PHOTO: ROBIN DUNCAN PHOTOGRAPHY DUNCAN ROBIN PHOTO:

54 www.HORSEJournals.com :: SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2017 A COUNTRY Built by Power

By Margaret Evans

The relationship between and people in is rich, deep, and ancient. And the story of horses in our country is as old as time itself. To understand the horse’s place in our lives today, we need to look back through the pages of history.

Why Did Horses Die Out in North America? Horses evolved in North America some 55 million years ago when they were just the size of beagle dogs with several toes on each foot. They scuttled about in the undergrowth, lunching on ferns and fruit while dodging the danger of being someone else’s lunch. But as climates changed, those early species either adapted or died out. As the more successful horse species co-evolved with their habitat, they went on to develop into the fleet-footed, grassland, socially dependent, successful herd animal we love today. The ancestor that gave rise to the modern genus Skull of 700,000-year-old horse Equus appeared about 4.5 million years ago, and 2.5 found in permafrost in Thistle Creek million years ago some of them migrated across the Gold Mine in Yukon in 2003. Bering Land Bridge linking Siberia and Alaska. The PHOTO: DUANE FROESE, UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA, EDMONTON bridge named Beringia — actually a huge expanse of land about the size of British Columbia and Yukon combined — was exposed at the beginning of the warmed, glaciers retreated releasing billions of litres of fresh Pleistocene epoch 2.5 million years ago as the climate water, and sea levels rose and began to swallow Beringia. The cooled, sea levels dropped, and the Ice Age began. shrinking region grew more warm and moist, and shrub But Beringia remained ice free and the climate tundra incapable of supporting large grazing animals generated a cold steppe tundra that supported large replaced the grassland steppe. This time, the horses along grazing animals on which the very first people drifting with other large mammals were unable to adapt. After 55 into Beringia depended 24,000 years ago. million years, the chapter closed on horses in North America The climate, forever changing, changed again. The world as, some 10,000 years ago, they disappeared.

SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2017 :: JOURNAL 55 Horses Return, Exploration and men, and 16 horses. More Spanish ancestral niche and population numbers Settlement Follow explorers with soldiers and horses arrived grew rapidly as the horses ranged through Horses would return to North America in the 1520s and in the 1530s, supply the southern states and into the prairies with the Spanish. Italian voyager centres for horses were set up in Mexico and the high plains north to Canada. It was just a matter of time before Christopher Columbus, under the auspices and Central America. Some horses were let indigenous peoples made the connection of the Catholic monarch of Spain, sailed to loose and some likely escaped. Horses used that horses would enhance their culture in Central America and imported horses to by explorers such as De Soto and Coronado multiple ways. According to John C. Ewers’ the on his second voyage in in 1541 likely resulted in more strays. But classic book The Horse in Blackfoot Indian 1493. Horses came to the mainland in 1519 there were enough free horses to band Culture, the Plains Indians began acquiring with Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortés together, breed, and spread. As a grassland horses sometime after 1600, the centre of who sailed to Yucatan with 11 ships, 508 animal, they instantly occupied their distribution being Santa Fe where the Spanish had set up stock-raising settlements. While many tribes obtained their first horses from others they traded with, stealing horses was just as efficient. The first mounted natives were Pueblo men working for, or allied with, the Spanish. The Apache

Horses transformed almost every dimension of life on the plains for indigenous peoples, who used them for hunting, travel, trading, warfare, and more. Shown is Mrs. Tom Turned Up Nose with horse travois near Gleichen, Alberta, in the 1880s. PHOTO: GLENBOW ARCHIVES NA-403-2 ARCHIVES GLENBOW PHOTO:

The brave horses used to hunt buffalo, as depicted in this painting by Karl Bodmer circa 1839, were prized by indigenous peoples. PHOTO: WIKIMEDIA PHOTO:

56 www.HORSEJournals.com :: SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2017 and Navajo stole horses from the Pueblo 1668. Bourgeoys and her colleagues used tangled in the conflicts and tensions between horsemen and the concept of being horses on the farm to grow food for the the Acadians and the British during the first mounted spread. people in during the 1670s. half of the 18th century that finally saw the Horses were ridden for raids on rival Under contract, individual farmers and Acadians stripped of their land and livestock tribes, in tribal wars and skirmishes, and for religious communities were to care for the and deported. But the horses of the Acadians hunting buffalo. They were used for moving horses, breed them and donate a foal to the were to become the foundation stock of camp, hauling gear, travel, and recreation administration under Intendant Jean Talon today’s Sable Island horses. and sport. And they were valued as an within three years. During that time, the During the Expulsion of the Acadians expression of social status, in horse King continued to own the horses. Foals from 1755 to 1764, the people were deported medicine cults, and in spiritual beliefs and were then redistributed under the same to the 13 colonies in what is today the folklore. From the Apache, Navajo, conditions. The breeding system worked United States, and some of their livestock Comanche, Ute, and Kiowa nations in the and the population rapidly grew to over was transported to Sable Island, a remote south to the Blackfoot nation in Alberta and 13,000 in the 18th century. sandbar off the coast of Nova Scotia, where Montana, the horse exploded as an animal In the Maritime region, the horse’s story is they were used to haul lifeboats and other of immense value in native cultures. One of the first Europeans to explore the Canadian west was fur trader Anthony Henday working for the Hudson’s Company. He arrived in Alberta in September 1754. On October 14, 1754, to his surprise he encountered two Blackfoot on horseback. The date was significant in both cultural directions since the Blackfoot hunters had never seen a white man before. Horses were arriving in Canada from all directions. New France (the future ) was getting out front on the fur trade business but traders were either under siege from the native Iroquois, pushing back on turf wars with the British, or scrapping with other New France settlers when issues of trade monopolies arose. King Louis XIV fixed that. He made New France a royal province and ordered the creation of a royal horse stud. But New France had no horses so he fixed that too by shipping two and twenty mares from his own stables. As an avid rider, he was no slouch when it came to fine horses. But the rough voyage took its toll and eight mares perished. However, on July 16, 1665, the stallions and the twelve remaining mares stepped onto Canadian soil to begin a legacy that, through consistent breeding, would lead to the creation of the unique Canadian horse. Shipments continued and between 1665 and 1671, some 82 horses arrived in New France from the royal stables. Those horses likely originated from native herds in France (Normandy, and the historical province of Poitou) and Spain (Andalusia), regions renowned for the quality of their horses since before the Middle Ages. The first horses were allocated to religious communities and farming settlers. One of those communities was the Congregation de Notre-Dame on the present-day site of Maison Saint-Gabriel. The stone house was built around 1661 and was bought by Marguerite Bourgeoys in

SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2017 :: CANADIAN HORSE JOURNAL 57 equipment to save shipwrecked mariners. De- spite the harsh conditions, the horses adapted and thrived in the maritime environment where they grazed on grassland plants in the interior of the island, marram grass growing in the sand dunes, and found fresh water in the meadows. In the early days horses, were routinely rounded up and sold in Klondikers with pack horses Halifax. But in 1960, Prime Minis- outside the Dawson Market, ter John Diefenbaker’s government Front Street, Dawson, Yukon ruled that the horses must be left Territory, in June 1898, during the Yukon Gold Rush. on the island to live untouched. Since then, the horses have been managed on a hands-off basis, and in 2013, Sable Island became Sable Island National Park Reserve. Today, the horse’s numbers are at a record high, ranging from 450 to 550. PHOTO: WIKIMEDIA PHOTO:

> A Royal North West Mounted Police trooper, circa 1900.

Range riders of the North West Mounted Police are depicted on patrol in winter (below), and trailing cattle thieves (left), the late 1800s. Range riders of the North West Mounted Police are depicted on patrol in winter (above), and trailing cattle thieves, the

late 1800s. WIKIMEDIA PHOTOS: IMAGES: WIKIMEDIA IMAGES:

58 www.HORSEJournals.com :: SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2017 Horses in an Columbia River and appointed John cattle in Oregon, McLoughlin orchestrated Era of Growth and Change McLoughlin as their Chief Factor. He the first cattle drive into the future British promoted peace with native tribes, fair Columbia. According to Alastair McLean’s Across Canada from the prairies to the trade for furs, and self-sufficiency for article in Rangelands (4)3 in 1846, the year Pacific coast, a way of life was rapidly being workers. And he kick-started the cattle the 49th Parallel became the Canada/US transformed not only by explorers and fur traders but pioneers, settlers, ranchers, and industry in British Columbia. international border, McLoughlin’s crew farmers during the 1800s. The Hudson’s Bay trading posts were so headed north, herding a supply of cattle and The Hudson’s Bay Company was remote that workers needed to grow their horses to forts Kamloops and Alexandria. expanding from the shores of James and own fruits and vegetables and raise their In Manitoba, the Selkirk Settlers in the Hudson bays into central and western own livestock. Since the company owned Red River area had already tooled up to Canada. The company became dominant in the Pacific Northwest and had forts at Kamloops, Alexandria (near Quesnel), On November 7, 1885, CPR director Sir Donald Smith drove the final ceremonial spike at Langley, and Victoria. In 1825, they Craigellachie, BC. Edward Mallandaine, who ran a pony express delivery service to the railroad established Fort Vancouver on the construction workers in BC, was just behind him.

Edward Mallandaine Sir Donald Smith

A single horse and teamster work at a CPR snowshed under construction east of Selkirk Summit, BC, circa 1886 – 1888. PPHOTO: GLENBOW ARCHIVES NA-4428-19 | ABOVE LEFT & RIGHT—WIKIMEDIA & LEFT ABOVE | NA-4428-19 ARCHIVES GLENBOW PPHOTO:

SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2017 :: CANADIAN HORSE JOURNAL 59 PHOTO: GLENBOW ARCHIVES IP-2B-2 > > Horse-drawn tank wagons at Imperial Oil Company yard, Branding cattle on Sandy Quebec City, Quebec, circa 1917-1918. McCarthy’s ranch on Bear Creek, east of Maple Creek convert prairie land into agricultural fields. But they were in Saskatchewan, in 1897. short supply of strong working horses. To improve local horse bloodlines, Governor George Simpson > decided to import from England a superior named John Ware with his family, Fireaway. He would be used to breed heavier horses for farming circa 1897. John Ware was born and faster horses for buffalo hunting. In 1831, Fireaway was put on into slavery on a plantation board a ship bound for York Factory, a Hudson’s Bay Company near Georgetown, SC. After the

trading post on the southwestern shore of Hudson Bay. From there American Civil War, he learned WIKIMEDIA PHOTO: he was transported precariously by an oar-propelled freight (York) ranching and cowboy skills in boat and rowed along the rivers south to Fort Garry (now a district Texas and became a master of Winnipeg). Along the way there were many portages with the horseman, then made challenges of unloading and re-loading him and keeping him his way to Canada. He is best remembered for bringing the first steady. Once in Fort Garry, Fireaway became the breeding stallion cattle to southern Alberta in 1882, helping to create that province’s for many mares. In his first season, he bred 25 mares and his ranching industry.

The horse still ruled 19th century life, but the end of the horse-drawn era is foreshadowed in these images of a horse-drawn Imperial Oil Company delivery wagon at Winnipeg, Manitoba (below, left), and an Imperial Oil Company warehouse (below right), circa 1875 – 1898.

PHOTO: GLENBOW ARCHIVES IP-LA-100A PHOTO: GLENBOW ARCHIVES IP-1A-120

60 www.HORSEJournals.com :: SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2017 PHOTO: GLENBOW ARCHIVES NA-44-47 ARCHIVES GLENBOW PHOTO:

Horses answered the fire alarms from around 1840 to 1920, dashing along city streets pulling the steam pumper engines used to fight city fires. This horse-drawn fire engine was used in Calgary, Alberta, circa 1905. >

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SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2017 :: CANADIAN HORSE JOURNAL 61 descendants maintained his working qualities. the North West Mounted Police. In July 1874, the > Life became busier with each passing decade. From 1860 to 1863, Mounted Police, with 275 members, went to Lord Stanley’s the Cariboo gold rush saw hundreds of prospectors with horses and southern Alberta where American whiskey horse and sleigh mules trekking to the Fraser River and Cariboo region for rich traders were operating among the native tribes. in 1893. The sixth payloads of gold. They set up a permanent post at Fort Macleod Governor General where half the force was posted. Other forts were According to the Toronto Star archives, on Confederation Day of Canada (from set up at Edmonton and Calgary, as well as Fort July 1, 1867, horses and pedestrians ruled the streets. The Toronto 1888 to 1893), Pelly and Fort Walsh in Saskatchewan. Street Railway Co., ferried passengers around with their horse-car Frederick Arthur The detachments became a boost for Stanley is famous mass transit service. ranching, providing security and a local market. for presenting In 1873, the federal government established Soon, great cattle ranges were dominating Canada with the a central police force and sent 150 recruits to Manitoba. They became western Canada including the Gang, Douglas Stanley Cup. Lake and Empire Valley ranches in BC, the Vancouver’s In the early 1900s, wood was in huge demand to feed the Cochrane, Bar U, Oxley, and Stanley Park is construction industry. A horse-drawn sleigh hauls logs at Walrond ranches in Alberta, and named after him. the north end of Pigeon Lake, Alberta, the “76," Hitchcock and Matador in 1913. ranches in Saskatchewan. According to Alastair McIntyre, who hosts the highly informative website Electric Scotland (www.electricscotland.com), “In 1886, the officers of the Department of the Interior estimated the number of horses in southern Alberta to be about 10,000. These were mostly found in the Calgary and Macleod districts. From that date, horse ranching developed into a separate and profitable industry in southern and central Alberta. [Some] 3,500 animals, most of whom were mares, were imported that year [1886] from Oregon, British Columbia, and Ontario. Breeders began importing sires from England and Kentucky and > Before the age of huge farm tractors, horsepower is supplied by multiple teams ploughing and harrowing on Ben Macleod’s ranch at High River, Alberta, circa 1900-1903.

PHOTO: GLENBOW ARCHIVES NA-2649-2

A wagon laden with homestead supplies is pulled by a horse-and-cow team at Biggar, Saskatchewan, in 1913.

PHOTO: GLENBOW ARCHIVES NA-2870-10

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Horse-drawn wagons negotiate a narrow track in central British Columbia, early 1900s.

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SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2017 :: CANADIAN HORSE JOURNAL 63 an attempt was made to place the industry on a sound basis and to producing carriage horses was the Rawlinson’s Hackney Horse Ranch. breed the type of horse suitable for draught and agricultural work. According to archival Rawlinson Ranch fonds (collection of historic The climate, grass, and other conditions of the country were found to documents) held with Glenbow Museum, Calgary, brothers be ideally adapted for raising superior animals. Dr. McEachren, the Christopher and Arthur Rawlinson came to Alberta from Bath, chief veterinary inspector of the Dominion, reported to the England, in 1884. After purchasing land some 18 kilometres northwest Government in 1887 as follows: ‘Probably no better of Calgary and building a homestead, they started Rawlinson’s country exists in the British Empire than the district of Alberta.’” Hackney Horse Ranch in 1888 with stock provided by another brother, McIntyre adds that several significant ranches such as the Robert Rawlinson, who ranched nearby. Over the years they produced Stimson Ranch at High River and the Cochrane Ranch on the Bow outstanding Hackney horses. The champion Hackney at the Pan- River were established in 1887. The ranges began to flourish with American Exhibition in 1901 and the New York Horse Show that same important horse breeds such as Irish Hunters, Clydesdales, year came from the Rawlinson Ranch. Their stallion “Saxon” and their Hackneys, and . The day of the Indian cayuse was mare “Priscilla” both become Grand Champions at the 1904 St. Louis past, and better care in selection, feeding, and handling was World Fair. The brothers, who did a great deal to popularize the recognized to develop quality horses. Dr. McEachren echoed that Hackney breed in the early years, maintained the ranch and the belief. “The days of breaking young horses as done by the bronco until it was sold in 1907. rider are over, viz., catching him with the lasso, blindfolding him, With the steady influx of settlers to Canada, the need for good saddling and mounting him, and with whips and spurs making the harness horses and carriages was in constant demand. And there poor, frightened creature buck, rear, plunge and gallop over the was something about the beauty and grace of carriage designs that prairie until horse and rider are exhausted, and broken in spirit and caught Robert McLaughlin’s eye. Born in 1836 in Cavan Township, subdued by fatigue the horse yields a sullen obedience, but is Upper Canada, McLaughlin would go on to launch the McLaughlin utterly untaught, unmannered, and devoid of ‘mouth.’” Motor Car Company that would one day become part of General As much as ranch and farm horses became the backbone of Motors Canada. But it all began with an axe handle. agriculture, the 1800s were truly the golden age of the horse- McLaughlin loved everything about wood, and in his spare time drawn vehicle. In 1850, 33 of Canada’s 58 carriage-making from logging, he crafted axe handles fashioned with such skill that facilities were located in Quebec. By 1901, that number had grown local merchants said they were the best they had ever seen. Given the to 1,260 carriage-producing companies and every village had a demand, before long he turned to crafting horse-drawn carriages. repair shop or workshop. In Confederation year, 1867, McLaughlin built two cutters. One In Alberta, one of the most noted horse breeding ranches for himself and the other for a neighbour who saw the quality

PHOTO: GLENBOW ARCHIVES NA-5200-88 PHOTO: GLENBOW ARCHIVES NA-4462-47 Horses pull fresnos (scrapers used for constructing canals A horse-drawn grader smooths the streets of and ditches) excavating a deep irrigation cut in the Calgary, Alberta, circa 1910.

Magrath area of Alberta. >

Several horse teams are used in dam construction on the Bow River near Bassano, Alberta, circa 1909-1914. > In 1916, thE Bar U Ranch in southern Alberta, owned by George Lane, was home to 700 registered , the largest and finest herd in North America, among them this six-horse

PHOTO: GLENBOW ARCHIVES NA-407-8 ARCHIVES GLENBOW PHOTO: team, and 400 broodmares.

64 www.HORSEJournals.com :: SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2017 The original 1867 McLaughlin cutter, crafted by Robert McLaughlin who launched the McLaughlin Motor Car Company that would later become part of General Motors Canada. > PHOTO: REMINGTON CARRIAGE MUSEUM CARRIAGE REMINGTON PHOTO:

Canada's Leading Horse Industry Guide PHOTO: NATIONAL FILM BOARD OF CNAADA/LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES CANADA/PA-176735 ARCHIVES AND CNAADA/LIBRARY OF BOARD FILM NATIONAL PHOTO:

> Advertisement for the McLaughlin Carriage Co. of Oshawa, Ontario, showing a McLaughlin Model A automobile and a McLaughlin Year-long carriage, circa 1910. Promotion for the Price of One Ad

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SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2017 :: CANADIAN HORSE JOURNAL 65 PHOTO, LEFT: OTTAWA PHOTOGRAPHS/LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES CANADA/C-002457 ARCHIVES AND PHOTOGRAPHS/LIBRARY OTTAWA LEFT: PHOTO, PHOTO, RIGHT: LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES CANADA ARCHIVES AND LIBRARY RIGHT: PHOTO,

> An 1870-era horse-drawn street car, owned by > A Canadian National Railways Express Horse

Ottawa City Passenger Railway Co. Wagon in 1925. > Horses hauled loaded coal wagons in mines workmanship McLaughlin was putting into from Nova Scotia to British Columbia. the cutter, and asked his friend to build one for him, too. With that, the McLaughlin Carriage Company was born and its U Ranch just south of Longview, Alberta. In carriages became legendary. 1902 he purchased the ranch with financial The original 1867 cutter and other partners, the purchase including 3,000 McLaughlin carriages are currently on cattle and 500 horses. Lane was devoted to display at the Remington Carriage Museum producing excellent draft horses for the

in Cardston, Alberta, until October 9, 2018. ARCHIVES EDMONTON OF CITY PHOTO: increasing number of farmers in the Horses were the heartbeat of Alberta neighbourhood. He purchased three and, at Fort Edmonton in 1879, the Chinese labourers, were hired in British stallions and 72 mares Hudson’s Bay Company hosted the Columbia to build the track through some of from Le Perche, France, at a cost of community’s first agricultural fair with the most dangerous terrain in the country. $75,000. At the 1909 World’s Fair in Seattle horses being judged in the fort’s yard. But excitement was building as the the Bar U Percheron’s won most of the Three years later, the fair added horse transcontinental railway became a reality. awards. Lane eventually became the largest racing which continued until a permanent Riding that wave of anticipation was purebred Percheron breeder. racetrack was built north of the North Edward Mallandaine who was born in Victoria An article titled History of the Draft Saskatchewan River valley. on July 1, 1867, Confederation Day. He left Horse: The Muscle-Men of the Horse World by The need for horses grew as innovations school at 14 and began a pony express delivery Soul of Canada, published in Canadian in farm machinery came on the market. service to the railroad construction workers in Horse Journal, describes the breeding Gone were the days of hand-flailing straw BC. As the two ends of the track from east to program: “Horse breeding programs to remove the grain and cutting crops with west closed, Edward was determined to be part flourished in the late 1800s and in the early scythes. Entering the market were double- of the “Last Spike” ceremony when CPR part of the 1900s. During this time, many width harrows, steel plows on wheels, director Sir Donald Alexander Smith, 1st grain farms had more horses (as many as mowers, binders, threshers and combines, Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal, would 10 or more) than people, with each horse all of which needed horses to operate them. drive the last spike home on November 7, 1885 working an average of 600 hours per year. If life on the farm was getting at Craigellachie, BC. The pony express rider According to Wetherell and mechanized, so was life in every city. A wormed his way through the crowd and Corbet’s Breaking New Ground: A Century of railway was needed to unite the nation and poked his face around Smith’s shoulder just as Farm Equipment Manufacturing on the physically link the west to the east. When the famous picture was taken. Canadian Prairies, there were 55,593 farms the Colony of British Columbia entered Horses of all kinds were everywhere. harvesting over 43 million bushels of Confederation in 1871, it did so on the Clydesdales and Percherons were favourite wheat, oats and barley in the Canadian promise by the Canadian government that heavy breeds in Alberta along with Shires Prairie provinces in 1901.” a transcontinental railway would be built and Suffolks. According to McIntyre, the Around the same time, better-educated within ten years. The Canadian Pacific largest and finest herd of Percherons in farmers were graduating from agricultural Railway was launched and construction of North America was owned by George Lane. and veterinary colleges and they were able the railway started in earnest in 1878. Born in the US in 1856, Lane came to to apply their knowledge in feeding, Fifteen thousand men, including many Canada to take over as foreman of the Bar breeding, and management to successfully

66 www.HORSEJournals.com :: SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2017 produce better quality horses. According to the article, by 1911 Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba had a combined total of Get Blinded by the White 1,194,927 horses which is an average of six Our bathing and whitening products are powered by horses for every one of the 204,214 farms in nature’s best – stains won’t see them coming. the three provinces. 100% free of nasty chemicals, silicones, and parabens. Horses not only worked on ranches and At select fine retailers or online atecoliciousequestrian.com farms and as carriage horses in towns, they were a vital part of every key industry in We make horses beautiful. Naturally. Canada, especially resource industries. From Nova Scotia to British Columbia, horses and ponies worked in the coal mines where they pulled coal tubs on rails. Coal

was in constant demand and many coal *White/Clear & Non-Staining PHOTO: KATHERINE SIMONSEN mines contained several miles of underground railway. The work was dirty and hazardous, and many horses suffered injuries from serious scrapes that led to bacterial infections. But the coal miners Healing PHOTO, RIGHT: LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES CANADA ARCHIVES AND LIBRARY RIGHT: PHOTO, developed a fondness and close relationship with their ponies, often bragging about how From the smart and strong they were. Inside Out Horses were equally valuable in the TM early days of the oil and gas industry. Flack’s Bakerview According to the Soul of Canada website, they participated in oil discovery, Kelp Products Inc. (1985) equipment and petroleum hauling, surveying, drilling, well site construction, HORSES PRITCHARD, BC oil pumping, and pipeline and refinery construction. And all that started one day www.Ultra-Kelp.com • Toll Free 1-888-357-0011 when a discerning horse took offence at something in the water when he lowered his head to drink. Fairlawn Equestrian Centre Welcomes Back John Ware was an African-American cowboy with a gifted ability to ride and Michael Eilberg train horses. In 1882, his horse smelled oil November 2 to 5, 2017 and refused to drink from Sheep Creek. Apparently, John looked hard at the scum on the water, dismounted, and cautiously tasted it. He definitely agreed with his horse. That scum was oil. Thirty-two years later in 1914, Dingman No. 1 well produced BRENTWOOD BAY, BC the first oil in Turner Valley. www.FairlawnEquestrian.com AUDITOR & RIDER As early as 1893, the Dominion facebook.com/fairlawnequestrian INFO ONLINE government was doing experimental Sponsored positions available for both auditing and riding for Juniors, Young Riders and Para-Riders drilling for oil in the Athabasca tar sands region. To construct an oil rig, teams of horses hitched to wagons moved everything 130 kilometres from Edmonton to Athabasca Landing. In the Waterton Lakes area, the Rocky Mountain Development Company used Okanagan Ribbons horse power to build a road into the CANADIAN MANUFACTURERS OF mountains to use to transport tools, cable, MADE pumps, barrels, bits, pipe, and building AWARD & EVENT RIBBONS supplies. In 1902, the first wagonload of oil Excellence in was transported out of the site, the west’s Quality & Service Recognize and Reward the Achievements with first producing oil well. Since 1987 Beautiful, Handcrafted Ribbons at all your Events. At the turn of the 20th century, the big demand for horses resulted in many poor Product Catalogue, prices and references available upon request quality animals being brought in from the 1-888-545-7647 • [email protected] • www.ribbonsonline.net US. They glutted the market, prices

SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2017 :: CANADIAN HORSE JOURNAL 67 > The colt “Vimy,” born at Vimy Ridge, with

his dam in July 1917. >

PHOTO: CANADA DEPT OF NATONAL DEFENCE/LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES CANADA The Canadian Light Horse going into action at Vimy Ridge, April 1917.

down. In 1902, horse breeders, through the Horse Breeders’ Association, petitioned the Dominion Government to impose a minimum value on all horses imported into Canada. Over 21,000 horses had been imported at an average value of $25/head. Of this number, at least half were imported for breeding. The Dominion Government set minimum values at $50, and stallions and mares valued under that were prohibited from being brought in. In towns and villages everywhere, construction was among the leading PHOTO: W.I. CASTLE/CANADA. MINISTÈRE DE LA DÉFENSE NATIONALE DÉFENSE LA DE MINISTÈRE CASTLE/CANADA. W.I. PHOTO: /BIBLIOTHÈQUE ET ARCHIVES CANADA/PA-001111 ARCHIVES ET /BIBLIOTHÈQUE industries and wood was in huge demand. Every lumber camp had its own horse barn and barn boss to whom all the teamsters were answerable. Twenty teams of horses, each consisting of eight animals, might be working each day and they would drag sleds loaded with logs to sawmills or the nearest waterway. It was tough, grueling work but on a good ice road in winter an experienced horse team with a skilled teamster could haul loads up to six tonnes

a distance of 19 kilometres. > Nearly three-quarters of the Canadian cavalry involved in this attack against German machine-gun positions at Moreuil Wood on March 30, 1918 were killed or wounded. This included Lieutenant G.M. Flowerdew, Lord Strathcona’s Horse, who was awarded the Victoria Cross for leading the charge. During the German offensives of March and April 1918, the cavalry played an essential role in the open warfare that temporarily confronted the retreating British forces. The painting is Charge

PHOTO: WIKIMEDIA PHOTO: of Flowerdew’s Squadron, by Alfred Munnings.

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PHOTO: GLENBOW ARCHIVES NA-2589-3 ARCHIVES GLENBOW PHOTO: Clippers, blades,

> Lord Strathcona’s Horse (Royal Canadians) at shampoo and more! Winnipeg, Manitoba, January 19, 1917. • Training through FEI • • Young Rider Development •

In Surrey, BC, teams of ten horses would Fit To Ride Pilates for Equestrians move logs to the water’s edge at • Lessons • Clinics • Training • Visit our trailer in the Industrial building Semiahmoo Bay. Three to six logs at a time ALL LEVELS & DISCIPLINES WELCOME were towed, one behind the other, each Individual programs to help you linked by 1.5 metre chains. At tidewater, reach your riding and fitness goals smaller teams of horses formed them into booms and they were sent to New 604-377-4173 • [email protected] SHOP www.rkanimalsupplies.com Westminster for milling. www.fit2ride.ca ONLINE [email protected] 1-800-440-2694 The demand for horses was constant. Mining and lumber camps needed the best heavy draught teams and horses of good weight sold at prices varying from $500 to $700 a team in British Columbia. SLOW BALE At the same time, the big horse ranches began to disappear. Railway contractors were forced to import mules, and tractors began to take the place of horses on the BUDDY • Covers entire saddle large farms. In 1909 and 1910, it was • Waterproof, lightweight fabric estimated the railway contractors imported • Plenty of pockets 2,500 teams of mules. • Zippered underarm vents Canada’s Horses Go To War • Leg straps to stop flapping • Easy to close, extra-high In 1899, Canada became involved in its face-protecting collar first overseas conflict — the Boer War (1899- • Reflective piping 1902), sending volunteers and troops to • Classic Western-style yoke South Africa in support of Great Britain. CPR • Fully seam-sealed director Donald Smith felt that the Canadian • Can be washed and government’s commitment was lacking. He retreated in your washing machine used his own considerable resources to equip OLE E FO D B B Y and fund a mounted cavalry. Some 537 ’T IM N M Slow Feeder O The I D T

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• arrived in Cape Town, South Africa on April D E Developed in SI GN Canada ED ED and eliminates waste. 10, 1900. The men and horses, called ~ RIDER TEST Strathcona’s Horse, fought with distinction PAYS FOR ITSELF IN SAVED HAY. and returned home highly decorated. During World War I, Lord Strathcona’s AVAILABLE IN 4 SIZES • ONE YEAR WARRANTY Horse saw action as cavalry during the defence of the Somme front in March www.BigBaleBuddy.com 1917, and again in March 1918 in what is 866-389-9952 known as “the last great cavalry charge”

SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2017 :: CANADIAN HORSE JOURNAL 69 PHOTO: LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES CANADA, PA A001231 PA CANADA, ARCHIVES AND LIBRARY PHOTO: DEFENCE/ NATIONAL OF DEPT. CANADA. PHOTO: CANADA ARCHIVES AND LIBRARY Pack horses transporting ammunition to the 20th Battery, A squadron of Fort Garry horses passing through a village on the Cambrai Canadian Field Artillery, April 1917. front, northern France, December 1917. at the Battle of Moreuil Wood, when Canada had supplied over ten percent of fact, considered a low number thanks to nearly three-quarters of the Canadian the horses used on the Western Front. On the supervision of the newly formed cavalry involved in the attack against all fronts and in all theatres, over a mil- Canadian Army Veterinary Corps. German machine-gun positions were lion horses and mules were listed in ser- Regiments no longer depended on local killed or wounded. vice with British and Commonwealth vets but on a veterinary corps. But only one Today, the Lord Strathcona’s Horse (Royal forces by the close of the war, and it is es- of the new veterinary sections (two officers Canadians) is based in Edmonton, Alberta. timated that some eight million horses and 26 other ranks from Winnipeg) was It is the last Canadian military mounted plus countless mules and donkeys among ready to sail with that first Canadian troop. It receives no funding from the all fighting countries died. Not only did convoy in 1914. federal government and relies heavily on horses die in the trenches and from shell- According to the Royal Montreal donations and honorariums. Each year, the fire, they died from disease, injuries, ter- Regiment website, “Two Canadian Strathcona Mounted Troop performs rible weather, appalling conditions, and veterinary hospitals were eventually set up mounted rides and demonstrations across starvation since finding sufficient fodder — one in Le Havre, France, the other in Western Canada. became increasingly challenging. They Shorncliffe, England — and another 221 A few years later, war clouds were also died during shipment. veterinarians moved about the front and gathering over Europe. War was pending The Royal Montreal Regiment website elsewhere in the field, providing first aid and with it came the need for horses. In explains that when Canada’s 31-ship troop and working to improve the fitness of the 1914, the British government procured convoy sailed from Quebec to England in Canadian Expeditionary Force’s almost 100,000 to 150,000 horses but, as the war October 1914, 7,636 horses were literally 23,500 transport and cavalry horses, as well continued, it appealed to allied countries packed onto 14 of the ships. Of the 973 as others of the Commonwealth forces.” for remounts and thousands of horses from equines on the SS Montezuma alone, 86 Canada’s army veterinarians worked the US, Australia, Canada, and Argentina died in the 11-day crossing. This was, in endlessly to save animals and, for their were shipped. Heavy draft horses were used to Woodbine Race Course, Toronto in 1909. transport the larger guns and heaviest wagons; light drafts and mules supplied the front lines with lighter guns, ammunition, and supplies; and riding horses were reserved for the cavalry and officers. Upon completing their training, the horses were transported to the field where they began active service. But active service for hundreds of horses was incredibly short. In the archives of the Royal Montreal Regiment is a grim note written on Wednesday, February 3, 1915, “One Canadian Army Veterinary Corps officer in the First World War wrote that the life expectancy of a horse at the front was about six days.” Canada pledged about 200,000 horses to serve in the war and by the war’s end, WIKIMEDIA PHOTO:

70 www.HORSEJournals.com :: SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2017 dedication, they were named the “Royal Canadian Army Veterinary Corps.” In the urgent need for horses, every kind of horse was shipped including even pregnant mares. Foals were born on the battlefield and one foal was born at Vimy

Ridge. The Battle of Vimy Ridge was fought Quality Equipment for and won by the Canadian Corps 100 years Horses and Their Humans ago in April 1917, but it came with a terrible price with 10,600 casualties. Yet in the midst of shellfire and deafening explosions, the colt they called “Vimy” was born into a conflict world where soldiers, many of whom came from a farming background, [email protected] found some momentary respite from the 323418 East Linton Road war by caring for him and his dam. East Linton (Owen Sound) ON PHOTO: CANADA. DEPT. OF NATIONAL DEFENCE/ NATIONAL OF DEPT. CANADA. PHOTO: LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES CANADA ARCHIVES AND LIBRARY The Horse’s Role Keeps Changing 519-371-4239 • 1-800-981-6681 The Great War was the last war to see www.HorseHabit.ca horses used in such numbers. The world Search horsehabit.ca on Facebook was becoming mechanized and horses, while still essential on farms and ranches and in to some degree in various industries, were also being appreciated in the world of sport, recreation, and therapy. After a few false starts, the Calgary Stampede was up and running by 1923. The Beautiful, precision-cut metal silhouettes New and unique equestrian Calgary and District Agricultural Society products for horse and rider was formed in 1884 and held its first fair two • Custom Signs from around the world years later. But it folded in 1895 and was • Gates FOR ALL BUDGETS replaced by the Western Pacific Exhibition • Indoor & Outdoor AND ALL DISCIPLINES Company that held its first agricultural and Furniture industrial fair in 1899. In 1912, American • Fire Pits STORE OPENING IN promoter Guy Weadick organized his first • Railings • Decor PRIDDIS, AB rodeo and festival known as the Stampede. OCTOBER 1ST! He returned in 1919 to organize the Victory CREATORS OF Shop online today at Stampede in honour of soldiers returning HIGH QUALITY www.englishtackshop.com from the First World War. The Stampede 587-437-5995 • [email protected] finally became an annual event in 1923 METAL ART Shires Equestrian UK • Horze • Neue Schule when it merged with the Calgary Industrial Schockemohle Sports • Gatehouse Helmets Exhibition to become the Calgary Exhibition www.GreywolfMetalArt.com Beris Bits • FITS • B Vertigo • And More! and Stampede. Montreal was out front with the establishment of fox hunting in the late 1820s and the first steeplechase was held in Get ready to create Montreal in 1840. The first Dominion equestrian championships were held in your masterpiece Toronto in 1895 with events for both men and women. In 1922, the Royal Agricultural Winter Fair was launched in Toronto and, with it, the Royal Horse Show. Join the millions of adults around the world Horse racing is in the collective who are rediscovering the artist within Canadian DNA. It all began on September • 32 quality designs provide hours of entertainment 16, 1793, on Toronto Island where a sandy • Single-sided pages removable for framing strip of land connected the central portion • The perfect gift for a horse lover, or treat yourself! of the peninsula with the main shoreline to • Only $15.99 each the east. On that date, Mrs. Elizabeth • FREE Shipping within Canada when you order Simcoe, the wife of Lieutenant Governor 2 Colouring Books, or when 1 Colouring Book is ordered John Graves Simcoe, together with with a Canadian Horse Journal subscription Lieutenant Thomas Talbot, inaugurated Relax • De-Stress • Explore Your Creative Side horse racing on the peninsula. The informal races were held on a straight, www.HorseJournals.com – Visit the Shop page

SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2017 :: CANADIAN HORSE JOURNAL 71 level track and competitors were military There was also an informal course on Front value of 50 guineas (a guinea coin was worth officers and local people. Street between Small’s Corners (east of the one pound and one shilling). Today, the According to the Canadian Horse Don River) to Market Place during the early Queen’s Plate is actually a gold cup. The first Racing Hall of Fame, “The Upper Canada 1800s. Placards posted throughout the Queen’s Plate race was held at Carlton Race Turf Club (organized in 1837) grew out of a town heralded the matches.” Track in Toronto on June 27, 1860. It wasn’t series of military races under the patronage Racing became a royal affair. In 1859, the until 1939 when King George V1 became the of officers stationed at Fort York on a Toronto Turf Club petitioned Queen Victoria first reigning monarch to witness the course laid out in 1835 on Garrison to grant a Plate for a horse race in Ontario. running of the King’s Plate at Woodbine Common between the new and old forts. She offered as an annual prize a plate to the Park, later named “Old Woodbine” and

Chief Duck of the Blackfoot tribe, carrying > the head chief staff which is topped with a gold crown, during the opening parade of the Calgary Stampede, July 1945. Chief Duck leads a mounted procession of Sarcee, Blood and Blackfoot chiefs. > A cowboy riding a bucking bronco at the Calgary Stampede, 1940. PHOTO, FAR LEFT: LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES CANADA/RONNY JAQUES | PHOTO, LEFT: JACK LONG/LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES CANADA/PA-188605 ARCHIVES AND LONG/LIBRARY JACK LEFT: PHOTO, | JAQUES CANADA/RONNY ARCHIVES AND LIBRARY LEFT: FAR PHOTO,

A four-horse team pulls a binder on the Canadian prairies, circa 1938. Quality horses were a vital part of every key industry in Canada. PHOTO: GLENBOW ARCHIVES NA-3843-5 ARCHIVES GLENBOW PHOTO:

72 www.HORSEJournals.com :: SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2017 the Greenwood. Old Woodbine opened for three $25,000 races. Those were racing in 1954. unbelievable purses in those days. Walking Horses Today, the Queen’s Plate is Canada’s Horsemen, especially American horsemen, oldest race and the oldest were stunned as the Canadian horse left all HERD REDUCTION SALE! continuously run race in North America. It others in the dust. is run at a distance of 1-1/4 miles (2.01 km) Grattan Bars was retired with a record for three-year-old Thoroughbreds born in $46,915 on his card for a single season, not Canada and takes place every year at bad for an investment of ten bucks. Even STALLION at Woodbine Racetrack. It is the first race in more remarkable was that he bred some STUD the celebrated Canadian Triple Crown, the 40 mares during his racing career and in other two being the Prince of Wales Stakes the 1928 racing season was the sire of 36 and the Breeders’ Stakes. In 1964, colts and fillies. legendary Northern Dancer, the first At the same time in Great Britain, an Yearling Filly El Ranchito Pictured Kelwood, MB • 204-967-2630 Canadian-bred to win the Kentucky Derby, organization was forming that would also won the Queen’s Plate in his final race change the lives of children learning to www.facebook.com/elranchitowalkers before retiring to an even greater ride, and care for horses around the world legendary career at stud. and especially Canadian children. In 1929, Racetracks were springing up across the Britain’s Institute of the Horse formed a country. Horse racing in Vancouver youth branch called “The Pony Club.” It originally took place along Howe Street grew rapidly with membership exploding during the 1880s when a temporary from 700 in 1930 to over 10,000 in 1935. grandstand provided seating before the The phenomenon of The Pony Club echoed Vancouver Hotel. In 1889, the City received in Canada, especially among members of Pferde Traum Farm a 160-acre land grant in the Hastings the Eglinton Hunt Club in Toronto, who Sport New Forest Ponies Township from the provincial government heard about it from their British military for the “use, recreation and enjoyment of associates. According to the Canadian Competitive the public,” and, in 1892, the city leased 15 Pony Club website, Col. Timmis, Brigadier acres of land for a racetrack. First known McKee and others applied for permission Ponies for as East Park, the newly formed BC Jockey to form the Eglinton Hunt Branch of The Club (created in the 1890s) cleared the half- Pony Club. They were successful and, in adults & kids! mile oval by stacking stumps and boulders 1934, the first Pony Club in North America in the middle of what would be known as was launched with a membership of about Hastings Racecourse, a premier 200 young riders. Today, there are 150 Thoroughbred racetrack. branches across Canada with a Trotting horses were already high-profile membership of some 3,500. The Pony Club racing horses in Canada’s confederation year. expanded worldwide and is now According to the Standardbred Canada’s represented in 20 countries with a Dallas Grubenmann • 780-898-9706 website, the Trotting Register was started in membership of over 100,000. Breton, AB • [email protected] 1867 in the US to record the pedigrees of The Canadian Pony Club emphasized trotting horses. In 1879 rules, or standards, horsemanship and stable management www.ptfponypower.com were agreed as to what would make a horse through education and training in English eligible for the registry. One of the rules was disciplines, with riders progressing that a stallion was required to a mile in through levels of proficiency while 2:30 minutes or better. This high standard of competing in dressage, show jumping, trotting qualities required for registry rallies, quiz, Prince Philip Games, and eligibility led to the name “Standardbred.” tetrathlon. The organization has been Standardbred racing became immensely responsible for many riders going on to the popular and among the greats was Grattan highest levels of excellence including Bars. The bay trotter foaled in 1923 became Olympic show jumpers Ian Millar and the undisputed king of the Beth Underhill, Paralympic champion world in 1928. His owner, Fred Thrower of Lauren Barwick, dressage rider Joni Lynn Kerwood, Ontario, couldn’t have been Peters, and three-day event riders Jim happier given that he had traded 13 calves Henry and Karen Brain prior to her for the horse with breeder Archie Pedden of accident then continuing in para- nearby Strathroy. Since Pedden had given equestrian competition, to name just a Thrower $200 along with the horse, and the few from the CPC Wall of Fame and calves had cost Thrower $210, the net cost Alumni Achievement. for acquiring Grattan Bars was a mere $10. Throughout the 20th century, the According to the Canadian Horse Racing spotlight shone on all equestrian sports. The 10 Canada locations Hall of Fame, for two unbelievable months, Canadian Encyclopaedia states that Grattan Bars was almost unbeatable and in “Canadian equestrians have garnered their tandyleather.ca a 13-day stretch he pulled off victories in highest honours in show jumping. They

SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2017 :: CANADIAN HORSE JOURNAL 73 began making international appearances as activities and sport. CEF became Equine organized to deliver a scroll to Queen early as 1909 when a team of jumpers entered Canada Hippique then, in 2015, Equestrian Elizabeth when she visited Expo 67 in the Military Tournament in the International Canada Equestre, continuing its mandate Montreal on July 3. According to an Horse Show at Olympia, London, UK. as the national governing body for archived edition of the Ottawa Journal Canadian Army teams continued to compete equestrian sport and industry. The published May 5, 1967, and the website abroad after the First World War [and] Major organization today represents over 18,000 www.ourontario.ca, Alvis Le Gate, a R.S. Timmis became the first Canadian to win sport license holders, some 90,000 50-year-old former jockey, organized “the an international contest at the Toronto registered participants, 12 provincial/ longest pony express ride in history.” Coliseum (1923).” territorial sport organization partners, and Le Gate, born in 1916 in Spokane, Dressage, horse trials and three-day over 10 national equine affiliate Washington, and raised in Killam, Alberta, eventing, endurance, competitive trail, organizations. was committed to delivering a scroll given combined driving, barrel racing, cutting, But as much as riders loved competition, him by the president of Mexico for delivery and recreational riding all grew. Overseeing many others enjoyed horses for the sheer to the Queen. Knowing this would be an competition and equine issues led to the recreational opportunities they offered. excellent way to promote horseback riding formation of provincial organizations. At They yearned for the open trail, a day’s ride and make the public aware of the shortage the national level Equestrian Canada, away from the noise of the city, a chance to of riding and hiking trails, he took the 05 25 scroll on horseback from Mexico to 05 formerly Equine Canada, was founded in be alone in the saddle. A- /P A D 1976 when the National Equestrian The realization of the need for safe trails Victoria, BC. Le Gate’s obituary recounts A N A C that he rode each horse 500 miles (about S Federation of Canada and the Canadian grew and was apparent even in 1967, E IV H 800 km), and was the first person to ride a C Horse Council merged. With that merger, Canada’s Centennial year, when a R A

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way, and Le Gate finally delivered it to O H Governor-General Roland Michener who P accepted it on behalf of Queen Elizabeth. It would take another 25 years before action on a cross-country trail materialized as the celebrated Trans Canada Trail stretching coast to coast to coast. Construction started in 1992 and, when completed will stretch 24,000 kilometres. The trail is multi-purpose for hiking, bike riding, paddling, cross

PHOTO, FAR LEFT: TOPLEY STUDIO/LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES CANADA/PA-028209 ARCHIVES AND STUDIO/LIBRARY TOPLEY LEFT: FAR PHOTO, WIKIMEDIA LEFT: PHOTO, country skiing, and horseback riding and, as of April 2017, about 22,000 kilometres Horse racing has always been hugely popular with Canadians. Pictured are: have been completed through 13 provinces Horse racing on the Ottawa River, March 1902 (above, left); Harry Watts astride Tartarean after winning and territories and is 93 percent connected. the King’s Plate in Toronto, 1915 (above, right); and harness racing in New Brunswick 1958 (below). Now called The Great Trail, it’s billed as the longest recreational trail in the world. Today, the value of horses in sport and recreation is stronger than ever, and the appreciation of horses as therapy companions is growing. But as much as therapeutic riding and equine assisted psychotherapy are considered contemporary uses of horses, the practice has its roots in ancient Greek culture when Hippocrates wrote of the therapeutic values of riding, and 17th century literature documented that horse riding was prescribed for gout, neurological disorder, and low morale. According to the Community Association for Riders with Disabilities (CARD), in 1901 Dame Agnes Hunt founded

PHOTO: LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES CANADA/NATIONAL FILM BOARD FONDS/E01117684 BOARD FILM CANADA/NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND LIBRARY PHOTO: the first orthopedic hospital in Oswestry,

74 www.HORSEJournals.com :: SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2017 England, advocating the use of horses and facilitate and promote therapeutic riding sport, and therapy. They teach us patience, re- riding for her patients. In 1918, and, in the 1990s, equine assisted sponsibility, and a host of other life lessons. physiotherapist Olive Sands took horses to psychotherapy became a valued tool in And some are still called upon to perform the a hospital outside Oxford to provide riding helping people overcome trauma, historical duties of yesteryear with the same opportunities for disabled World War I emotional challenges, PTSD, and skill and quality of service they provided hun- soldiers. In the subsequent decades, debilitating self-esteem problems. dreds of years ago. What other aspect of life therapeutic riding rapidly progressed and Horses have a powerful role in healing from centuries past can stand that test of proved its value when used to combat trauma. They live in the present, are time? debilitating polio. constantly in tune with their Is Equus essentially an amazingly In 1968, Dr. Reginald Renaud and environment, and are able to sense the adaptable creature that continues to find Joseph Bauer were so impressed with the emotions of others. As prey animals, ways share our lives while other species are concept of therapeutic riding that they they are hypersensitive to everything long extinct? Or does the human/equine brought it to Canada and founded CARD. going on around them and are constantly relationship endure and evolve with the In 1980, CanTRA was founded to analyzing any situation. In the horse- passage of time because the two species human relationship, a horse is a peer share an innate connection? providing immediate feedback through a It is that ancient connective bond that has 05 25 bond of connectivity. brought horses and humans together to 05 A- /P A create the Canada we know and love today. D A N A While horses share our long hist- C Horses are in our DNA. Through the simple S E IV ory, they also keep us grounded in H act of touching the face of a horse we are, at a C R A the here and now. They provide b D deeper level, touching the face of history. N A companionship, recreation,

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