Open Source GI and Cartography

Georg Gartner TU Wien Outline

• 1. Introduction • 2. Free and Open Source Software for GI and cartography • 3. Open standards and technologies for GI and Cartography • 4. Open Software for GI and Cartography • 5. Case studies in urban planning 1. What is Free and Open Source Software? • Four essential freedoms1: – The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (Freedom 0) – The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make it do what you wish (Freedom 1) – The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor (Freedom 2) – The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others (Freedom 3) – Access to the source code is a precondition for Freedom 1 and 3. • A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms.

1. http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html Definition

• Free software is a matter of the user‘s freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software.

• “Free software” is a mater of liberty, not price. – “free speech” vs. “free beer” • Google Maps (APIs) is free, but not a free software.

Privacy and Legal 2. Free and Open Source Software for Geospatial • Open source GIS provides accessibility, low cost solutions and lowers the entry barriers for the use of geospatial technologies for all.

• Relevant communities – Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) – Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo)

• Research communities: – ICA Working Group on Open Source Geospatial Technologies OGC • The Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.® (OGC) is a non-profit, international, voluntary consensus standards organization that is leading the development of standards for geospatial and location based services. • Mission – To serve as a global forum for the collaboration of developers and users of spatial data products and services, and to advance the development of international standards for geospatial interoperability. OGC’s standards

• Geography Markup Language – GML • Web Map Service (WMS) • Web Coverage Service (WCS) • Web Feature Service (WFS) • Location Services (OpenLS) • ….

http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards OSGeo

• The OSGeo is a not-for-profit organization whose mission is to support and promote the collaborative development of open geospatial technologies and data. • provides financial, organizational and legal support to the broader open source geospatial community.

• Hosting the FOSS4G conferences (Free and Open Source Software for Geospatial)

http://www.osgeo.org/content/foundation/about.html OSGeo’s Projects • Web Mapping – Deegree, Geomajas, GeoServer, Mapbender, MapBuilder, MapFish, MapGuide Open Source, MapServer, OpenLayers • Desktop Applications – GRASS GIS, OSSIM, Quantum GIS, gvSIG • Geospatial Libraries – FDO, GDAL/OGR, GEOS, GeoTools, MetaCRS, PostGIS • Metadata Catalog – GeoNetwork • Other Projects – Public Geospatial Data, Education and Curriculum ICA Working Group on Open Source Geospatial Technologies

• The WG aims to promote multi-national holistic research in free and open source geospatial technologies in order to make accessible the latest developments in open source tools to the wider cartographic community.

• The WG attempts to enhance the usage of free and open source geospatial tools among the cartographic community worldwide, especially for education.

• A serial of conferences and workshops 3. Open standards and technologies

• GML (current version 3.2.1) – an XML grammar for expressing geographical features – Used as an open interchange format for transmitting geographic data on the Internet – GML was adopted as an International Standard (ISO 19136:2007) in 2007.

– Ordnance Survey of GB use GML as the (only) format for supply of MasterMap data1

1. http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/xml/schema/index.html 3. Open standards and technologies

• KML (Keyhole Markup Language ) – a language for the visualization of geographic information tailored for "Google Earth". – complements GML: KML can be used to carry GML content, and GML can be “styled” to KML for the purposes of presentation. • SVG (Scalable Vector Graphic, by W3C) – an XML-based file format for describing two- dimensional vector graphics, both static and dynamic – Can be used to visualize geospatial dataset (such as GML) 3. Open standards and technologies • OGC’s OpenGIS Web Services (OWS) – Web Map Service (WMS 1.3.0) • Provides georeferenced map images • Return data types: GIF, PNG, JPEG, etc. – Web Feature Service (WFS 1.1) • Provides vector data on demand • Return data types: GML 3.1.1, and GML 2.1.2 – Web Converage Service (WCS 1.1) • Provides raster data on demand • Return data types: GeoTIFF, DTED, HDF-EOS, or NITF. 3. Open standards and technologies • WMS, WFS and WCS are designed as server- side mapping methods. • Map (and other) requests are made through standard HTML methods1 – URL – Parameters supplied within URL (GET) or hidden in document (POST) – One request gives one response

1. http://www.sigte.udg.edu/summerschool2010/uploads/XMLandOWS.pdf A WMS Example (A large image (1000 x 1000 pixels) of several cryospheric parameters in a polar stereographic projection focused on the Arctic): http://nsidc.org/cgi-bin/atlas_north?service=WMS&version =1.1.1&request =GetMap&srs=EPSG:32661&format=image/gif&width=1000&height=1000&bbox=-2700000,- 2700000,6700000,6700000&layers=sea_ice_extent_01,land,snow_extent_01,permafrost_extent,country_ borders,treeline,north_pole_geographic,arctic_circle,country_labels,geographic_features_sea A WFS Example (Elevation contours for the Greenland ice sheet): http://nsidc.org/cgi- bin/atlas_north?service=WFS&version=1.1.0&request=GetFeature&typename=greenland_elevation_contours GML

Rendering in QGIS A WCS Example (A GeoTIFF of sea ice concentration at 25-km resolution in a polar stereographic projection focused on the Arctic ) : http://nsidc.org/cgi-bin/atlas_north?service=WCS&version=1.1.1&request =GetCoverage&crs=EPSG:32661&format=GeoTIFF&resx=25000&resy=25000&bbox=-2700000,- 2700000,6700000,6700000&coverage=sea_ice_concentration_01

From: http://nsidc.org/data/atlas/ogc_services.html#WCS 3. Open standards and technologies

• Web Processing Service – provides rules for standardizing how inputs and outputs (requests and responses) for geospatial processing services, such as polygon overlay.

• Sensor Observation Service – provides an API for managing deployed sensors and retrieving sensor data and specifically “observation” data.

• More standards …. – OGC: http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards – ISO TC 211: http://www.isotc211.org/ 3. Open standards and technologies

• The above standards and technologies are adopted in many Open Source GI and Cartography applications. 4. Open Software for GI and Cartography

• Different kinds of software – Web Mapping – Desktop Applications – Geospatial Libraries – Metadata Catalog – Others

• We will introduce some typical software. 4.1 Web Mapping

• Map Server (from OSGeo) – Originally developed at the University of Minnesota (UMN Map Server) – an open source development environment for building spatially- enabled web mapping applications and services.

http://www.osgeo.org/mapserver 4.1 Web Mapping

• OpenLayers – provides an JavaScript API for building rich web- based geographic applications similar to Google Maps and Bing Maps. 4.2 Desktop Applications

• Quantum GIS (QGIS) – QGIS lets you browse, edit and create a variety of vector and raster formats, including ESRI shapefiles, spatial data in PostgreSQL/PostGIS, GRASS vectors and rasters, or GeoTiff. – supports different plugins 4.2 Desktop Applications • GRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System) • For performing spatial analysis • consists of more than 350 modules for processing vector (2D/3D), raster and voxel data • can serve as a Desktop GIS and as the backbone of a complete GIS infrastructure. 4.3 Geospatial Libraries • GeoTools – an open source Java code library which provides standards compliant methods for the manipulation of geospatial data. – It implements OGC specifications (standards) as they are developed. 4.3 Geospatial Libraries

• PostGIS – an open source software program that adds support for geographic objects to the PostgreSQL object-relational database. – follows the Simple Features for SQL specification (standard) from OGC.

QGIS Displaying Vector Data from PostGIS 4.4 Metadata Catalog

• GeoNetwork opensource – a catalog application to manage spatially referenced resources – providing powerful metadata editing and search functions as well as an embedded interactive web map viewer. 5. Case studies • SITEL (México) • a spatial data infrastructure, allows various government agencies to share data to be included in their own projects as health, security, urban furniture or mobility. • over 1,910 vectorial layers plus another 70+ raster files, provided through PostGIS and WMS/WFS/WCS services with Mapserver. • QGIS is used for data checking.

Data Checking in Satellite imagery Orthophotos Digital elevation models QGIS

http://postgis.refractions.net/documentation/casestudies/sitel/ 5. Case studies • Forestry planning (Basel, Switzerland)1 – QGIS is used to import of existing data, digitizing, Analysis, Print and export.

Extract of the forestry measurements map

1. http://www.qgis.org/en/community/qgis-case-studies/basel-switzerland.html 5. Case studies

• Examples of using GRASS – http://grass.osgeo.org/intro/index.php • Case studies of QGIS – http://qgis.osgeo.org/en/community/qgis-casestudies.html

• ... Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

Technologie „Push“ in der Kartographie

- Datenakquisition und Sensoren - WebMapping und Soziale Netzwerke - LBS und Ubiquitous Computing - 3D, AR und Cross Media - Geodateninfrastruktur Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

Datenakquisition und Sensoren Rapid Mapping, Real-Time Cartography Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

Datenakquisition und Sensoren Automatisierte Kartographische Modellbildung Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

Datenakquisition und Sensoren Crowd Sourcing Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

Datenverarbeitung

Pipes

Clouds

Real-Time Streaming Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

Earth Viewer Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

Web Mapping 2.0 Crowd Sourcing Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

WebMapping 2.0 Mashups Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

WebMapping 2.0

Mashups API Popularity Google Maps 47% Flickr 11% YouTube 9% Amazon 7% VirtualEarth 4% Ebay 4% 411Sync 3% YahooMaps 3% Del.icio.us 3% Yahoo 3% Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

WebMapping 2.0 Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

Location Based Services / Mobile Apps Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

Ubiquitäres Computing Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

3D Modellierung Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

Augmented Reality Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

Geodateninfrastruktur Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

Kartographie und das Informationszeitalter?

- ständig steigende Datenmengen - dynamische Weiterentwicklung von relevanten Technologien - Anforderung an Interoperabilität/Schnittstellen - zeitnahe Weiterverarbeitung - Bedürfnis nach Interaktivität und dynam. Visualisierung - Analyse komplexer Daten - Kommunikation in nutzergerechter Form Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

Kartographie und das Informationszeitalter? Funktion von Karten: Artefakt  abnehmend Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

Kartographie und das Informationszeitalter? Funktion von Karten: Interface  zunehmend Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

Kartographie und das Informationszeitalter? Funktion von Karten: Metapher Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

Implikation Visualisierung

Nutzergerechte Informationsvermittlung Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

Implikation Nutzerzentrierung

Nutzerabhängiger Inhalt und Gestaltung  Personalisierung, Adaptivität Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

Implikation Medienadäquanz

Mediengerechte Aufbereitung Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

Implikation Kartographisches Dogma

Gleichgewicht aus Maßstäblichkeit und Perzeptivität Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

Implikation Kartographische Modellierung

Kartographische Modellbildung unter Einhaltung der „constraints“ Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

Implikation Kartographische Modellbildung

Optimierung/Formalisierung der syntaktischen Dimension für 2D+ Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

Implikation Kartographische Modellbildung

Optimierung/Formalisierung der semantischen Dimension Forschungsgruppe Kartographie

Implikation Cross Media

Derivation von Präsentationsmodellen in verschiedenen Medien