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The High Frontier in Perspective. Worldwatch Paper DOCUMENT RESUME * ED 219 333 . SO 014 208 AUTHOR Deudney, Daniel 0' 'TITLE Space: The_High Frontier in Perspective. Worldwatch Peeper 50. INSTiTUTION Worldwatch Inst., Wa'sklington, REPORT NO ISBN-0-916468-49-6 PUB DATE ' Aug .82 NOTE 71p. AVAILABLE FROMWorldwatch Institute, 1776 Massachusetts Avenue, N,W., Washington,DC 20036 ($2.00). EMS PRICE MF01 PlusPostage. PC Not Available from EDRS. ,DESCRIPTORS, AstrOnomy; Communications Satellites;' Earth Science; Industrialization; Peace; *Space Exploration; War ABSTRACT e .This paper examines how the exploration of space has 4 ' affected life oh, earth. Examined' are Milestones in space, war or peacs in, space, learning about earth from space, the satellite communications revolution, space industrialization, and the ownership 1 of space. The real beginning of the Space Age.was the October'1957_: Soviet launch of a 184 -pound satellite into orbit; The United States put an object into orbit in January.I958. The Soviet Union has taken an important lead ini internationalizing access to space by sending Cuban, East Euiopean, French, and Mongoliin cosmonauts into space. The 'current projectssof the U.S. and Soviet programs--the space shpttli and the space statiln--are perfect complements. The dperporerS have begurevA ra e for the first time to place weapons o destruction in orbit. gPace militarization is being aggressively promoted by hot* countries. The.most valuabl.econtribution space activities have Made is the information they h&se provided about the universe and about the earth. For example, scientists are learning hot.; theatmosphere, oceans, sunlight, and life toms interact to make the planet habitable and how human Actibns are'aiterinlg those systems. The biggest scientific advances have been in astronomy and related sciences, As a result o'f the satellite communications revolution, satellite TV broadcasts are bringing cultural interactions that for the first time begin to match. the scale of the world's economical and political interdependencies. Disputes regarding the ownership of space are beginning ENgelerge. (RM) 4 .4 *******************************;************************************ ReproductiOns supplied by EDRS are the best .that can be made * from the original d$ument. ********************************4****i********************************* '0 4 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER 10'10 This clOcument has been reproduced as received from *heperson Gr orgaolzktion onginahng it Vrtlinor changes.h,4ye been,made to improve reproduction quality 7,> t. pknts of view or opin ns stated in this docu rnettk,qo not necessattli.'represent (Acta' NIE OciltkieW poky ace:o The/High Fro p ler inPOrspectiye, "PER ION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATE LINMICROFICHE ONLY ' HAS N GRANTED BY Dartiel Detidney, LOA-- r ka- .fir TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)" .c Worldwatch Paper 50 August-W82 e sections of this paperMay be reproducedin magazines and _ newspapersithacknowledgmenttoWorldwatchInstituteThe wews_exp d are -those of the author and do not necessarily represent ho e of Woild Watch= institute_ _ -and its- dirEclors, officersor'staff -1 . P , r , . j -r _ 9 Copyright Worldwatch Institute1982. Library of Congress Card Number 82-049,20 15B 4 0-916468-49-6 Printed onrrecycled paper - Table of Contents Introduction: Restoring Perspective 3 Opening the High Frontier 7, War. or Peace in Space . .9. 15 - .... 1 k Learning About Earth from Space . 26 . The Satellite communication Revolution . , , :34, ,' .' ***** . .. , : J\----,''-4 Space Industrialization: The Mirage of Abundance 39 Whose Space? .... ...., ., .4g . 4. Toward an Earth-Orieqted Space Program . sr - ,,," Notes 59 t 4 '.Introduction , q. hales, the first of the ancient Greek philosophers, was a man whose knowledge of celestial occurrences was legendary. in his time. Not Much is known about him, but two stories about the effects of .his fascination with the heavens capture both the promise and the peril" of the space venture. One isthat -Thales., foreseeing the weather fromtlte.rrtoyer'nent Of heavenly bodies, was able to amass a fortune by shrewdly colnkring the olive market The other is that he fell into a well while 'looking at the sky. Today, as then, space can yield wondrous benefits, but it can also lead us to forget Where we standthus inviting disaster. Space is humanity's high frontier. Like all frontiers, space ho pro- duced unexpected treasures, generated strong enthusiasts, spawned wild speculations. and been enshrouded in myth and false promise Having spent several hundred billion dollars and aqu'arter 'of a century opening this frontier,itis time to assessifthese efforts have 'helped solve some of the world's problems Today space' is the arena for both exciting exploration as well as economic exploi- tation. The many satellites orbiting the earth have a wide variety offunctions, such ashurricane warning, -observation of distant galaxies, business communications and crop forecasting .These and other space activities affect a surprisingly diverge and rapidly grow- ing range of human concerns in ways that werescarcely imagined a few decades ago. 1 . , Yetthe space venture is today at a critital juncture. Sobei realism as well as excitement and commitment must guiderut4re efforts The -momentum_ ofthe_ long dominant U.S.civilianscientific' space programsisslowing, and the superpowers are- movingtoput destructive weapons intospace. The Soviet and American space monopoly is ending, and political conflicts surrounding commercially I wish to thank Paige Tolbert fur her assistance with the research for this paper, cind Charles Chafer, Stephen Cheston, Leonard Doid, Thomas Karas, John Logsdon, Marcia Smith, Howard Symons, Adam Wasserman and David Webb for their reviews of the manuscript, 7. o. valuable space. applkations are emerging Unfortunately, the growth of space s impact on vital human conceins has not been matched by an increased' public awareness of the issues, effectively leaving these deLisions to grobps with agendas fordwar and national rivalry 6 The quarter-century of activity in space has had Its most significant impact on the strategiL balance of power and the gathering mumen- turn toward nuclear war. Military motivations led people to pioneer the high frontier and military activities remain the dominant use of space today After rockets .made it possible to hurl nuclear weapons across the oceans in a, half hour, reconnaissance satellites eased ,ten- sions and aided arms control efforts. Today, the superpower cold war in space is enteringa new, dangerous cind destabilizing phase that unless stoppedwill make War more likely and less controllable. A resource that could be a decisive factor for world peace is'In danger of contributing to humanity's last war In the struggle to protect the ea4 'from overpopulation,ecological degradation and resource deffletion, space has a great, largely un- fulfilled role to playIt can be valuable not asa. source of energy or materials, nor as A place to,hduse the world's growing population, but rather as a tool to assist problem solving on earth Orbiting satel- lites could be indispensable instruments In the scientific quest to un- derstand how the planet s atmosphere, oceans and life forms interact, and how they react to the stresses being placed on them Knowledge 4. of these gigbal systems is vital for a prudent response to such emerg- .ing global problems- as carbon dioxide buildup, ozone depletion and deforestation,, are already used to monitofi forest and crop 'growth, weather patterns, mineral deposits and pollution sources_ Unfortunately, these uses of space° are not, well funded and in some cases are even directly preempted by the military agenda Keeping space in perspective 'is difficult Space is not a technology, .a program or a cause it is a place. Only a handful' of human beings... haye ever been there, ye-t_space _activities' affect the routine existence' of most people. Space is only 50 miles from every person on earth fearcloser than most people, are to their own national caQitalsbut it is so vast that _in it the earth is only an insignificant speck of dust Byaskinghow space activities affect life right here on earth, a sense of human' perspective be maintained. 0 6 1..1" . _.13e.aus_e_space_is so unlike anything experienced on earth_it is tempt- ingto 'believethat''eartliIy problems resource conflict, Pollution, scat-Laycan somehow be leff behind. Unfortunately humans have carried these prdi3lems with them. The most valuable areas of spate nearthe earth are increasingli- plagued by Very _earthlike, human7 conflicts and scarcities.Political,not technological,skillswill 'be required to solve them The inescapably global, space environment provides a logical arena for t ooperation_among nationswhich will be valuable both inits own *right and as a prototype for tirtestiar coexistence. Opening the High Frontier . Space begins where the earth's atmosphere trails offAinto a 'vacuum some 50, to 100 miles above ground. For human beings space is an overwhelmingly harsh and alien environment. Mithout the moderating effects of air the sunlight is unbearably intense and areas in shadow are frigid.If exposed to the,vacuurn 'of .spice, human bodies would explode. These voids a ound the earth arealso washed by various forms of radiation thatould be lethal to a person withoutextensive. shielding. Only by devi ng ways to travel giAtspeeds'and withland extreme enviro'nrnental stresses have people been
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