Section D: UIC3 Urban Growth • By 1804 global population had doubled What factors affect the rate of urbanisation? from ½ to 1 billion in 300 years Section C: UIC2 • By 1999 it had doubled from 3 billion Rural-urban migration (movement of people from the countryside to the cities) due to 6 billion in just 39 years to push (things that encourage you to leave an area) and pull factors (things that • Urbanisation is the proportion of the encourage you to move to an area) world’s population who live in towns and Push factors: natural disasters (floods and earthquakes, damage to property and cities as a result of natural increase farmland which people can’t afford to repair), mechanisation of agricultural and migration Section A: UIC1 equipment (need fewer workers), desertification (land is unproductive, famine), war and conflict (flee the danger), farming is hard and poorly paid, few doctors or hospitals, lack of services, isolated with poor roads Pull factors: more jobs (often better paid), access to healthcare and education, join family members who have already moved, think that they will have a better QoL, range of entertainment facilities

Urbanisation Urbanisation Natural Increase (birth rate is higher than the death rate • Normally the young who move to cities in search of work, these people have Mega cities: children, increasing the number of people in the cities. A mega city is a city with 10 million or more • Healthcare is better in urban areas, so people live longer, increasing the 1975 there were 4 megacities proportion of people living in urban areas Key words: Section B: UIC1 In 2015 there were 28 megacities By 2050 there may be 50 megacities Other factors: Rural-urban The movement of people from the 2/3’s megacities are in LICs and NEEs • Location – historically cities grew around rivers, coasts and busy transport migration countryside into towns and cities routes where trade can thrive. Today megacities are still located around trade • Economic development – cities that trade are a good place for business, so Migration When people move from one area to they grow economically. This creates jobs, which attract people and it is another. people who bring ideas and enterprise on which cities can thrive

Urbanisation An increasing percentage of a country’s population comes to live in towns and cities.. Section E: UCI2 How have trends in different parts of the world changed? Natural Where the birth rate is higher than • >50% world’s population live in urban areas increase the death rate • HICs – went through urbanisation during the industrial revolution and most Urban Sprawl Unplanned growth of urban areas into people already live in urban areas. the surrounding rural areas • HICs have a slow rate of urbanisation as many people desire a better QoL and The growth of megacities is at it’s highest in LIC and are moving away from overcrowded cities to rural areas. Advances in Birth rate The number of births a year per 1000 NEE countries. This is because cities in HICs have technology and transport have enabled people to commute to work or work of the total population already gone through the process of urbanisation during from home. 60% the Industrial Revolution. • LICs have a faster rate of urbanisation, not many people currently live in Death rate The number of deaths a year per 1000 urban areas, therefore they have the fastest rates of urbanisation in the of the total population Most Megacities are near the coast, this is because it world is then easier to trade and is better for industrial • NEEs, the % of the population living in urban area varies but is growing rapidly Megacity An urban area with a total population of advances. more than 10 million people – currently going through urbanisation due to industry developing there What is the location of Rio? How important is Section I: UIC8 Urban Growth: Rio? Rocinha: Section F: Rio De Challenges in Rio Largest favela in Rio Population of 75,000 in 2010 (likely to be 3xs higher Brazils Atlantic coast UIC5 Unemployment and crime) o o Janeiro – now) 23 S and 43 W Economy has been in a deep recession in 2015, increasing unemployment Built on a very steep hillside overlooking wealthy Grown around a large natural bay – Guanabara Bay Wide contrasts in wealth – richest 1% of the population earns 12% of CASE areas of Copacabana and Ipanema where many of its Until 1960 it was the capital of Brazil (it is now the total income but poorest 50% earn only 13% inhabitants work Brasilia) High unemployment – 20% in favelas STUDY Despite the problems many inhabitants like living in Rio is close to the Tropic of Capricorn, where the Informal sector: is poorly paid (less than £60 a monthCrime – robbery favelas – they have a house, tap down the street and shoreline is oriented east–west. Facing largely and violence (murder, kidnapping, carjacking and armed assault). Street Section H: UIC7 community spirit. Neighbours help to improve houses! south. Opportunities in Rio crime is a problem at night: powerful gangs control drug trafficking in Rio is the Portuguese and Spanish word for River There is better access to services e.g. healthcare and favelas Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese education compared to rural areas Clean water, sanitation and energy Guanabara Bay entrance is marked by a point of There is better access to resources such as clean water Access to services – health and education Water – 12% of the population did not have access land called Sugar Loaf - a "calling card" of the city supply and electricity Healthcare - In 2013 only 55% had local family health clinics. Services to running water, 37% of water is lost through leaky The population of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Healthcare – Santa Marta, population of 8,000 has few for pregnant women and the elderly were very poor, esp. in the west pipes, fraud and illegal access, droughts and HEP occupying an area of 1,182.3 square kilometres roads and an overcrowded cable care. It is 13 km from the Education – is compulsory for children aged 6-14. Only ½ children production has added to the pressure (456.5 sq mi), is about 6,000,000 nearest hospital. Medical staff took a health kit to people’s continue education beyond 14yrs. Many drop out and some get involved Energy – suffers frequent blackouts due to a growing Rio has a tropical savanna climate homes and detected 20 different diseases and treat them. in drug trafficking. There is a shortage of nearby schools, lack of population and demand from major events such as the Rio lies South East of the capital Brasilia, 875 miles Infant mortality has fallen and life expectancy increased money and a need to work, shortage of teachers (low pay and poor World Cup and Olympic Games, illegal tapping into the away Education – encourage people to volunteer to help ion training) main supply is frequent, risky and unsafe school; give grants to poor families to help meet school Why is Rio important regionally, nationally and care costs; make money available to pay for free lessons in Environmental issues globally? volleyball, football, swimming and squash in Rocinha favela Air pollution – causes est 5000 deaths p/y. City is covered with brown smog because of heavy traffic and congestion on roads 2nd most important industrial centre, producing 5% Water – improving the quantity and quality of water in causes a build-up of exhaust fumes and the mist from the Atlantic mixes with vehicle exhaust fumes and pollutants from factory GDP favelas and the Olympic Park. 7 new treatment plants built chimneys Major port – exports (coffee, sugar and iron ore between 1998 and 2014. By 2014 95% had access to mains Traffic congestion – most congested city in South America, increases stress and pollution levels and wastes time for commuters The statue of Christ the Redeemer is 1 of the 7 water supply and businesses. Steep mountains (roads can only be built on coastal lowland, main transport routes become congested), tunnels New Wonders of the World Energy – installing 60km new power lines; building a new (through the mountains are needed to connect different areas of the city, number of cars ( has grown by 40% in last 10 yrs) and Service industries are banking finance and nuclear generator; developing the new Simplico hydro- high crime levels (means that many people prefer to travel by car. insurance. Manufacturing industries are chemicals, electric complex which will increase Rio’s supply of Water pollution – Guanabara Bay is highly polluted, causing a major threat to wildlife. Commercial fishing has declined by 90% in pharmaceuticals, clothing, furniture and processed electricity by 30%. It took 6 years to build and cost over last 20 yrs. Danger that pollution could affect Ipamena and Copacabana beaches which would damage tourism and the local foods US$2bn economy. There are several sources of water pollution: Stunning natural surroundings and amazing beaches many of the 55 rivers flowing into the bay are heavily polluted Hosted the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympic The growth of urban industrial areas can increase economic rivers are polluted by run off from open sewers in the favelas Games development over 200 tonnes of raw sewage pours into the bay each day 5 ports 3 airports Is a UNESCO World Heritage As industries develop, more people move to urban areas to Section J: over 50 tonnes of industrial waste enters the bay each day Site 50 museums, famous annual carnival is one of work in the factories – there are more jobs and better there have been oil spills from Petrobas oil refinery the biggest music and dance celebrations wages than in rural areas ships empty their fuel tanks in the bay because there are no facilities to dispose of the fuel properly Industries sell the goods they produce on the international Waste – worst waste problems are in the favelas, many are built on steep slopes and have few proper roads, making access market. Manufactured goods make greater profits than difficult for waste collection lorries. Most waste is dumped and pollutes the water system causing disease like cholera and Section G: UCI6 unprocessed goods so industrial counties get wealthier What are the causes of growth in Rio? encourages rats Economic development has brought improvements to Rios 2nd largest city after Sao Paulo roads, transport, services and environment 2014 – population = 6.5 million (12.5 million in the Development of the formal economy – 6% of all employment surrounding area) Section K: UIC9 Favela Barrio Project in Brazil In last 50 years it has become a major industrial, 1 of the highest incomes per head, retail and consumer Social Economic Environmental administrative, commercial and tourist centre that sector is a major source of employment, service industry have attracted migrant workers (Amazon Basin, Day care centres to look after children Legal ownership of properties (people Wooden buildings replaced with brick (finance and banking) is also growing. Oil has been other countries in South America – Argentina and whilst adults work given the opportunity to have a 100% buildings discovered off the coast (refining and petrochemical Bolivia, South Korea and China, skilled workers from Adult education classes mortgage and pay off via instalments) Rubbish collection services industries), manufacturing (computers and electronics), USA and UK and Portugal – same language as Brazil’s Drug and alcohol addiction clinics Running training schemes to help people Streets widened and paved tourism (top destination), steel (largest steel works in former colonial power Access to water and sanitation find jobs Hillsides have been secured to prevent South America), construction (for non-skilled workers) Natural increase UPP – Pacifying Police Unit patrols the Budget of $1million may not cover every landslides (though this resulted in Informal sector – street vendors, drivers, labourers, maids Rural-Urban migration from areas in the North East community to reduce crime favela in Rio. people relocating) or production of sewing and handicraft such as Ceara. New health, leisure and education centres Bristol– CASE STUDY Opportunities in Bristol: Section P: UIC13 Social Section Q: UIC13 Economic Section R: UIC13 Environmental Section L: UIC10 & UIC11 Population is rapidly growing Empty warehouse in CBD, some have been turned Increase use of brownfield sites • Largest city in the south west Electrification of rail line to London will reduce into flats and some reuse for new industry Established Air Quality Management Plan to • Population of 440,500 (expected to be ½ million by 2029 journey to 70mins High tech companies (50 micro-electronic and monitor air pollution • The city lies between Somerset and Gloucestershire There are more people in Bristol under the silicon design businesses in the area, the largest Reduce water pollution by improved monitoring • A few miles from Bristol's centre, two motorways intersect. The M4 from London to age of 16 than of pensionable age concentration outside California’s Silicon Valley and maintenance South Wales bridges the River Severn before it widens to become the Bristol Underground music scene, night clubs and bars (employment) Increased use of renewable energy from 2% Channel. The North-South M5 skirts the city at Avonmouth. 2 professional football teams (City and Rovers) In 2015 Bristol’s unemployment was below the (2012) and a rugby union team, Gloucestershire County UK average Improve energy efficiency & increase number of The importance of Bristol (Global, national) Cricket headquarters are all developing their Global companies such as Aardman Animations, jobs in low-carbon industries • 2 universities stadiums to provide a range of leisure and Hewlett-Packard and Toshiba, robotic forms and Integrated Transport System (ITS) –Bristol • Largest concentration of silicon chip manufacture outside California conference facilities and accommodation. Rovers 3D printing now has a higher percentage of people walking • 2 cathedrals (Bristol – Anglican and Clifton – Roman Catholic) plan on moving to a proposed site on the Chinese telecommunications giant Huawei has and cycling than other UK cities. It aims to • Several theatres and music venues (Bristol Old Vic theatre – creators of Wallace and outskirts of the city, they aim to develop invested in the city double the number of cyclists by 2020. Gromit) facilities attractive to a wider range of people High tech are attracted to Bristol because: Key is to plan is ITS, linking different forms of • 2 major docks (Avonmouth and Royal Portbury and the UK’s most centrally located Cabot Circus – opened in 2008, cost £500 • Government grant of £100 million to become public transport within the city and surrounding deep-sea container port (700,000 cars are imported each year from Japan, Germany million, shops leisure facilities take up 2/3s of a Super-Connected City with broadband areas, encouraging people to switch from cars to and Korea) its floor space, cinema, hotel and 250 download speeds of 80Mbps public transport, reducing congestion and making • Good transport links (M4 corridor, airports, ports) apartments • Close links between the city council and the transport more sustainable. • Moved away from dependence on tobacco and paper industries like and developed Harbourside – part of regeneration of former university Urban Greening – >1/3 of Bristol is open space global finance and business services, defence, aerospace, technology, culture and workshops and warehouses have been converted • Educated and skilled workforce >90% of the population live within 350m of media into bars, nightclubs and cultural venues, free 3- • Advance research at the university parkland or waterways • (Airbus, BMW and Siemens), finance and high-tech businesses day annual festival attracts 300,000 spectators • Different industries working collaboratively 8 nature reserves annually. in research and development 300 parks Section M: UIC12 Section N: UIC14 Major changes to its shopping provision: out-of- • A clean and non-polluted environment Queen Square was once a duel carriage way, but Migration into Bristol Challenges in Bristol: town retail park at Cribbs Causeway outdated Defence Procurement Agency (DPA) employs has now been transformed into an open space Social inequality the Broadmead shopping development in the >10,000 people and was est. on a Greenfield site with cycle routes • Between 1851 and 1891 city centre which had become outdated. in 1996 Bristol’s population doubled Filwood Stoke Bishop Section O: UIC14 as people arrive looking for Environmental challenges: Section S: Management of urban change Waste Disposal: • Many industrial buildings that are no longer work UIC15 Bristol’s waste per head is ➢ 1300 crimes per ➢ 81% housing used have become derelict 23% lower than the UK • More recently international year owner occupies • Demands for new homes has led to urban Urban Sprawl: Atmospheric pollution: average migration has accounted for ➢ Death rate from ➢ Highest levels of sprawl 2006-2013 only 6% of new 200 people die in Bristol due to Still produces ½ million ½ Bristol’s population growth cancer above car ownership • Dereliction – areas have become run down in housing developments were air pollution each year tonnes of waste annually (Spain and Poland) average ➢ Fewer than 4% of the inner city and there is a concentration of on greenfield Reduced speed limits on (one of worse for food • Migrant workers are ➢ Poor access to children living in redundant industrial buildings when the port By 2026 over 30000 new motorways and residential areas waste) The Frome Gateway, a walking employed in hospitality, shops selling poverty shut down, many buildings were abandoned homes are planned on Reduced the amount of brownfield sites and cycling route to the city retail, manufacturing, health, fresh fruit and ➢ 3% of people • Stokes Croft – inner city areas of high-density waste generated per centre construction and transport veg unemployed housing in C19th, many empty houses had been household by 15% • Contributes to cultural life – taken over by squatters and the area suffered Electric vehicle programme with Increasing the amount of ➢ 36% pass rate at ➢ Less than 300 charging points in 40 public car music, art, literature and from riots and antisocial behaviour Commuter Settlements – waste recycling to 50% GCSE crimes per year parks food St Paul’s Carnival • Urban Sprawl – Coupled with a growing towns (Wotton-under-Edge ➢ Above average ➢ 50% have a Eco-friendly poo bus – powered attracts around 40,000 population and the demolition of old slums the and Clevedon) have been Brownfield – 2006-2013 teen pregnancies degree or expanded for people to by human and food waste people each year. Its aims to demand for new housing increased. 3200 94% new housing was on ➢ Life expectancy is equivalent commute to and from Bristol transports people between Bath help improve relations houses were lost and 1800 were badly damaged brownfield, 8000 new 78 years ➢ 94% pass rate at nd Greenfield sites – national and Bristol’s Airport. between Europe, Africa, in the 2 world war, in 1955, 43 families per homes could be built on ➢ 1/3 of people ages GCSE week were moving into new homes on new shortage of houses has Caribbean and Asian 89 sites 16-24 are ➢ Life expectancy is estates (e.g. Hartcliffe) on the edge of the meant that government communities (cultural mix) Council confident that it unemployed: over 83 years ( above built up areas. New homes were owned by the policy gas encouraged the • Dereliction in Stokes Croft: can achieve 30,000 new 50 countries are represented ½ are long term or average of 80 council, private housing was also built. Urban use of greenfield e.g. new Lottery grants to improve homes on brownfield in Bristol never worked. years for Bristol) sprawl extended to the north west of the city town Bradley Stoke. Built in economic activity and decay sites. E.g. Bristol e.g. the town of Bradley Stoke the late 1980s Harbourside Section U: Urban Regeneration example- Bristol Temple Quarter UIC16 Sustainable city example – Freiburg, Germany Section T: UIC15 Advantages: Social Economic Environmental ➢ Reduces urban sprawl ➢ Makes use of existing buildings People are part of the decision making Providing employment, Resources are not wasted by reducing ➢ Improves the urban environment (local and city scale), conferences on sustainability, waste and recycling, 90kg per head of ➢ Reduces car use provides affordable homes – possible 1000 jobs created in research and non-recyclable waste (Germanys ➢ Cobble streets are historically sites are discussed and manufacture of solar technology, average is 122kg), important and gives character recommendations made to the council >10000 employed in 1500 environmental 350 community collection points for and takes in the views of children, businesses recycling, local people can invest in renewable >88% of packing waste is recycled, >1 schemes million corks recycled annually, biogas • Temple studio – new digital and technical e.g. 1 district over £5 million in 9 digester for organic food and garden enterprise windmills, 8 solar energy schemes (1 at waste collected weekly, • Glass Wharf – new office development football stadium), a hydro-electric provide energy for 28000 homes from • Electrification of London to Bristol railway plant and an energy conservation burning waste, reduce annual waste line – shorten rail journey scheme at a local scale, investors disposal from 140000 tons 50000 • ‘Arena Island’ – with bridge to new Bristol receive free seasonal football tickets, tonnes in 12 years Arena financial rewards for people compost • Temple Meads Station – redevelopment to Bristol Arena: green waste and use textile nappies upgrade transport system – encourage ➢ Team behind Millennium Dome and Olympic people to travel by train Stadium designed it Water Energy Greenspace • Improved road layout: links to the rapid ➢ Opens in 2018 (previously Bristol was largest city transit network and the Bristol-Bath cycle without an arena) Protect groundwater from pollution, Energy saving, efficient technology, ‘Green lungs’ help keep the air clean, path ➢ New bridge over river to arena island, (pedestrian rainwater harvesting (grey water) for renewable energy sources (100% by prevents run-off of water and • New bridge across River Avon to former and cycling) – route redeveloped with cafes, flushing toilets green space i.e. roofs – 2050), provides natural and free recreational diesel depot (access to arena) offices and flats (multi use) as the water filters through green One of sunniest city, there are 400 resources and a habitat for wildlife • Enterprise Zone – economic growth and ➢ Arena can be used for small theatrical space it reduces pollution, solar panels producing 10 million • 44% wood from cities forests used creates jobs; range of incentives to performances i.e. 4000 people or large concerts Financial incentives to use water kilowatts annually (power the main for timber, but 75% grows back businesses to move to the area (business 12000 people sustainably, pervious pavements (water railway station and football stadium), within a year rate relief, low rents and easier planning ➢ All year-round attraction – ice rinks and outdoor flows through), biogas using waste wood and rapeseed • Only native shrubs and trees are procedures) theatres Unpaved tramways, drainage wetlands, oil – produces enough heat to heat 3 planted • “Floating Harbour” reduces flooding River Dreisam is manged using flood swimming pools • 44,000 trees have been planted in retention basins by storing excess parks and streets. Section V: UIC17 Bristol Freiburg Beijing Singapore water] • River Dreisam can flow unmanaged, providing habitats for flora and Traffic MetroBus – rapid Integrated traffic Expanded public Restricted entry fauna. transit buses plan transport system – into the city during Problem of traffic: Network of Trams provide 30 new metro lines rush hour ➢ Air pollution and charging points efficient, cheap and rapid transport Quota system to release of greenhouse for electric and accessible bus system in 2020 reduce number of gases accelerates vehicles at car public transport Cars are banned car owners global worming parks Low car density from the city 1 High petrol prices ➢ Congestion can make 20 mph limits in 500 per 1000 day a week based and vehicle people late for work, neighbourhoods residents on a number plate registration fees delay deliveries which Integrated Tram journeys system 45% less traffic; costs money transport system increased by 20% car journey 25% fewer ➢ Increase accidents, ‘Poo Bus’ – powered >25000 in 1 year, drop; 12% drop in accidents frustration, health on human and food while cars the use of cars issues and delays waste – journeys journeys reduced parked in centre emergency services between Bath and by 30000 Regeneration & Sustainability Bristol Airport