Prevalence and Major Bacterial Causes of Bovine Mastitis On
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ary Scien in ce er & t e T Gebisa et al., J Vet Sci Technol 2019, 10:2 V e f c h o Journal of Veterinary Science & n l o a l n o r g u y o J Technology ISSN: 2157-7579 Research Article Open Access Prevalence and Major Bacterial Causes of Bovine Mastitis on Lactating Cows at Buno Bedele and Ilu Aba Bor Zone, South Western Ethiopia Gelaye Gebisa1*, Oda Gizaw1, Endalu Mulatu1 and Sandip Banerjee2 1Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Mettu University, Ethiopia 2School of Animal and Range Sciences, Hawassa University, Ethiopia *Corresponding author: Gelaye Gebisa, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Mettu University, Ethiopia, Tel: +251916053245; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: February 11, 2019; Accepted date: March 13, 2019; Published date: March 20, 2019 Copyright: © 2019 Gebisa G, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Identifying the prevalence and major causing bacteria for mastitis are very important for further improvement of product and productivity of lactating cows. The objectives of this study were to assess and identify the prevalence and major causing bacteria species for existence of bovine mastitis in the study areas. The study was carried out in six districts namely Bedele, Didessa, Dega, Yayo, Mettu and Becho districts. A total of 474 households were participated in the study to carry out an interview and further examination of their cows. The summarized result of the study revealed that 92.9%, 4.4% and 2.7% of the interviewed households in Buno Bedele Zone and 81.1%, 15.7% and 3.2% of the respondents in Ilu Aba Bor Zone have been practicing extensive, semi-intensive and intensive rearing systems, respectively. In addition to this, an interviewed respondents living in Buno Bedele (88.9%) and Ilu Aba Bor (92.0%) Zones had ≤ 10 herd size whereas the remains had >10 herd size. The prevalence of mastitis ranges between 25.6% and 47.9%; the lowest obtained from Mettu district while the highest observed in Dega district. The Staphylococcus aureus was one of the major examined bacteria species from Bedele, Didessa, Dega,Yayo and Becho districts with isolation rate of 57.1%, 69.2%, 67.7%, 65.0% and 34.8% respectively, while Enterobacteriaceae and Micrococcus species were observed as a major causing bacteria in Mettu and Becho districts with isolation rate of 42.9% and 34.8%, respectively. Keywords: Prevalence; Mastitis; Bacteriology; Ethiopia economic loss due to both clinical and subclinical mastitis per lactation is 270 ETB [6]. Due to significant effect of mastitis over the income Introduction from milk production, different effort has been made by different authors to assess the occurrence of mastitis on dairy herds in Ethiopia. Livestock are the backbone of Ethiopian agricultural sector in terms Therefore, this disease is considered as the main constraint and of economic benefits and food supply [1]. Ethiopia is believed to have recognized as the major root for low milk production in the country the largest livestock population in Africa. This livestock sector has [7]. been adding a significant effect on the economy of the country and still promising to bring development to the country. Product and by- Horro breed of cattle is an indigenous breed mainly distributed in products of livestock are well-known as the main animal protein western and south western part of Ethiopia, while some of cross bred source for enhancing the nutritional status of the people. In Ethiopia, and exotic breeds (Holstein Friesian and Jersey) are also there in study cows represent the largest proportion of the cattle population of the areas. Studies on prevalence and major bacterial causes of mastitis on country, while milk production does not satisfy the countries cattle reared in Bono Bedele and Ilu Aba Bor Zone are lacking and thus requirements due to multitude factors. This is partly due to the low the study was conducted to study about the prevalence, and major genetic potential of milk production of indigenous zebu cattle. bacterial causes of bovine mastitis in six selected districts. Although to increase milk production, cross breeding of indigenous zebu with exotic breeds particularly with Holstein Friesian is widely Materials and Methods practiced which resulted in a larger portion of the dairy cattle population especially in urban and peri-urban areas. However, this Study area market oriented dairy production and rapidly growing systems in many African countries are subjected to diseases of intensification This study was conducted at Buno Bedele and Ilu Aba Bor zones of including mastitis and reproductive disorders [2]. Oromia Region. The centers of these zones are located at 480 km and 600 km distance from Addis Ababa towards South West Ethiopia, Mastitis is an inflammation of mammary gland that can be caused respectively. Totally the zones have 1,633,156.56 hectares of land of by physical or chemical agents but the majority of the causes are which 10% is high land, 67% medium land and 23% low land. The infectious and usually caused by bacteria [3,4]. Bovine mastitis is the altitude of the zone ranges from 500-2575 meter above sea level. It is most common and costly disease which is affecting the dairy farms all mostly known for its vegetation coverage, suitability for coffee, crop, over the world and results for the economic losses mainly from livestock and bee production. The dominant crops being Maize, Teff, decreasing of milk production, culling of chronically infected cows, Coffee, Sorghum, Barley, Wheat, different pulse crops, finger millet, cost of treatment and penalties of milk quality [5]. In Ethiopia the fruits, vegetables, spices and rice. Annual precipitation ranges from J Vet Sci Technol, an open access journal Volume 10 • Issue 2 • 1000575 ISSN: 2157-7579 Citation: Gebisa G, Gizaw O, Mulatu E, Banerjee S (2019) Prevalence and Major Bacterial Causes of Bovine Mastitis on Lactating Cows at Buno Bedele and Ilu Aba Bor Zone, South Western Ethiopia. J Vet Sci Technol 10: 575. Page 2 of 5 1500-2200 mm with 6 to 9 months of rainfall. Agriculture is the mainly Procedure of milk sample collection livelihood of people with a mixed farming system and livestock plays an integral role for agriculture [8]. Based on CMT result, ten milliliter of milk samples were collected using sterile test tubes after discarding the first three milk quirt for bacteriological analysis. Milk sample was taken from each positive Sampling method quarter and transported in an icebox to Bedele regional veterinary During sampling process, multi-stage sampling techniques were laboratory for immediate culturing or where they stored at 40°C for used to collect data for both experimental and assessment studies. A maximum of 24 hrs until they were inoculated onto standard random sampling technique was employed to select the study areas bacteriological media. Techniques of milk sampling were employed (districts) from two zones and three peasant associations from each according to the standard of milk sampling techniques [3]. During district. Then after, purposive sampling techniques were used to select milk sampling, udder and teats had been cleaned and dried before milk the households from each peasant association based on the presence samples were collected and also dust particles of bedding and other and absence of lactating cows. Then based on the above techniques, the filth were removed by brushing the surface of the teats and udder with general information about husbandry practices was collected using a a dry towel. Then after, the teats were swabbed with cotton soaked in closed or structured questionnaire with an intention for summarizes 70% alcohol [10]. Recontamination of milk sample was prevented by the husbandry practices of the study areas. scrubbing with alcohol starting from far teats side and followed by the near side. Sample size determination Bacteriological examination The number of animals required for the study was determined using the formula given by Thrusfield [9] for simple random sampling. The collected milk samples were examined according to the procedures stated by Quinn et al. [11]. Refrigerated milk samples were N=1.962 P exp (1-Pexp)/d2 warm at room temperature (250°C) for about an hour and then mixed Where; N=required sample size. by shaking in order to disperse bacteria and fat. The samples were allowed to stand for a while for foam to disperse before just Pexp=expected prevalence. inoculation. A loop-full of milk sample collected from each infected d=desired absolute precision (usually 0.05). quarter was inoculated separately on Mac-Conkey agar and blood agar base. The inoculated plates were then incubated aerobically at 370°C The sample size determination was using 95% level of confidence, for 24 to 48 hours. Identification of the bacteria on primary culture 50% expected prevalence and 0.05 desired absolute precision. was done on the basis of colony morphology, hemolytic characteristics, Generally, a total of 474 lactating cows were randomly selected from gram stain reaction including shape and arrangements of the bacteria. 474 households and then the owners of cows were interviewed to assess the general information of husbandry practices. Data management and analysis Physical examination The collected data was entered into MS Excel spread sheet and then the summaries of descriptive statistics were analyzed using SPSS Clinical detection of udder and milk from cows had been carried (version 20:0). out by inspecting the size and consistency of quarters for checking of any abnormalities such as injury, swelling, firmness and blindness of the teat canal and two streaks of milk from each quarter in a strip of Results and Discussion cup was inspected by visual inspection for checking the presence of any flakes, clots, pus, watery appearance, blood and color change.