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Renewable Energy Feasibility Study Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos County Renewable Energy Feasibility Study William H. Jones, Infrastructure Planning Offi ce, Los Alamos National Laboratory John E. Arrowsmith, Department of Public Utilities, Los Alamos County November 2008 LA-UR 08-07230 Table of Contents Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................... iii Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1. Introduction .........................................................................................................................5 Chapter 2. Los Alamos Power Pool Projected Electrical Load Growth ..........................................9 Chapter 3. Daily Load Characteristics and Peak Shaving Opportunities for the Los Alamos Power Pool ....................................................................................................17 Chapter 4. State and Federal Incentives, and Business Structures for Renewable Energy Projects ..................................................................................................................25 Chapter 5. Distributed Generation and Renewable Technologies ................................................29 5.1 Solar Photovoltaic Power ......................................................................................30 5.2 Concentrating Solar Power ...................................................................................34 5.3 Fuel Cells .................................................................................................................38 5.4 Biomass.........................................................................................................................41 5.5 Wind..........................................................................................................................46 5.6 Geothermal Energy ................................................................................................50 5.7 Los Alamos County Department of Public Utilities Hydroelectric Opportunities ..........................................................................................................53 Chapter 6. Renewable Power Purchase Options ..............................................................................55 Chapter 7. Conclusions and Recommendations ..............................................................................59 Appendix A. Los Alamos Power Pool Generation and Transmission Resources ............................63 Appendix B. Photovoltaic Systems Background Information and Data ..........................................65 Appendix C. Fuel Cell Systems ..............................................................................................................79 Appendix D. Biomass Utilization Feasibility Study ............................................................................87 Appendix E. Sample Department of Energy Request for Proposal for an On-Site Solar Installation with Power Purchase Agreement ..................................................135 Appendix F. Types of State and Federal Incentives and Renewable Energy Certifi cate Markets ..........................................................................................................145 Los Alamos National Laboratory i Renewable Power Generation Feasibility Study Appendix G. Energy Coordination Agreement Proposed Modifi cations ......................................151 Appendix H. Major Programmatic Impacts on Future Electricity Demand ..................................153 Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................157 References ............................................................................................................................................161 ii Los Alamos National Laboratory Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Ott o Van Geet and Scott Haase at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Strategic Energy Analysis and Applications Center, for their in-depth analysis of solar power production and biomass potential at the Laboratory, and for their ongoing technical support and thorough review of the study. The authors also acknowledge the contribution of Rob Davis and Greg Mordini of Forest Energy Corporation for their assessment of biomass-fi red steam production. This study was a collaboration between the Laboratory and the County, and the authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of several staff members at the Department of Public Utilities: Thomas Biggs, Robert Monday, Julie Williams-Hill, Gerald Martinez, and Lourna Ramirez. The following members of the Laboratory staff provided electrical load estimates for potential future Laboratory projects. Their input was essential in developing the load growth forecasts: Don Bryant, Mel Burnett , Duane Nizio, David Powell, Rick Rivera, Joseph Sanchez, Grant Stewart, and Bruce Takala. The authors would especially like to thank Michelle Marean, Gerry Runte, and Mona Valencia of the Infrastructure Planning Offi ce for their invaluable contribution in providing the data analyses, photovoltaic system models, assessments of renewable technologies, and endless narrative edits to create a crisp readable document. A debt of gratitude is also owed to the following individuals who worked arduously to compile, produce, and review this study: Annabelle Almager, Michael Bodelson, Jeanne Bowles, Larry Chigbrow, and Joan Stockum. Lastly, this study could not have been completed without the support of the following Laboratory managers: Tom McKinney, Jerry Ethridge, Ken Schlindwein, Don O’Sullivan, Cindy Hayes, and Andy Erickson. Los Alamos National Laboratory iii Renewable Power Generation Feasibility Study This page intentionally left blank. iv Los Alamos National Laboratory Executive Summary Since 1985, Los Alamos County and the cost sharing obligation that is currently used Los Alamos National Laboratory have to pay down the bonds. benefi ted from reliable and cost competitive Both the Laboratory and the County are electrical power. These benefi ts are the direct under increasing pressure to add renewables result of a unique power pooling arrangement to its supply portfolio. In 2007, the Los created between the two parties in 1985 – Alamos County Utility Board mandated that the Los Alamos Power Pool. The contract the Los Alamos County Department of Public that governs the Power Pool’s cost sharing, Utilities seek opportunities to “go green.” In management, and operations, the Los Alamos early 2008 the DOE issued an Order1 (DOE County/Department of Energy, Electric Energy O 430.2B) requiring all of its sites to install and Power Coordination Agreement (ECA), on-site renewable generation. At present, the enabled Los Alamos County to purchase only renewable energy source planned for the fossil-fueled and hydroelectric generation Power Pool is the County’s installation of a capacity in the mid-1980s through the sale third unit at Abiquiu Dam in FY09. This study of tax-exempt municipal revenue bonds, explores the practicality of renewable energy which retire in 2015. For the last twenty-three for the Power Pool, beyond the addition of years, the County’s ownership of a portfolio the Abiquiu hydroelectric project, in order to of generation assets has sheltered the County meet both the DOE and County requirements; and the Laboratory from much of the inherent ensure that the costs of production for market risks associated with the wholesale renewables remain competitive with the power market. current costs of production in the Power The power pooling agreement was amended Pool (the majority of which are fossil fueled); in 2006 with the option for additional and stabilize the future cost of energy for extensions in rolling fi ve-year terms. Each the County and the Laboratory. This study fi ve-year extension must be negotiated fi ve considers three questions. years in advance. The next notice period 1. How much on-site renewable energy is occurs in 2010 for the fi ve-year extension realistic considering: beginning in 2015. • commercially available renewable The upcoming renegotiation and likely generation technologies, extension of the ECA provides an opportunity to incorporate new renewable energy sources • existing power system capacity and (renewables) into the Power Pool’s portfolio constraints, of energy supplies. This can be accomplished • forecasted demand for energy at the at zero net impact to the DOE’s current cost Laboratory, and of electricity (CoE) by funding the acquisition of renewables with that portion of the DOE’s 1 U.S. DOE, Departmental Energy, Renewable Energy and Transportation Management (DOE 430.2B), Washington, D.C. (February 2008). Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 Renewable Power Generation Feasibility Study • capital costs per megawatt (MW) for Geothermal, wind, fuel cells, biomass, renewable generation typically exceed hydroelectric, and solar power production fossil based generation? were evaluated to assess their feasibility for supplementing generation resources for the 2. How can the Laboratory meet its TEAM2 Power Pool. Initiative goal of supplying 7.5% of its energy needs from renewable resources? Findings 3. Can a Laboratory/ County ECA extension The Study found that currently there are no be tailored in a manner that: renewable generation technologies
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