN SYSTEM p. 2 The People, Language and Religion p. 2 The Economic and Socials Systems p. 3 The Dir p. 5 The Darod p. 8 The Hawiye p. 10 Non-Pastoral Clans p. 11 PART II: A HISTORICAL SUMMARY FROM COLONIALISM TO DISINTEGRATION p. 14 The Colonial Scramble for the Horn of Africa and the Darwish Reaction (1880-1935) p. 14 The Boundaries Question p. 16 From the Italian East Africa Empire to Independence (1936-60) p. 18 Democracy and Dictatorship (1960-77) p. 20 The Ogaden War and the Decline of Siyad Barre’s Regime (1977-87) p. 22 Civil War and the Disintegration of Somalia (1988-91) p. 24 From Hope to Despair (1992-99) p. 27 Conflict and Progress in Somaliland (1991-99) p. 31 Eastern Ethiopia from Menelik’s Conquest to Ethnic Federalism (1887-1995) p. 35 The Impact of the Arta Conference and of September the 11th p. 37 PART III: REFUGEES AND RETURNEES IN EASTERN ETHIOPIA AND SOMALILAND p. 42 Refugee Influxes and Camps p. 41 Patterns of Repatriation (1991-99) p. 46 Patterns of Reintegration in the Waqoyi Galbeed and Awdal Regions of Somaliland p. 52 Bibliography p. 62 ANNEXES: CLAN GENEALOGICAL CHARTS Samaal (General/Overview) A. 1 Dir A. 2 Issa A. 2.1 Gadabursi A. 2.2 Isaq A. 2.3 Habar Awal / Isaq A.2.3.1 Garhajis / Isaq A. 2.3.2 Darod (General/ Simplified) A. 3 Ogaden and Marrahan Darod A.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting Template
    REPRESENTATION, HERITAGE, AND ARCHAEOLOGY AMONG THE WOLAITA OF ETHIOPIA By JUSTIN DUNNAVANT A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2017 © 2017 Justin Dunnavant To the life and memory of Warren Dunnavant, Sr. (1953-2011), Professor Mark E. Mack (1961-2012), and Dolores “Bunny” McCullough (1931-2014). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I must acknowledge the support and sacrifice of my friends and family. I give thanks for all that they have done and continue to do to help me to grow as an individual and scholar. Thanks Tiffany Walker for the continued support and encouragement during the extended fieldwork trips and long writing sessions. I would like to thank my committee for the support and guidance throughout the dissertation process. Thanks to Dr. James Davidson for allowing me to participate in the Kingsley Plantation Field School and hone my archaeological field method skills. Dr. Terje Ostebo provided positive critique on the socio-historical context of Ethiopia. Dr. Paul Ortiz served as an academic and personal mentor and demonstrated how academic work is paired with social activism. Finally, I owe a debt of gratitude to Dr. Steven Brandt for extending the initial invitation to come to Ethiopia and giving me the freedom to explore new and interesting questions related to historical archaeology in the country. I am also indebted to him for reading previous drafts of this dissertation in a relatively short time frame and providing critical feedback. I am indebted to all of those in Ethiopia who helped to facilitate my research in Addis Ababa and Wolaita.
    [Show full text]
  • Murle History
    The History of Murle Migrations The Murle people live in southeastern Sudan and are proud to be Murle. They are proud of their language and customs. They also regard themselves as distinct from the people that live around them. At various times they have been at war with all of the surrounding tribes so they present a united front against what they regard as hostile neighbors. The people call themselves Murle and all other peoples are referred to as moden. The literal translation of this word is “enemy,” although it can also be translated as “strangers.” Even when the Murle are at peace with a given group of neighbors, they still refer to them as moden. The neighboring tribes also return the favor by referring to the Murle as the “enemy.” The Dinka people refer to the Murle as the Beir and the Anuak call them the Ajiba. These were the terms originally used in the early literature to refer to the Murle people. Only after direct contact by the British did their self-name become known and the term Murle is now generally accepted. The Murle are a relatively new ethnic group in Sudan, having immigrated into the region from Ethiopia. The language they speak is from the Surmic language family - languages spoken primarily in southwest Ethiopia. There are three other Surmic speaking people groups presently living in the Sudan: the Didinga, the Longarim and the Tenet. When I asked the Murle elders about their origins they always pointed to the east and said they originated in a place called Jen.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Communities of Ethiopia's Lower Omo Valley
    Facing Gibe 3 Dam: Indigenous Communities of Ethiopia’s Lower Omo Valley By Terri Hathaway1 International Rivers January 26, 2009 “The rise and fall of the Omo waters is the heartbeat of the Lower Omo Valley. More than any other single factor, the river determines everyday economic practice throughout the region.” Executive Summary The Omo River is a lifeline for southwest Ethiopia’s indigenous peoples whose food security and economy depend on the river’s seasonal flooding and subsequent flood-retreat cultivation of the river banks. The Lower Omo Valley is home to an estimated 500,000 people, a significant number of whom practice traditional agro-pastoralist livelihoods.2 At least eight distinct indigenous communities depend on the river’s flood cycle within the isolated Lower Omo Valley: the Mursi, Bodi, Muguji (Kwegu), Kara (Karo), Hamar, Bashada, Nyangatom and Daasanech. Although many also keep livestock, cultivation is essential to local livelihoods as grasslands are becoming more degraded and herding more vulnerable. Since 2006, construction of the Gibe 3 hydropower dam project has been underway on the Omo River, and two more dams (Gibe 4 and Gibe 5) are planned. The Gibe 3 Dam will greatly alter the river’s flow and reduce the seasonal flooding of the Omo River, which provides up to 80-90% of the flow into Northern Kenya’s Lake Turkana. According to official Gibe 3 project documents, more than 21,000 families (at least 100,000 individuals) 1 This report is based on interviews with academic researchers from some of the world’s leading universities who have studied the people of the Lower Omo Valley.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethiopia Omo Valley Extension Birding & Tribal Cultures 27Th January to 3Rd February 2022 (8 Days)
    Ethiopia Omo Valley Extension Birding & Tribal Cultures 27th January to 3rd February 2022 (8 days) Mursi tribeswomen by Adam Riley This exciting extension will take us to one of the wildest and most ethnically diverse places on Earth – the South Omo Valley. Combining a wonderful mix of culture and birding, we will have the rare opportunity to interact with several tribal communities who still live almost exactly as they did hundreds of years ago. This harsh and inhospitable part of south-western Ethiopia harbours over a dozen distinctly different tribes, each with its own unique language, clothing, hairstyles and bodily ornamentation. Our tour will take us through the very heart of this vast and varied cultural melting pot, and promises to make an exciting and memorable end to our Ethiopia birding experience! RBL Ethiopia - Omo Valley Extension Itinerary 2 THE TOUR AT A GLANCE… THE ITINERARY Day 1 Addis Ababa Day 2 Addis Ababa, flight to Arba Minch Day 3 Arba Minch, drive to Turmi Day 4 Turmi area Day 5 Turmi, drive to Jinka via Dimeka Market Day 6 Jinka area Day 7 Jinka, drive to Arba Minch Day 8 Arba Minch, drive to Addis Ababa and depart TOUR ROUTE MAP… RBL Ethiopia - Omo Valley Extension Itinerary 3 THE TOUR IN DETAIL… Day 1: Addis Ababa. Today is essentially a travel/arrival day. For those doing the main Ethiopia tour, we will be arriving in Addis Ababa from Debre Berhan, while those only participating in this Omo Valley Extension will arrive at Addis Ababa’s Bole International Airport. Founded in 1886 by Emperor Menelik II, Addis Ababa is Ethiopia’s capital and is one of the largest cities in Africa, with a population well over 5 million.
    [Show full text]
  • Looking at Ethiopia: History, Photography, and Power
    LOOKING AT ETHIOPIA: HISTORY, PHOTOGRAPHY, AND POWER By JAIME BAIRD A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2005 Copyright 2005 by Jaime Baird This thesis is dedicated to Brian, Hayes, and Marley. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The study would not have been possible without the generous assistance of a great many people. Firstly, I would like to thank my committee: Robin Poynor and Vicki Rovine provided guidance and crucial insight throughout every stage of this project, and Eric Segal was always available to answer my questions and give valuable advice. Additionally, all three offered moral support and encouragement during the arduous final stages of the writing process. Dr. Rebecca Nagy, Director of the Harn Museum of Art, also provided much crucial assistance. Her vibrant enthusiasm for Ethiopian culture was the impetus for my own interests in this topic and had it not been for her encouragement, I may never have realized how rich Ethiopian culture truly is. I would also like to thank several other professors, who all contributed in one way or another to my thinking on this project. In the art school, Dr. Barbara Barletta, Dr. Alex Alberro, and Dr. Melissa Hyde, all deserve many thanks. I would also like to thank Dr. Abdoulaye Kane in anthropology, Dr. Fiona Mclaughlin in linguistics and African studies, Dr. Joan Frosch in theater and dance, and Dr. Akintunde Akinyemi in African languages. I am also very grateful to several individuals who assisted me in a number of ways during the research and writing process.
    [Show full text]
  • AT0406 0308 Turton Gh2 Dt Dr Gh.Qxd
    Lip-plates and the people who take photographs Uneasy encounters between Mursi and tourists in southern Ethiopia DAVID TURTON David Turton was formerly Reader in Forced Migration and Director of the Refugee Studies Centre at the University of Oxford. Before moving to Oxford he taught in the Department of Social Anthropology at the University of Manchester. His email is [email protected]. The Mursi live in the far southwest of Ethiopia, about 100 km north of the Kenyan border, in the valley of the River Omo. They number less than 10,000 and are one of the last groups in Africa amongst whom it is still the norm for women to wear large pottery or wooden ‘plates’ in their lower lips.1 The lip-plate has become the chief visible dis- tinguishing characteristic of the Mursi, in coffee-table books and travel articles in weekend newspapers (see Figs 1 and 2). It has also made them a prime attraction for tourists, as the following quotation from an article in a Fig.1. An article by James South African newspaper indicates. Egremont-Lee in the travel Tourists are… now flocking to the south of the country to see section of The Times, 9 the diverse ethnic groups who live in the harsh environment of March 1996. Note how the the Omo Valley. Among the most visited groups is the Mursi, article has been ‘framed’, renowned for the huge clay lip plates worn by the women. not only by the inevitable (Mail and Guardian, 2002) photograph of a woman wearing a lip-plate but also In the promotional literature of the tourist industry, the by such key words as ‘remote’, warriors’ and lip-plate is presented as evidence of a quintessentially ‘wilderness’.
    [Show full text]
  • Title Anthropology and Graduate Research in Ethiopia: Changes and Continuities at Addis Ababa University Author(S)
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Kyoto University Research Information Repository Anthropology and Graduate Research in Ethiopia: Changes and Title Continuities at Addis Ababa University Author(s) GETANEH, Mehari African study monographs. Supplementary issue (2018), 54: Citation 73-98 Issue Date 2018-03 URL https://doi.org/10.14989/230154 Copyright by The Center for African Area Studies, Kyoto Right University, March 1, 2018. Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University African Study Monographs, Suppl. 54: 73–98, March 2018 73 ANTHROPOLOGY AND GRADUATE RESEARCH IN ETHIOPIA: CHANGES AND CONTINUITIES AT ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSI- TY Mehari GETANEH Department of Social Anthropology, Addis Ababa University ABSTRACT This paper deals with area studies in Africa particularly focusing on the research activities of the department of social anthropology (SOAN) at Addis Ababa Univer- sity, Ethiopia. The department started an MA program in social anthropology 1991 and a PhD program in 2010. SOAN’s graduate programs have been closely associated with international partnership aimed at enhancing the quality of anthropological education and research. Gradu- ate research activities of the department have a strong ethnographic orientation and a wide range of regional and thematic coverage. In the two and half decades’ journey, the graduate programs have passed through the period of successes and challenges. This study explores the history of the graduate programs, SOAN’s engagement in international partnership, enrolment and graduation trends, thematic areas and regional coverage of graduates’ research activities in the last 11 years (2006–2016). Key Words: Social anthropology; Partnership; Graduate research; Regional coverage; Thematic areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Prayer Cards | Joshua Project
    Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Afrikaner in Angola Ambo, Ndonga in Angola Population: 2,300 Population: 41,000 World Popl: 4,485,100 World Popl: 396,000 Total Countries: 15 Total Countries: 2 People Cluster: Germanic People Cluster: Bantu, Central-Southwest Main Language: Afrikaans Main Language: Ndonga Main Religion: Christianity Main Religion: Christianity Status: Significantly reached Status: Significantly reached Evangelicals: 35.0% Evangelicals: 23.0% Chr Adherents: 97.0% Chr Adherents: 95.0% Scripture: Complete Bible Scripture: Complete Bible www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net Source: Johann Tempelhoff "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Bolo, Haka in Angola British in Angola Population: 5,300 Population: 1,200 World Popl: 5,300 World Popl: 54,225,100 Total Countries: 1 Total Countries: 128 People Cluster: Bantu, Central-Southwest People Cluster: Anglo-Celt Main Language: Kibala Main Language: English Main Religion: Christianity Main Religion: Christianity Status: Partially reached Status: Partially reached Evangelicals: 7.0% Evangelicals: 7.0% Chr Adherents: 65.0% Chr Adherents: 70.0% Scripture: Translation Started Scripture: Complete Bible www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net Source: Anonymous "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Cape Verdean in Angola Chinese, general in Angola Population: 79,000
    [Show full text]