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was PIFERENT L.NPERT4NPING O Tk4ETREATIE Let’sDiscuss Legalagreements,suchas treaties,function p1perly when all parties Q involvedsharethe sameunderstandingof the agreement.What happens, Whjmh’f Firs+Na4ions’ however,when the partiesinvolvedcomefrom differentculturesand hold Mnderslandin,9sof1keNmkered S differentworidviews?In terms of the Numbered Treaties,the Canadian 1reaies differfromfkeCavadion UI and FirstNationsnegotiatorsheld differentinterpretationsofwhat the N overnmen+’smdersI-andin s? agreementsmeant, and this differencein understandinghas resultedin tr 3 disputesthat areongoingtoday. w
ORAL wirrei TADl19O1) CI CHEciBack VU5 Traditionally,the Canadian government’sinterpretationof treatiesfocused Si Youlearnedabout the onlyon the final written agreement,whereasFirstNations’interpretations importanceof oral traditions All in Chapter 1. alsoincludedoral discussionsandpromisesthat occurredduring treaty negotiations.Whereasthe governmentvieweda signedtreatyas final wi andnon-negotiable,FirstNations understoodthe treaty to be a living gn document—onethat couldbe changedas conditionschangedovertime. Wi Canadian governmentideasabout land ownershipalsocontrastedwith 0 Voic FirstNationsbeliefsabout sharingand spiritualconnectionsto the land, so While the governmentbelievedthat the treatiesmeant FirstNations as AEurocentncperspectivewill describethetreaty-makingprocess had surrenderedall rightsandintereststo the cededland, FirstNations ha’ asa cedingofland,butIntheFirst believedthat the treatiesmeant they agreedto shareland and resources wh Nationslanguagesthereareno with the immigrants.
to1 wordsforceding,extinguishing, Languagebarriersalsocomplicatedthe treaty process.FirstNations etc,[lowcanyouagreetowords languagesoften did not haveexactwordsto conveythe legalterminology anc sot thatdon’texistInyourlanguage? usedin the documents.The reversewasalsotrue. FirstNationslanguages TheHBCsoldRupert’slandto had manymeaningsthat could not be easilytranslatedinto English,so England,butwhosoIjIitorgave negotiatorsfrom both sidesdid not alwaysleavethe negotiationswith ittothem?Thetreatieswereseen the sameunderstanding.Métispeopleoften playeda significantroleas AL byFirstNationsasagreementsfor translatorsduring the treaty process.Métis translatorswereableto use sf1 sharingresourcesand side towalk their cultural knowledgeof both FirstNations and Europeansto bridge ICr bysidetogether,toliveinpeace Qu the gapsof understanding.In somenegotiations,suchas thoseforTreaty andharmony.TheCreebeliefisthat Three, Métisinvolvementwascreditedfor reachingan agreement. noonecanowntheland,butcan Today,historiansclassify the treaties onlyshareit.Todaythereisa big thesedifferentunderstandingsof pushto returntothesefundamental into twokinds of interpretation: understandingsandrebuildupon literal them.TheElderssaythattheland spiritand intent wasonlytobetilleduptosixfingers orsixinchesinordertosustainthe In a literalinterpretation,treaty agreementsare limitedto whatis land.Thiswasunderstoodto mean written in the document.In a spiritand intent interpretation,treatyterms allpartiestothetreaty. might alsoincludeoral promisesmade by governmentcommissioners
— William6.Lathlin,lninewCreeEldei during the treaty negotiations.These oral promisesmight broadenhow rhe OpaskwayakCreeNation,ThePas, the wordsin the treaty shouldbe understood.In recentcourt rulings Manitoba SupremeCourt of Canada has affirmedthe validityof interpretingthe treatiesthrough spiritand intent, which recognizesFirstNations’cultUtes, languages,and the importanceof their oral traditions. (i) Describehow the twointerpretationsof treatiesreflectthe histOr1C worldviewsof Europeansand FirstNations people.
CLUSTER 3 • Becominga SovereignNation (1867—1931) MHR ns ed
F
nderstafldingS Since written treaty Nations
Saulteaux) CHIEF what ground All We so poor as rustling to where have and something
ALEXANDER and (Cree) Qu’Appelle, The
children only,
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2. 1.
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we
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flows documentation
who of don’t
and think,
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where
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for stand the rises
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MORRIS, Treaty gold
that we and
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to place. are S4 unborn. are the and is
the f..,
signatories. ocean. it Treaty
negotiation
While
under give
as where is Treaties
is
Four
rich, is Great man to
as to what water
First Territories, the
Lieutenant-Governor speaker’s the you
and
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of
support the
make them
Find And and
the (Ojibwe/Salteaux), Great my Three
negotiations, has Indians’ you you
were
property. Spirit Nations not
the
sun runs.
feet were
it to treaties. the up robbed
persectives
have only
process read,
Read Spirit is shines treaties
our where
you
has main
negotiations, again
. riches promises where
property,
Address
..
for
participants
come families negotiated, yf
planted The are
. remember who (Ojibwe/ the us
.. point above you you
without
for
that Our
of
not I
sound
atualIy
1874:
following stand; .
gave
our came . but we Jj: one
and
as .. for hands from or
us we to
and
This
of
make riches, long for points. Fort
getting on us of today the
of
belongs ask
we 1873:
from.
or Manitoba there that the
both the
this;
the your is this meant are
Ininew
will quotations,
these
have
to
the
words
been
MHR Canadian
which
(Plains CHIEF
Great We
to want
animals..
able starvation..
our [We]
Commissioner (Blood), (Blackfoot) different
to destroyed, But allow to raise children please..
whether would will none persons
sell
observers. to provisions process. heard
live
•
lands. raise
to
in to
Father,
want
them.. be
Aborzginal form
were
cattle,
WEEKAsKO0KwA5YIN
support her
others a
sell
in Cree)
set very
our cattle not government
Piikani . money the one
cattle you
.. our white
our assumptions
any
and —l
..
apart The
documented
lands Draw and
have
Nations,
[Small]-pox few future ..
will
square leader,
to sole
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Our
conclusions.
shake for
or
Commissioners Peoples
DAVID children stop every
should
(Peigan),
for years be were
support....
provides farming upon this been country grain
..
in it
Make permitted
a yourselves mile the
hands
is Treaty
some year, Treaty
report and
sold
reason the After
LAIR0 ‘TrertIe. our you
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. to Americans
included
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provision
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come property,
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getting
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away
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Seven
speaking
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overall will we
First and
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summarizes
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from country in for
give
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also
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live negotiations,
us not
can Grass),
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(Sarsi),
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no reserve your fur-bearing
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people....
researched
Nehiyawak every
the to
and longer has upon
we
to Kainai years —7 be welcome.
reserve....
as assist choice,
1876:
and land trade
you
help
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of
Siksika of
1877: five right
which
of
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and
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on
you