DOCSLIB.ORG

Growth Zoning in Tetrahedrite-Tennantite from the Hock Hocking Mine, Alma, Colorado

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Growth Zoning in Tetrahedrite-Tennantite from the Hock Hocking Mine, Alma, Colorado Canadian Mineralogist Yol.22, pp. 577-582(1984) GROWTH ZONING IN TETRAHEDRITE-TENNANTITEFROM THE HOCK HOCKINGMINE, ALMA, COLORADO KENNETH C. RAABE AND RICHARD O. SACK,'. Departmentof Geosciences,Pardue University,West Lafayette, Indiana 47907,U.S.A. ABSTRACT II.lrRoDUc"rloN The Hock Hocking is a small Pb-Zn-Ag-Au mine witlin the Alma district, Park County, Colorado. Ore occursin The Hock Hocking mine (e.9., Raabe 1983)is a fissure-faults that cut a seriesof pre-Pennsylvaniandolo- small Pb-Zn-Ag-Au mine within the Alma district, mites, quartzites and shales.Ore minerals consistpredomi- on the easternslope of the Mosquito Rangeof cen- nantly of pyrite, chalcopyrite, galenaand sphalerite, along tral Colorado (Fig. l). 91e is lesalizedin northeast- with lesser amounts of tetrahedrite-tennantite, jalpaite, trending fissure-faults within the upper plate of a polybasite, stromeyerite, electrum and native silver in a small reversefault. Wall rocks include a seriesof gangueof manganoandolomite and quartz. Microprobe shallowly dipping pre-Pennsylvaniandolomites, analysis growth-zoned of tetrahedrite-tennantite coexist- quartzitesand shalesintruded by granodioritic por- ing with sphalerite of constant composition shows that phyry sills of Laramide gener- Fe,/Zn is positively conelated with As/(As + Sb) in the semi- age. The fissuresare metal site. Basedon fluid-inclusion temperatures,paftlgene- ally barren exceptin the OrdovicianManitou Dolo- tic constraints and previous experimental studies (Sack & mite and within dolomitic units of the Cambrian Loucks 1983, 1985),it appearsthat the Gibbs energyfor Sawatch Quartzite. the reciprocalreaction CulgZn2SbaSl3 + Cu16FgAsaSl3= Ore mineralsconsist predominantly of pyrite, chal- Cu19Zn2As4S13+ Cu1qFe2SbaS13is temperature-inde- copyrite, galena and sphaleritein a dolomite and pendentover the range 200-500oC. quartz gangue. Shoots within the veins contain tetrahedrite-tennantite, jalpaite, polybasite, Keywords grofih : tetrahedrite-tennantite, zonirg, osmotic stromeyeriteand electrum Aus.72Ags.2s.Secondary equilibrium, Zn-Fe exchange,As/(As + Sb), recipro- processeshave enriched the ores,producing cal reaction, geothermometry,Hock Hocking mine, whe sil- Colorado. ver, covellite, chalcocite,malachite and cerussite, along with various iron and manganeseoxides and hydroxides. SoMMAIRE Microprobe data on pyrite, chalcopyrite,galena, La mine Hock Hocking exploite un petit gisementde Pb- sphalerite, jalpaite and stromeyerite indicate that Zn-Ag-Au dansle district d'Alma, comtd de Park au Colo- theseminerals are homogeneouswithin the precision rado. Le minerai tapisseles fissuresd'un systemede fail- of the analytical method (seeTable 1). Sphalerite les qui recoupedolomites, quartziteset shalesd'6ge pr6- averages0.26 and 0.40 wt.9o Fe and Cd, respectively; Pennsylvanien.On y trouve surtout pyrite, chalcopyrite, Mn and Cu are at the minimum deteclion-limits of galbne, sphal6rite, et, en quantit6s moins importantes, the microprobe. tdtra€drite-tennantite,jalpaite, polybasite,stromeyerite, dlectrum et argent natif dans une ganguede dolomite man- ganifdreet de quartz. L'analyse i la microsondede cris- taux de t6tra€drite-tennantite zon€sen coexistenceavec une DENVER sphal6rite de composition constantemontre que le rapport N Fe/Zn du sulfoselvarie avecle rapport As/(As + Sb) dans le site semi-mdtallique. Vu les tempdratures ddriv€es de COLORADO l'6tude des inclusionsfluides, les contraintesparag6n6ti- €RECKENRIOGE queset les etudeso<pdrimentales ant6rieures (Sack & Loucks 1983,1985), l'dnergie libre de Gibbs pour la rfuction rdciproque Cu16Zn2SbaS13* Cul6FqAsaS13 = LEADVILLE. N 'ASPEN ,..ALMA Cu19Zn2AsoS13+ CuleFe2SbaSq3 serait ind6pendante de la ("o"* tempftature dans f intervalle de 200 e 500'C. "o"^,*u ",*= (Iraduit par la R6daction) Mots-clds: tetraedrite-tennantite, zonation de croissance, .BUENA VISTA 6quilibre osmotique, €changeZn-Fe, As,/(As + Sb), - 50 km r6action r€ciproque, gdothermom6trie, mine Hock Hocking, Colorado. Frc. l. Map of centralColorado, showinglocation of the -t" *h". ."respondence should be addressed. Hock Hocking mine. 577 578 TIIE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST Frc. 2. Reflectedlight photomicrographsof ore minerals.Letter designationsare as follows: sp sphalerite,gn galena, cp chalcopyrite,jp jalpaite, pb polybasite,td tetrahedrite, el electrum,Ag silver. (A) Electrum' galenaand tetrahedrite- polybasite intergrowth in dolomite from HH45. (B) Native silver rimming tehahedrite in galena from HH50. (C) Tetrahedrite replacedby jalpaite, polybasite and chalcopyrite from HH49. (D) Galena replacedby tetrahedrite-poly- basite intergrowth from HH45 (crossednicols). Dolomite is the main gangue-mineraldeposited identified, but it is probably related to the igneous during ore formation. Compositionally, the dolomite activity that produced the porphyry sills found extends from nearly pure CaMg(CO3)2with a throughout the district. The ore fluid rose from depth few percent Fe to a composition near along a reverse fault, and was tapped off by Ca(Mg6.36Mne.arFe6.2r)(CO3)2.Fe and Mn show a northeast-trending fractures within the upper fault- positive correlation and a near-constantratio of plate. This fluid had a high sulfidation-oxidation approximately l:2. stateand a low pH @igs. 3, 4). Reactionof such a solution with carbonatewall-rocks, such as those of GENESISoF THE ORES the dolomite-cementedSawatch Quartzite, would result in a sharpincrease in pH and the rapid depo- The paragenesisof ore mineralizatiqn at the Hock sition of Fe-poor sphalerite, pyrite, tetrahedrite, Hocking mine is relatively simple. Quartz and minor galena and chalcopyrite. Further upward migration barite were the first vein-mineralsto precipitate, fol- of such fluids produced smaller lead-zinc-silver lowed closely by pyrite. A period of fracturing depositsof replacementtype, such as those found ensued, opening the veins to a new pulse of in the Manitou Dolomite. hydrothermal solution that deposited sphalerile, Stability relationsof coexistingore-minerals only chalcopyrite, tetrahedrile-tennantite, pyrite and provide absoluteconstraints on temperatureof depo- galenain a manganoandolomite gangue(Frg. 2). sition between ll7 and 360"C (Fig. 4). However, Electrum was also depositedat this time. Near the fluid-inclusion studiesof sphaleriteindicate a tem- end of hypogenemineralization, low-temperaturesil- peratureof ?A9t 7'C basedon five fluid inclusions ver minerals were deposited, including jalpaite, in sphaleritefrom HH54. This estimatedoes not stromeyerite and polybasite. include a small positive pressure-correctionthat The sourceof the mineralizingfluid has not been would be within the standarderror of the measure- GROWTH ZONING IN TETRAHEDRITE-TENNANTITE 579 ments. In combination with this temperature,an esti- mate offls) of 10-10barscan be deducedfrom the iron content of sphalerite(e.g., Czananske 1974; Fie. 5). TETRAHEDRITE-TENNANTTTE E +t Tetrahedrite-tennantite is the most abundant sul- q" fosalt at the mine. It is closely associatedwith ol sphalerite and galena. Tetrahedrite-tennantite is o often replacedby jalpaite; it commonly is rimmed by native silver @ig. 2). Symplectiticintergrowths o, with polybasite are common, especially as.replace- o ments of galena(e.9., Ramdohr 1969). J Microprobe analysesdemonstrate that the Hock I Hocking tetrahedrite is close to the simple stoichio- metry re(Cu,Ag)uror[Cun,(Fe,Zn)2]sM(As,Sb)aS,r, correspondingto an ideal structure with 208 valence electrons per unit cell and full occupancy of the 6 246810 trigonal-planar (TR), 6 tetrahedrd (TET), and 4 semimetal (SM) sites in the formula unit based on NH 13sulfur atoms(Wuensch 1964, Johnson & Jeanloz 1983).Results of twenty-five microprobe analysesof Frc. 3. AIO)-pH mineral-stabilitydiagram calculated at 250'C. Boundaries represent activities of S = 0,1, Hock Hocking tetrahedrite-tennantitefrom sample C:0.1, C*+ --0.1, and Ba2+= 0.@l (modified HH54 give average volues of 10.04t 0.17, from Crerar & Barnes1970. Shadedarea represents sta- L.97t0.07 and 4.@ x.0.22 for the quantities bility field for Hock Hocking ore solution. Boundary (Cu + Ag), (Fe + Zn) and (Sb + As), on the basisof positions only approximate due to lack of data on a l3-sulfur-atom formula unit. Variations in the chemistry of the fluid. TABLE1. CHEI.IICALCollPostTloll 0F TllEoRE MINEMLS Pyrl te* 53.55 0.11 na na 46.6t 0.10 0.30 - 0.l0rl 100.77 Chalcop)nl te* 34.93 0.12 n: 29.92 0.10 34,52 0.m 0.10r) 99.89 Galena* 13.40 0.10 :u 0.r0 0.16 0.10 - 86.602) t00.46 sphal eri ter 0.26 65.98 0.403) 99.76 Electm (HH49) 0.14 na na 6.s+ - 23.37 75.64\ 99.69 Electru (HH55) 0.29 na na 0.44 0.12 0.14 o.l4 25.r0 72.s6\) 99.19 Sllver (HH49) - 0.22 na 0.10 0. 10 na 't4.020.26 99,24 99.'t2 Jalpaite (HH49) '14.5714.41 0.28 0.t4 0.30 7l .53 - 100.68 Jalpalte (HH49) 0.ll :' o]o 0.13 0.18 13.45 75.15 - 99.70 (HH49) - ,Q 11 6r ?l n rnq\ 07 oo StMeyerlte 16.27 0.10 '13.89 Polybaslte (HH45) 16.87 l.'14 i.sz 60.94 0.12c' 101,78 Polybaslte (Hltl8) 15.99 0,8 - o.rr 9 .47 64.43 - 99.81 m-ril (HHs4) 25.71 4.12 ols 0,29 7.38 38.56 1.69 - 98.14 25.63 2.64 23.95 0.16 7.47 37.26 2.34 - 99.46 t:: 25.83 3.99 23.04 0.17 7.61 37.08 2.10 - 99.82 - 25.30 1.55 't8.3227.03 0,12 7.52 37.13 2.A1 101.46 26.78 5.68 0.27 8.04 40.16 0.67 - 99.91 - .72 6.43 '17.64 olo 0.31 8.24 40.19 0.59 98.87 26,89 5.31 0.24 7.76 40.39 0.74 - 99,97 25,39 0.88 27.86 0.34 7.44 36.65 2.93 - l0l .50 25.8.1.57 26.51 o.ro 0.17 7.21 36.41 2.9A - 100.23 26.50 4.20 20.91 0.10 0.35 7.43 39,80 1.43 - 100.72 - 26.44 3.77 20.u 0.35 7.70 39.36 ',l.64I .21 99,32 24.85 4.6 tr& 0.u 7.25 37.18 - 99,20 24,U 8.14 17.54 0,51 7.60 9.08 l.t3 - 98.83 24.91 8.77 17.10 0.f5 7,71 *.77 l.t3 - 99.14 26,86"t2.97ll.7l 0.21 7.80 39.87 |.09 - 100.51 25.98 t0.t 3 15.62 0.35 7,97 39.43 0.94 - 100.42 26.55 12.59 11.42 : 0.28 8.17 40.31 0.71 - 100.03 27.86 19.68 0.37 0.73 7.93 42.49 0.39 - 99.45 28.06 20.04 0.40 o.rr 0.60 8.05 43.30 0.26 - 100.82 27.76 19.96 0.78 8.05 42.59 0.46 - 100.20 ito o.ro o.a2 7.88 42.40 0.47 - 99.79 27.98 20.65 0.25 0.74 7.76 42.94 0.3r - 100.62 27.89 20.35 0.41 o.ra 0.71 7.60 42.66 0.22 - 99.99 28.0e m.32 0.31 0.63 8.09 42.6 0.15 - 100.46 27.05 14.63 0.70 8.00 41.00 0.57 - Iot .00 26.45 12.13 10.00 0.59 7.82 4l .13 0.76 - 99.01 Analyses (rt.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Large-Scale Hydrothermal Zoning Reflectedin The
    Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 27, pp. 383-400 (1989) LARGE-SCALE HYDROTHERMAL ZONING REFLECTED IN THE TETRAHEDRITE-FREIBERGITE SOLID SOLUTION, KENO HILL Ag-Pb-Zn DISTRICT, YUKON J.V. GREGORY LYNCH* Department of Geology, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3 ABSTRACT en argent se distinguent aussi par une augmentation dans Ie nombre de cations dans leur formule chimique. Le rap- The zoned Keno Hill vein system of central Yukon port Sb/ As demeure uniformement eleve. extends laterally from a Cretaceous plutonic-metamorphic center and surrounding quartz-feldspar veins, to (Traduit par la Redaction) carbonate-Ag-Pb-Zn deposits, and further to peripheral veins having epithermal characteristics. Seven distinct Mots-cles: zonation hydrothermale, nappe aquifere, tetra- mineralogical zones are recognized, and the entire sequence edrite, solution solide, plutonique, epithermal, altera- is continuous from east to west in a 4O-km belt. The fault- tion, district de Keno Hill, Yukon. and fracture-controlled veins are stratabound to the brit- tle moderately dipping Keno Hill Quartzite unit, of Mis- INTRODUCTION sissippian age. The unit is graphitic and appears to have acted as a large-scale hydrothermal aquifer, restricting fluid This paper concerns the large-scale nature of the flow during minera1ization and" development of zoning predominantly to the lateral direction. Tetrahedrite is dis- Keno Hill hydrothermal system. A broad and con- tributed along a 25-km-Iong portion of the system, and is tinuous sequence of mineral zoning can be the principal ore mineral of Ag. Both Ag/Cu and Fe/Zn documented within veins distributed along an exten- values in tetrahedrite are highest at the outer extremity of sive portion of the Keno Hill Quartzite, which is the the system, where freibergite dominates over tetrahedrite; main host rock to the ore in the area.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineralization at Le Pulec, Jersey, Channel Islands; No. 1 Lode
    134 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS REFERENCES McKay, W. J. (1975) Woodlawn copper-lead-zinc orebody. Ibid. 701-10. Davis, L. W. (1975) Captains Flat lead-zinc orebody. In Knight, C. L. (ed.). Economic Geology of Australia and Papua New Guinea I. Metals. Melbourne, Australasian [Revised manuscript received 2 June 1981] Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 691-700. Malone, E. J., Olgers, F., Cucchi, F. G., Nicholas, T., and t~) Copyright the Mineralogical Society Dept. of Geology, University of Wollonoong, New South Wales, Australia F. IVOR ROBERTS [Present address: School of Applied Geology, University of New South Wales, PO Box 1, Kensinoton , NSW 2033, Australia] MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, MARCH 1982, VOL. 46, PP. 134-6 Mineralization at Le Pulec, Jersey, Channel Islands; No. 1 Lode THE No. 1 Lode is the westernmost and most Mineralization within the Brioverian sediments extensive of three lead-zinc veins cutting Brioverian sediments at Le Pulec. It was described by Williams Anatase is common within the sediments as 2-10 (1871) as being between 1.5 and 1.8 m in width and pm anhedral grains associated with silicates or 183 m in length, with a trend of 340 ~ and the as 10 x 2 #m laths, parallel to the basal cleavage galena was reported to have a high silver content. of the altered phyllosilicates, particularly musco- Since the investigation of the No. 3 Lode (Ixer and vite. Anatase is also found with hematite laths Stanley, 1980) it has been possible to examine (20x 2 /~m) included in early pyrite grains. A several specimens, collected from the recently re- coarse-grained (600 x 20 pm) generation of anatase discovered No.
    [Show full text]
  • Indium-Bearing Paragenesis from the Nueva Esperanza and Restauradora Veins, Capillitas Mine, Argentina
    Journal of Geosciences, 65 (2020), 97–109 DOI: 10.3190/jgeosci.304 Original paper Indium-bearing paragenesis from the Nueva Esperanza and Restauradora veins, Capillitas mine, Argentina María Florencia MÁRQUEZ-ZAVALÍA1,2*, Anna VYMAZALOVÁ3, Miguel Ángel GALLISKI1, Yasushi WATANABE4, Hiroyasu MURAKAMI5 1 IANIGLA, CCT-Mendoza (CONICET), Avda. A. Ruiz Leal s/n, Parque San Martin, CC330, (5500) Mendoza, Argentina; [email protected] 2 Mineralogía y Petrología, FAD, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Universitario (5502) Mendoza, Argentina 3 Department of Rock Geochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Geologická 6, 152 00 Prague 5, Czech Republic 4 Faculty of International Resource Sciences, Mining Museum of Akita University, 28-2 Osawa, Tegata, Akita, 010-8502 Japan 5 Coal Business Planning Group, Coal Business Office, Resources & Power Company, JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation, 1-2, Otemachi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8162 Japan * Corresponding author The Nueva Esperanza and Restauradora are two of the twenty-three veins described at Capillitas mine, an epithermal precious- and base-metal vein deposit located in northern Argentina. Capillitas is genetically linked to other minera- lizations of the Farallón Negro Volcanic Complex, which hosts several deposits. These include two world-class (La Alumbrera and Agua Rica) and some smaller (e.g., Bajo El Durazno) porphyry deposits, and a few epithermal deposits (Farallón Negro, Alto de la Blenda, Cerro Atajo and Capillitas). The main hypogene minerals found at these two ve- ins include pyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, tennantite-(Zn) and tennantite-(Fe). Accessory minerals comprise hübnerite, gold, silver, stannite, stannoidite and mawsonite, and also diverse indium- and tellurium-bearing minerals.
    [Show full text]
  • Silver Enrichment in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado
    SILVER ENRICHMENT IN THE SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS, COLORADO. By EDSON S. BASTIN. INTRODUCTION. The following report forms part of a topical study of the enrich­ ment of silver ores begun by the writer under the auspices of the United States Geological Survey in 1913. Two reports embodying the results obtained at Tonopah, Nev.,1 and at the Comstock lode, Virginia City, Nev.,2 have previously been published. It was recognized in advance that a topical study carried on by a single investigator in many districts must of necessity be less com­ prehensive than the results gleaned more slowly by many investi­ gators in the course of regional surveys of the usual types; on the other hand the advances made in the study of a particular topic in one district would aid in the study of the same topic in the next. In particular it was desired to apply methods of microscopic study of polished specimens to the ores of many camps that had been rich silver producers but had not been studied geologically since such methods of study were perfected. If the results here reported appear to be fragmentary and to lack completeness according to the standards of a regional report, it must be remembered that for each district only such information could be used as was readily obtainable in the course of a very brief field visit. The results in so far as they show a primary origin for the silver minerals in many ores appear amply to justify the work in the encouragement which they offer to deep mining, irrespective of more purely scientific results.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina by W
    .'.' .., Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie RUTILE GUMMITE IN GARNET RUBY CORUNDUM GOLD TORBERNITE GARNET IN MICA ANATASE RUTILE AJTUNITE AND TORBERNITE THULITE AND PYRITE MONAZITE EMERALD CUPRITE SMOKY QUARTZ ZIRCON TORBERNITE ~/ UBRAR'l USE ONLV ,~O NOT REMOVE. fROM LIBRARY N. C. GEOLOGICAL SUHVEY Information Circular 24 Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie Raleigh 1978 Second Printing 1980. Additional copies of this publication may be obtained from: North CarOlina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development Geological Survey Section P. O. Box 27687 ~ Raleigh. N. C. 27611 1823 --~- GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SECTION The Geological Survey Section shall, by law"...make such exami­ nation, survey, and mapping of the geology, mineralogy, and topo­ graphy of the state, including their industrial and economic utilization as it may consider necessary." In carrying out its duties under this law, the section promotes the wise conservation and use of mineral resources by industry, commerce, agriculture, and other governmental agencies for the general welfare of the citizens of North Carolina. The Section conducts a number of basic and applied research projects in environmental resource planning, mineral resource explora­ tion, mineral statistics, and systematic geologic mapping. Services constitute a major portion ofthe Sections's activities and include identi­ fying rock and mineral samples submitted by the citizens of the state and providing consulting services and specially prepared reports to other agencies that require geological information. The Geological Survey Section publishes results of research in a series of Bulletins, Economic Papers, Information Circulars, Educa­ tional Series, Geologic Maps, and Special Publications.
    [Show full text]
  • Tetrahedrite (Cu, Fe, Ag, Zn)12Sb4s13 C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
    Tetrahedrite (Cu, Fe, Ag, Zn)12Sb4S13 c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Cubic. Point Group: 43m. Crystals are tetrahedral, to 15 cm; common as groups of parallel crystals; massive, coarse or fine and granular to compact. Twinning: On {111} around [111] as twin axis; contact and penetration twins, commonly repeated. Physical Properties: Fracture: Subconchoidal. Tenacity: Somewhat brittle. Hardness = 3–4.5 VHN = 312–351 (100 g load). D(meas.) = 4.97 D(calc.) = 4.99 Optical Properties: Opaque, except in very thin fragments. Color: Flint-gray to iron-black to dull black, cherry-red in transmitted light; in polished section, gray inclining to olive-brown. Streak: Black to brown. Luster: Metallic, commonly splendent. Optical Class: Isotropic. n = > 2.72 (Li). R: (400) 32.1, (420) 31.8, (440) 31.7, (460) 31.7, (480) 31.8, (500) 32.0, (520) 32.2, (540) 32.4, (560) 32.4, (580) 32.3, (600) 32.0, (620) 31.5, (640) 31.0, (660) 30.6, (680) 30.2, (700) 29.8 Cell Data: Space Group: I43m. a = 10.23–10.55 Z = 2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Neugl¨uck mine, Wittichen, Black Forest, Germany. 3.00 (100), 1.831 (60), 1.563 (30), 2.61 (20), 1.056 (20), 3.69 (10), 2.46 (10) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) Cu 45.39 37.7 45.77 Fe 1.32 5.5 Ag 0.4 Sb 28.85 29.3 29.22 Pb 0.11 As trace 0.8 Zn 1.8 S 24.48 24.9 25.01 Total 100.15 100.4 100.00 (1) Bourg d’Oisans, France.
    [Show full text]
  • Unusual Mineral Diversity in a Hydrothermal Vein-Type Deposit: the Clara Mine, Sw Germany, As a Type Example
    427 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 57, pp. 427-456 (2019) DOI: 10.3749/canmin.1900003 UNUSUAL MINERAL DIVERSITY IN A HYDROTHERMAL VEIN-TYPE DEPOSIT: THE CLARA MINE, SW GERMANY, AS A TYPE EXAMPLE § GREGOR MARKL Universitat¨ Tubingen,¨ Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Wilhelmstraße 56, D-72074 Tubingen,¨ Germany MAXIMILIAN F. KEIM Technische Universitat¨ Munchen,¨ Munich School of Engineering, Lichtenbergstraße 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany RICHARD BAYERL Ludwigstrasse 8, 70176 Stuttgart, Germany ABSTRACT The Clara baryte-fluorite-(Ag-Cu) mine exploits a polyphase, mainly Jurassic to Cretaceous, hydrothermal unconformity vein-type deposit in the Schwarzwald, SW Germany. It is the type locality for 13 minerals, and more than 400 different mineral species have been described from this occurrence, making it one of the top five localities for mineral diversity on Earth. The unusual mineral diversity is mainly related to the large number and diversity of secondary, supergene, and low- temperature hydrothermal phases formed from nine different primary ore-gangue associations observed over the last 40 years; these are: chert/quartz-hematite-pyrite-ferberite-scheelite with secondary W-bearing phases; fluorite-arsenide-selenide-uraninite- pyrite with secondary selenides and U-bearing phases (arsenates, oxides, vanadates, sulfates, and others); fluorite-sellaite with secondary Sr- and Mg-bearing phases; baryte-tennantite/tetrahedrite ss-chalcopyrite with secondary Cu arsenates, carbonates, and sulfates; baryte-tennantite/tetrahedrite ss-polybasite/pearceite-chalcopyrite, occasionally accompanied by Ag6Bi6Pb-bearing sulfides with secondary Sb oxides, Cu arsenates, carbonates, and sulfates; baryte-chalcopyrite with secondary Fe- and Cu- phosphates; baryte-pyrite-marcasite-chalcopyrite with secondary Fe- and Cu-sulfates; quartz-galena-gersdorffite-matildite with secondary Pb-, Bi-, Co-, and Ni-bearing phases; and siderite-dolomite-calcite-gypsum/anhydrite-quartz associations.
    [Show full text]
  • Tungsten Minerals and Deposits
    DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRANKLIN K. LANE, Secretary UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director Bulletin 652 4"^ TUNGSTEN MINERALS AND DEPOSITS BY FRANK L. HESS WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 25 CENTS PER COPY CONTENTS. Page. Introduction.............................................................. , 7 Inquiries concerning tungsten......................................... 7 Survey publications on tungsten........................................ 7 Scope of this report.................................................... 9 Technical terms...................................................... 9 Tungsten................................................................. H Characteristics and properties........................................... n Uses................................................................. 15 Forms in which tungsten is found...................................... 18 Tungsten minerals........................................................ 19 Chemical and physical features......................................... 19 The wolframites...................................................... 21 Composition...................................................... 21 Ferberite......................................................... 22 Physical features.............................................. 22 Minerals of similar appearance.................................
    [Show full text]
  • New Discoveries of Rare Minerals in Montana Ore
    New discoveries of rare Au and Ag minerals in some Montana ore deposits Chris Gammons Geological Engineering, Montana Tech • Butte • McDonald Meadows • Virginia City District • Elkhorn (Boulder) District Butte • Produced over 600 million oz of silver • 2nd in U.S. to Couer d’Alene district ID • Produced roughly 3 million oz of gold • 2nd in Montana to Golden Sunlight Mine Mining Engineering, Web Exclusive 2016 Mineral (group) Formula Guilbert & Ziehen, 1964 This study HYPOGENE Argentite Ag2SXX Pearceite‐polybasite (Ag,Cu)16(As,Sb)2S11 XX Proustite‐pyrargyrite Ag3(As,Sb)S3 XX Stephanite Ag5SbS4 X Andorite PbAgSb3S6 X Stromeyerite AgCuS X X Ag‐tetrahedrite (Ag,Cu)12Sb4S13 XX Furutobeite (Cu,Ag)6PbS4 X Larosite (Cu,Ag)21(Pb,Bi)2S13 X Matildite AgBiS2 X Jalpaite Ag3CuS2 X Electrum AgAu X Petzite Ag3AuTe2 X Hessite Ag2Te X Empressite (?) AgTe X SUPERGENE Acanthite Ag2SXX Silver Ag X X Cerargyrite AgCl X furotobeite: (Cu,Ag)6PbS4 bornite furutobeite bornite stromeyerite + chalcocite furutobeite Mt. Con mine (AMC # 591) larosite: (Cu,Ag)21(Pb,Bi)2S13 stromeyerite larosite wittichenite Cu3BiS3 strom mawsonite Cu6Fe2SnS8 chalcocite pyrite pyrite bornite MT. Con 5933 Occurrences of furutobeite and larosite: Furutobeite Larosite • None in U.S. • None in U.S. • < 5 locations world‐wide • Butte = 3rd (?) locality • Type locality = Furutobe world‐wide mine, Japan (Kuroko‐type VMS) Fred Larose Early prospector in Cobalt silver camp, Ontario jalpaite: Ag3CuS2 Barite Wittichenite Cu3BiS3 Jalpaite Bornite Jalpaite AMC 4756 Anselmo Mine EPMA‐BSE image Goldfieldite Cu10Te 4S13 Bi‐Cu‐Se‐telluride Tennantite or enargite Emplectite: CuBiS2 Bi‐Cu‐Se‐telluride Hessite (Ag2Te) Empressite (AgTe) St.
    [Show full text]
  • Silver Mineralization at Sark's Hope Mine, Sark, Channel Islands
    MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, DECEMBER 1983, VOL. 47, PP. 539-45 Silver mineralization at Sark's Hope mine, Sark, Channel Islands R. A. IXER Department of Geological Sciences, University of Aston in Birmingham, Gosta Green, Birmingham B4 7ET AND C. J. STANLEY Department of Mineralogy, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London SW7 5BD ABSTRACT. Sark's Hope silver lead lode, which was The lead-silver-bearingvein, 'Sark's Hope Silver- mined during the 1830s and 1840s cuts a Late Precambrian Lead lode', cuts a foliated hornblende granite of granite at the southernmost point of the island of Sark. Late Precambrian age (Sutton and Watson, 1957). The primary ore assemblageis pyrite, galena,chalcopyrite, Although there is little trace of the vein today, tennantite, tetrahedrite, sphalerite, marcasite, arseno- with the outcrop workings being mostly obscured pyrite, pyrrhotine, bravoite, enargite, and the silver minerals pyrargyrite, pearceite, polybasite, and acanthite. by a thick cover of vegetation, the early accounts Gangue minerals are hematitic quartz, calcite, and illite. describe it as 0.4 to 2.5 m in width, more than 600 m Alteration products include chalcosine, covelline, blau- in length, oriented 028-037 ~ and dipping at 65-85 ~ bleibender covelline,limonite, malachite, azurite, cerussite, to the northwest. and anglesite. The generalized paragenesis is of early Fe, Small amounts of in situ ore were obtained from Co, Ni, As, and S species and later minerals of Pb, Cu, Ag, the poorly exposed and weathered parts of the vein Zn, Fe, As, Sb, and S. The earliest alteration products at the southwestern end, but most of our specimens are copper sulphides; these are followed by lead and were collected from the spoil tips, in particular from copper carbonates and sulphates, and hydrated iron and Le Pelley's shaft tip at the northeastern end of the manganese oxides.
    [Show full text]
  • REVISION 1 Mineralogical Controls on Antimony and Arsenic Mobility
    1 REVISION 1 2 Mineralogical controls on antimony and arsenic mobility during tetrahedrite-tennantite 3 weathering at historic mine sites Špania Dolina-Piesky and Ľubietová-Svätodušná, 4 Slovakia 5 Anežka Borčinová Radková1 *, Heather Jamieson1, Bronislava Lalinská-Voleková2, Juraj 6 Majzlan3, Martin Števko4, Martin Chovan5 7 8 1Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Miller 9 Hall, 36 Union Street, Kingston, K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada 10 2Slovak National Museum, Natural History Museum, Vajanského nábr. 2, P.O.BOX 13, 810 06 11 Bratislava, Slovakia 12 3Institute of Geosciences, Burgweg 11, Friedrich-Schiller University, D–07749 Jena, Germany 13 4Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 6 14 Mlynska dolina G, SK-842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia 15 5 Institute of Geological Engineering, Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu, 16 70833 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic 17 18 *corresponding author: [email protected] 1 19 Abstract 20 The legacy of copper (Cu) mining at Špania Dolina-Piesky and Ľubietová-Svätodušná (central 21 Slovakia) is waste rock and soil, surface waters, and groundwaters contaminated with antimony 22 (Sb), arsenic (As), Cu and other metals. Copper ore is hosted in chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and 23 sulfosalt solid solution tetrahedrite-tennantite (Cu6[Cu4(Fe,Zn)2]Sb4S13 - 24 Cu6[Cu4(Fe,Zn)2]As4S13) that show widespread oxidation characteristic by olive-green color 25 secondary minerals. Tetrahedrite-tennantite can be a significant source of As and Sb 26 contamination. Synchrotron-based μ-XRD, μ-XRF, and μ-XANES combined with electron 27 microprobe analyses have been used to determine the mineralogy, chemical composition, 28 element distribution and Sb speciation in tetrahedrite-tennantite oxidation products in waste rock.
    [Show full text]
  • The System Cu3ass4––Cu3sbs4 and Investigations on Normal Tetrahedral Structures
    20 Z. Kristallogr. 219 (2004) 20–26 # by Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Mu¨nchen The system Cu3AsS4––Cu3SbS4 and investigations on normal tetrahedral structures Arno Pfitzner* and Thomas Bernert Universita¨t Regensburg, Institut fu¨r Anorganische Chemie, Universita¨tsstraße 31, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany Dedicated to Professor Dr. H.-L. Keller on the occasion of his 60th birthday Received June 26, 2003; accepted August 12, 2003 X-ray diffraction / Powder diffraction structure analysis / sphalerite structure type and the hexagonal wurtzite struc- Single crystal structure analysis / Thiometallate / ture type are distinguished due to the packing of the an- Tetrahedral structures / Wurtzite structure type / Sphalerite ions. In ternary or multinary tetrahedral compounds the structure type cation positions may be occupied in an ordered or in a statistic way. An ordered distribution causes a reduction of Abstract. In order to develop a novel model to predict if symmetry, e.g. leading to a tetragonal instead of a cubic a so called normal tetrahedral compound crystallizes in a cell for Cu3SbS4 (famatinite), whereas an orthorhombic wurtzite-orsphalerite superstructure type, the system cell instead of a hexagonal cell results for Cu3AsS4 (enar- Cu3AsS4––Cu3SbS4 was reinvestigated. A solid solution gite) [2]. An even lower symmetry has been observed in series was prepared and the mixed crystals were charac- some other cases. terized by powder X-ray techniques. The crystal structures The system Cu3AsS4––Cu3SbS4 is well investigated of Cu3As0.330Sb0.670S4,Cu3As0.736Sb0.264S4, and Cu3AsS4 with respect to the formation of mixed crystals and ther- were refined from single crystal X-ray data. The re- mal properties [3, 4].
    [Show full text]