INTER-PROVINCIAL MIGRATION IN IRAN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO EAST AZARBAYEJAN OSTAN by FIROOZ JAMALI-ZANJEERABAD, B.A. (Tabriz), M.A. (Tehran) The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Social Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Geography) University of Durham November, 1985 -8. OCT. ;926 ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of migration on the East Azarbayejan Ostan, setting the experience of this province in the wider context of inter-provincial migration in Iran as a whole. After discussing the problems of definition and the identification of types of migration, some important migration theories are examined followed by examination of patterns of inter-Ostan migration in Iran. In order to assess the general progress of urbanization at the Ostan level, differential urban population growth among Ostans is examined. Further analysis of the role of migration in the growth of population in Iranian cities indicates that internal migration, particularly rural-urban migration plays a great role in the growth of cities. Examining the patterns of inter-Shahrestan migration in East Azarbayejan Ostan, special emphasis is placed on the study of the phenomenon of hashia neshini (squatter settlements) in Tabriz, the Ostan's capital. The study concludes by reviewing the findings and by suggesting some points relating to the implications of rural- urban migration and urbanization in Iran. 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the preparation of this thesis many people have been helpful and shown great interest. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to these individuals for their generous assistance in making this research possible. I would first of all like to express my thanks and indebtedness to Mr. J.C. Dewdney, my supervisor, for not only his guidance and interest in my progress, but also for the great encouragement he offered me. I am sure that I can never adequately thank him. Thanks are also extended to other members of staff of the Department of Geography. Careful acknowledgement must be made to the staff of the Middle East Documentation Centre and the Science Library of the University of Durham. In Iran, I wish to thank both the University of Tabriz and the Ministry of Culture and Higher Education for their assistance in making this research possible. My special indebtedness goes to Dr. Karim Hosseinzadeh Dalir, the Dean of the Faculty of Letters and Humanities, University of Tabriz for his continuous encouragement and interest in my work. My colleagues in the Department of Geography, University of Tabriz, have also contributed in many ways and I would like to thank all of them. I would like to thank Mrs. M. Bell for her very careful typing. Finally I acknowledge my extreme indebtedness to my parents, my wife and my three children for their continued forebearance and unfailing cooperation. iii CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES xvi INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 : MIGRATION THEORIES 1.1 Definitions 4 1.2 Types of Migration 6 1.3 Migration Theories 9 1.4 Migration Studies in the Developing Countries 15 1.5 Migration Studies in Iran 20 References 25 CHAPTER 2 INTERNAL MIGRATION IN IRAN 2.1 Introduction 27 2.1.1 Administrative Divisions of Iran 27 2.1.2 Migration data 34 2.2 Inter-Ostan migration flows, 1956 36 2.2.1 Patterns of net inter-Ostan migration in Iran, 1956 40 2.2.2 In-migration 40 2.2.3 Out-migration 42 2.2.4 Gross migration 42 2.2.5 Net migration 43 2.2.6 Migration rates 45 2.2.7 Net in-migration rates 45 2.2.8 Net ot-migration rates 46 2.2.9 Ratio of net to gross migration 46 iv Page 2.3 Inter-Ostan migration in Iran,1966,1976 48 2.3.1 Patterns of net inter-Ostan migration in Iran,1966,1976 57 2.3.2 In-migration 57 2.3.3 Out-migration 60 2.3.4 Gross migration 63 2.3.5 Net migration 64 2.3.6 Migration rates 68 2.3.7 Net in-migration rates 68 2.3.8 Net out-migration rates 69 2.3.9 Ratio of net to gross migration 70 2.4 Net intercensal migration 1966-1976 71 2.5 Characteristics of the major gaining and losing Ostans 74 2.6 Sex and age structure of migrants 85 2.6.1 Age structure of migrants in 1956 85 2.6.2 Sex and age structure of inter- Ostan and inter-Shahrestan migrants, 1966 and 1976 .11 2.6.3 Patterns by Sex 91 2.6.4 Sex ratio 94 References 104 CHAPTER 3 : URBANIZATION IN IRAN 3.1 Introduction 105 3.2 Definition of the City 106 3.3 Urbanization in Iran 107 3.3.1 Urbanization in Iran, 1900-1956 108 3.3.2 Growth of Cities, 1900-1956 110 3.3.3 Internal migration and urban growth, 1900-1956 110 3.4 Growth of Urban Population 1956-1976 111 3.5 City-size Distribution in Iran 111 3.6 Urbanization at Ostan Level 115 3.6.1 Urbanization in Ostans, 1956 118 3.6.2 Distribution of urban population in Ostans, 1966 and 1976 120 3.6.3 Urban Population Change at Ostan Level 1966 - 1976 124 3.7 Urbanization and its Relationship to Internal Migration 129 3.7.1 The role of migration in the growth of population in the Iranian cities 131 3.8 Position of Tehran in Iran's Urban- ization process 137 3.9 Major Causes of Urbanization 140 References 143 CHAPTER 4 •. GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF EAST AZARBAYEJAN OSTAN 4.1 Introduction 145 4.2 Location 145 4.3 Historical and Political Background 147 4.3.1 Azarbayejan in early times 147 4.3.2 Azarbayejan under Safavids 154 4.3.3 Azarbayejan under the Qajars, 1779-1925 156 4.3.4 Azarbayejan between 1914 and 1947 161 4.4 Structure 171 4.4.1 Relief 173 4.4.2 Plains 175 4.5 Climate 175 4.5.1 Temperature 176 4.5.2 Precipitation 176 4.5.3 Humidity 179 4.6 Soils 184 4.6.1 Vegetation 187 4.7 Water problems 189 vi Page 4.8 Physical factors and population movements 192 4.9 Agriculture 199 4.10 The effects of Land Reform on population movements in East Azarbayejan Ostan 202 4.11 Settlement patterns 213 4.12 Industry 219 4.12.1 Communications 223 4.12.2 Telecommunications 226 References 227 CHAPTER 5 : THE POPULATION OF EAST AZARBAYEJAN 5.1 Introduction 232 5.1.1 Administrative Divisions of the Os tan 233 5.2 Population and households 237 5.3 Population distribution and density 238 5.4 Population growth, 1956-1976 240 5.4.1 Population changes at Shahrestan level 243 5.4.2 Urban and rural population change 245 5.5 Distribution of urban places 246 5.5.1 Distribution of urban and rural population by Shahrestan 248 5.5.2 Urban population change at Shahrestan level, 1956-1976 252 5.6 Growth of towns and cities, 1956-1976 254 5.7 Language and religion 259 5.8 Age and sex structure 261 5.9 Manpower characteristics 268 5.9.1 Major industry groups 269 References 275 vii Page CHAPTER 6 INTER-SHAHRESTAN MIGRATION IN EAST AZARBAYEJAN 6.1 Introduction 276 6.2 Inter-Shahrestan migration flows, 1956,1966 279 6.2.1 Patterns of net inter-Shahrestan migration in East Azarbayejan Ostan 1956, 1966 287 6.2.2 In-migration 290 6.2.3 Intra-Ostan out-migration 290 6.2.4 Intra-Ostan gross migration 291 6.2.5 Net intra-Ostan migration 292 6.2.6 Inter-Shahrestan migration rates 301 6.2.7 Net intercensal migration 1956-1966 301 6.3 Comparison of the 1966 and 1976 migration data in East Azarbayejan Ostan 305 6.4 Rural-urban migration in East Azarbayejan Ostan 314 6.4.1 Net intercensal rural-urban migration, 1966-1976 316 6.5 Sex and age structure of inter-Shahrestan migrants and non-migrants in East Azarbayejan Ostan 319 References 326 CHAPTER 7 SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS OF TABRIZ 7.1 Introduction 327 7.2 Squatter Settlements in Iran 332 7.2.1 Geographic and political characteristics of Tabriz 338 7.2.2 Industrialization and the expansion of squatter settlements in Tabriz 340 7.3 The study of squatter settlement of Tabriz 344 7.3.1 Objectives 344 7.3.2 The study area 345 7.3.3 Method of survey 347 Page 7.4 Data analysis 350 7.4.1 Demographic characteristics of the sampled squatter settlements of Tabriz, 1982 350 7.4.2 Sex and age structure of the sampled households 350 7.5 Origins of households 352 7.5.1 Reasons for migration 358 7.5.2 Reasons for squatting 360 7.6 Housing patterns, ownership and size 362 7.6.1 Physical condition of the squatter settlements of Tabriz 362 7.6.2 Size of building plot 365 7.6.3 Number of rooms 365 7.6.4 Home ownership 367 7.7 Literacy 368 7.8 Economic and occupational structure 371 7.8.1 Squatter earnings 373 7.9 Conclusion 374 References 379 CHAPTER 8 : CONCLUSIONS 381 APPENDIX A 392 APPENDIX B. 399 BIBLIOGRAPHY 400 ix LIST OF TABLES Page 1.1 Elements of Migration 8 2.1 Iran: Area, Population and Number of Shahrestans by Ostan,1956 29 2.2 Iran: Area, Population and the Number of Shahrestans, Bakhsh, Dehestans by Ostan or Farmandariko1,1966 31 2.3 Iran: Area, Population and the Number of Shahrestans, BakhshAlmstans by Ostan, 1976 33 2.4 Inter-Ostan Migration Matrix, 1956 37 2.5 Inter-Ostan Flows Greater than 10,000, 1956 39 2.6 Total Population, In-migrants, Out-migrants, Net Migration Rate by Ostan, Iran, 1956 41 2.7 Inter-Ostan Migration Matrix, Iran, 1966 49 2.8 Inter-Ostan Migration Matrix, Iran, 1976 50 2.9 Inter-Ostan Flows Greater than 10,000, Iran, 1966 52 2.10 Inter-Ostan Flows Greater than 10,000, Iran, 1976 54 2.11 Total Population, In-migrants, Out-migrants, Net Migration and Migration Rate by Ostan, Iran,1966 58 2.12 Total Population, In-migrants, Out-migrants, Net Migration and Migration Rate by Ostan, Iran,1976 59 2.13 Estimated Net Intercensal Migration by Ostan, 1966-1976 72 2.14 Migration Status by Age for Iran, 1956 86 2.15 Place of Birth of the Population