DOCSLIB.ORG

Organs of the Immune System Key

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Organs of the Immune System Key Organs of the Immune System Key Health – Mr. Nguyen 1. Adenoid a. Adenoids are a patch of tissue that is high up in the throat, just behind the nose. They, along with the tonsils, are part of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system clears away infection and keeps body fluids in balance. The adenoids and tonsils work by trapping germs coming in through the mouth and nose. Adenoids usually start to shrink after about age 5. By the teenage years, they are almost completely gone. By then, the body has other ways to fight germs. 2. Appendix a. The appendix is a small, pouch-like sac of tissue that is located in the first part of the colon (cecum) in the lower- right abdomen. Lymphatic tissue in the appendix aids in immune function. The official name of the appendix is vermiform appendix, which means "worm-like appendage." The appendix harbors bacteria. 3. Bone Marrow a. Bone marrow is a sponge-like tissue situated inside of the bones. Most defense cells are produced and then also multiply here. They then migrate from the bone marrow into the bloodstream and reach other organs and tissues, where the defense cells mature and specialize. At birth, many bones contain red bone marrow, which actively builds defense cells. During the course of life, more and more red bone marrow turns into fat tissue. Adults only have red bone marrow in a few bones, for example in the ribs, in the breast bone and in the pelvic bone. 4. Lymph Nodes a. The lymphatic system of lymph nodes and vessels is important for continually exchanging substances between the blood and the tissue in the body. Fluid constantly leaves the blood, and defense cells and proteins migrate into the surrounding tissue. Most of the fluid is later taken back into the blood vessels. The rest of it is removed by the drainage system of the lymph vessels, which forms a fine net of thin-walled vessels in the body. The lymph nodes filter and clean the lymph fluid (lymph) on its way to the larger lymph vessels. The lymph finally travels to a vein called the superior vena cava, where it enters the blood stream. Lymph nodes work like biological filter stations. They contain different defense cells, which trap pathogens and activate the production of specific antibodies in the blood. If lymph nodes become swollen, painful or hard, it can be a sign of an active defense reaction, for example in an infection or, in rare cases, in malignant changes of the body’s own cells. 5. Peyer’s Patch a. Peyer's patches are small masses of lymphatic tissue found throughout the ileum region of the small intestine. Also known as aggregated lymphoid nodules, they form an important part of the immune system by monitoring intestinal bacteria populations and preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines. 6. Skin a. The primary function of the skin is to act as a barrier. The skin provides protection from: mechanical impacts and pressure, variations in temperature, micro-organisms, radiation and chemicals. 7. Spleen a. The spleen is situated in the left upper abdomen, beneath the diaphragm. It has a variety of tasks in the defense system. In the unborn child, the spleen mainly produces blood and defense cells. After birth this organ is mainly responsible for removing blood cells and for specific defense functions. As part of the immune defense, the functions of the spleen include the following: It stores different defense cells that are released into the blood to get to the organs, if needed: macrophages, also called scavenger cells, can attack non-self-substances and pathogens directly. T lymphocytes inspect cell surfaces, help in controlling defense and can also directly destroy cells that have been recognized as non-self or as pathogens. B lymphocytes produce antibodies, if needed. It is responsible for removing red blood cells (erythrocytes). Blood platelets (thrombocytes), which are responsible for blood clotting together, are stored and removed in the spleen. So there is always a lot of blood flowing through the spleen tissue. At the same time this tissue is very soft. In heavy injuries, in an accident, for example, the spleen can therefore rupture easily. The spleen then needs to be operated on, because otherwise there is a danger of bleeding to death. If the bleeding cannot be stopped, and the spleen has to be removed, other defense organs take on most of its tasks. 8. Thymus a. The thymus, also called the thymus gland, is only fully developed in children. From adolescence onwards, it is slowly turned into fat tissue. The gland-like organ is situated behind the breast bone above the heart. Certain defense cells are differentiated in the thymus: the so-called T lymphocytes, or T cells for short, among other things, are responsible for coordinating the innate and the adaptive immune system. The T in T lymphocytes stands for thymus, the place where they mature. T cells move through the body and constantly watch the surfaces of all cells for changes. To be able to do this job, they learn in the thymus which structures on cell surfaces are self and which are non-self. When coming into contact with a non-self body, T cells turn into so-called T effector cells, which trigger and regulate different defense reactions. This type of cells includes T killer cells, which can destroy cells infected with a pathogen. T helper cells are another kind of effector cells, which support other immune cells in doing their work. In childhood, the thymus tissue also produces two hormones – thymosin and thymopoietin – which regulate the maturation of defense cells in the lymph nodes. 9. Tonsils a. Tonsils also belong to the defense system. Due to their special position at the throat and palate, their defense cells come into contact with pathogens especially soon, and can activate the immune system immediately. Their tissue contains mainly lymphocytes. In addition to the palatine tonsils on the right and left side, which are commonly just called tonsils, there are also the adenoids above the roof of the throat, the lingual tonsil at the base of the tongue, and more lymphatic tissue on the sides of the throat. This lymphatic tissue can take on the function of the adenoids, if these have been removed. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • IFM Innate Immunity Infographic
    UNDERSTANDING INNATE IMMUNITY INTRODUCTION The immune system is comprised of two arms that work together to protect the body – the innate and adaptive immune systems. INNATE ADAPTIVE γδ T Cell Dendritic B Cell Cell Macrophage Antibodies Natural Killer Lymphocites Neutrophil T Cell CD4+ CD8+ T Cell T Cell TIME 6 hours 12 hours 1 week INNATE IMMUNITY ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY Innate immunity is the body’s first The adaptive, or acquired, immune line of immunological response system is activated when the innate and reacts quickly to anything that immune system is not able to fully should not be present. address a threat, but responses are slow, taking up to a week to fully respond. Pathogen evades the innate Dendritic immune system T Cell Cell Through antigen Pathogen presentation, the dendritic cell informs T cells of the pathogen, which informs Macrophage B cells B Cell B cells create antibodies against the pathogen Macrophages engulf and destroy Antibodies label invading pathogens pathogens for destruction Scientists estimate innate immunity comprises approximately: The adaptive immune system develops of the immune memory of pathogen exposures, so that 80% system B and T cells can respond quickly to eliminate repeat invaders. IMMUNE SYSTEM AND DISEASE If the immune system consistently under-responds or over-responds, serious diseases can result. CANCER INFLAMMATION Innate system is TOO ACTIVE Innate system NOT ACTIVE ENOUGH Cancers grow and spread when tumor Certain diseases trigger the innate cells evade detection by the immune immune system to unnecessarily system. The innate immune system is respond and cause excessive inflammation. responsible for detecting cancer cells and This type of chronic inflammation is signaling to the adaptive immune system associated with autoimmune and for the destruction of the cancer cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Unilateral Tonsillar Swelling: Role and Urgency of Tonsillectomy
    Journal of Otolaryngology-ENT Research Case report Open Access Unilateral tonsillar swelling: role and urgency of tonsillectomy Abstract Volume 13 Issue 1 - 2021 Unilateral tonsillar swelling is a fairly common presenting complaint in an Ear, Nose and J Kynaston, S Drever, M Shakeel, M Supriya, N Throat (ENT) department. It may or may not be associated with any other symptoms. Most McCluney of the time, the tonsil asymmetry is secondary to previous history of tonsillitis, quinsy, and Department of otolaryngology and head &neck surgery, tonsil stones. Other benign lesions to cause tonsil swelling may include a mucus retention Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK cyst, lipoma, polyp or papilloma. Sometimes, it is the site of primary malignancy but in these situations, it is often associated with red flag symptoms like pain in the mouth, dysphagia, Correspondence: Muhammad Shakeel, FRCSED (ORL- odynophagia, referred otalgia, weight loss, night sweating, haemoptysis, haematemesis, HNS), Consultant ENT/Thyroid surgeon, Department of hoarseness or neck nodes. Most of the patients with suspected tonsillar malignancy have Otolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, Aberdeen Royal underlying risk factors like smoking and excessive alcohol intake. However, lately, the Infirmary, Aberdeen, AB252ZN, UK, Tel 00441224552117, tonsil squamous cell carcinoma can be found in younger patients with no history of smoking Email or drinking as there is rising incidence of human papilloma virus related oropharyngeal malignancy. Sometimes, lymphoma may manifest as a tonsil enlargement. If, after detailed Received: June 24, 2020 | Published: February 25, 2021 history and examination, there remains any doubt about the underlying cause of unilateral tonsil swelling then tonsillectomy should be considered for histological analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Thalassemia and the Spleen
    Thalassemia and the Spleen 4 Living with Thalassemia are developing an infection (fever, chills, sore throats, unexplained coughs, listlessness, muscle pain, etc.) and Issues in Thalassemia report them to your doctor right away. Thalassemia Care • Sometimes a splenectomy can lead to an exceptionally and the Spleen high platelet count, which can in turn lead to blood clotting. by Marie B. Martin, RN, and Craig Butler Your doctor should monitor your platelet count on a regular basis and may ask you to take baby aspirin daily. This sounds kind of frightening. Is a splenectomy really a What is the spleen? wise choice? The spleen is a small organ (normally That’s a decision that must be made in each individual case. about the size of a fist) that lies in the A doctor with significant experience with thalassemia is upper left part of the abdomen, near going to be in the best position to offer advice about this; the stomach and below the ribcage. however, most people who are splenectomized are able to What does it do? manage the challenges it presents with relatively little The spleen has a number of functions, the most important of difficulty. which are filtering blood and creating lymphocytes. It also acts as a “reservoir” of blood, keeping a certain amount on Of course, it’s best to avoid any circumstances that can lead hand for use in emergencies. to the need for a splenectomy in the first place. For a person with thalassemia, this means following a transfusion In its filtering capacity, the spleen is able to remove large regimen that keeps hemoglobin levels above 9 or 10gm/dL.
    [Show full text]
  • Innate Immunity in the Lung: How Epithelial Cells Fight Against
    Copyright #ERSJournals Ltd 2004 EurRespir J 2004;23: 327– 333 EuropeanRespiratory Journal DOI: 10.1183/09031936.03.00098803 ISSN0903-1936 Printedin UK –allrights reserved REVIEW Innateimmunity in the lung: how epithelialcells ght against respiratorypathogens R. Bals*,P.S. Hiemstra # Innateimmunity in the lung: how epithelial cells ® ghtagainst respiratory pathogens *Deptof Internal Medicine, Division of R Bals, P S Hiemstra #ERS JournalsLtd 2004 PulmonaryMedicine, Hospital of the Uni- versityof Marburg, Philipps-University, ABSTRACT: Thehuman lung is exposed to a largenumber of airborne pathogens as a # resultof the daily inhalation of 10,000 litres of air Theobservation that respiratory Marburg,Germany; Deptof Pulmonology, LeidenUniversity Medical Center, Leiden, infectionsare nevertheless rare is testimony to the presence of anef®cient host defence TheNetherlands systemat the mucosal surface of the lung Theairway epithelium is strategically positioned at the interface with the Correspondence:P S Hiemstra,Dept of environment,and thus plays a keyrole in this host defence system Recognition Pulmonology,Leiden University Medical systemsemployed by airwayepithelial cells to respond to microbialexposure include the Center, P O Box9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The actionof the toll-like receptors Netherlands Theairway epithelium responds to such exposure by increasing its production of Fax:31 715266927 mediatorssuch as cytokines, chemokines and antimicrobial peptides Recent® ndings E-mail: p s hiemstra@lumc nl indicatethe importance of these peptides
    [Show full text]
  • Our Immune System (Children's Book)
    OurOur ImmuneImmune SystemSystem A story for children with primary immunodeficiency diseases Written by IMMUNE DEFICIENCY Sara LeBien FOUNDATION A note from the author The purpose of this book is to help young children who are immune deficient to better understand their immune system. What is a “B-cell,” a “T-cell,” an “immunoglobulin” or “IgG”? They hear doctors use these words, but what do they mean? With cheerful illustrations, Our Immune System explains how a normal immune system works and what treatments may be necessary when the system is deficient. In this second edition, a description of a new treatment has been included. I hope this book will enable these children and their families to explore together the immune system, and that it will help alleviate any confusion or fears they may have. Sara LeBien This book contains general medical information which cannot be applied safely to any individual case. Medical knowledge and practice can change rapidly. Therefore, this book should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice. SECOND EDITION COPYRIGHT 1990, 2007 IMMUNE DEFICIENCY FOUNDATION Copyright 2007 by Immune Deficiency Foundation, USA. Readers may redistribute this article to other individuals for non-commercial use, provided that the text, html codes, and this notice remain intact and unaltered in any way. Our Immune System may not be resold, reprinted or redistributed for compensation of any kind without prior written permission from Immune Deficiency Foundation. If you have any questions about permission, please contact: Immune Deficiency Foundation, 40 West Chesapeake Avenue, Suite 308, Towson, MD 21204, USA; or by telephone at 1-800-296-4433.
    [Show full text]
  • Osteopathic Approach to the Spleen
    Osteopathic approach to the spleen Luc Peeters and Grégoire Lason 1. Introduction the first 3 years to 4 - 6 times the birth size. The position therefore progressively becomes more lateral in place of The spleen is an organ that is all too often neglected in the original epigastric position. The spleen is found pos- the clinic, most likely because conditions of the spleen do tero-latero-superior from the stomach, its arterial supply is not tend to present a defined clinical picture. Furthermore, via the splenic artery and the left gastroepiploic artery it has long been thought that the spleen, like the tonsils, is (Figure 2). The venous drainage is via the splenic vein an organ that is superfluous in the adult. into the portal vein (Figure 2). The spleen is actually the largest lymphoid organ in the body and is implicated within the blood circulation. In the foetus it is an organ involved in haematogenesis while in the adult it produces lymphocytes. The spleen is for the blood what the lymph nodes are for the lymphatic system. The spleen also purifies and filters the blood by removing dead cells and foreign materials out of the circulation The function of red blood cell reserve is also essential for the maintenance of human activity. Osteopaths often identify splenic congestion under the influence of poor diaphragm function. Some of the symptoms that can be associated with dysfunction of the spleen are: Figure 2 – Position and vascularisation of the spleen Anaemia in children Disorders of blood development Gingivitis, painful and bleeding gums Swollen, painful tongue, dysphagia and glossitis Fatigue, hyperirritability and restlessness due to the anaemia Vertigo and tinnitus Frequent colds and infections due to decreased resis- tance Thrombocytosis Tension headaches The spleen is also considered an important organ by the osteopath as it plays a role in the immunity, the reaction of the circulation and oxygen transport during effort as well as in regulation of the blood pressure.
    [Show full text]
  • Tonsils and Adenoids
    Tonsils and Adenoids 575 S 70th Street, Suite 440 Lincoln, NE 68510 402.484.5500 Tonsils and adenoids are masses of tissue similar to the lymph nodes or “glands” found in the neck, groin and armpits. Tonsils are the two masses at the back of the throat. Adenoids are high up in the throat, behind the nose and roof of the mouth (soft palate) and are not visible through the mouth without special instruments. Tonsils and adenoids are near the entrance to the breathing passages, where they catch incoming germs. They “sample” bacteria and viruses, but can become infected themselves. This happens primarily during the first few years of life, but less frequently with age. Children who have their tonsils and adenoids removed suffer no loss in their resistance. What affects tonsils and adenoids? The most common problems affecting the tonsils and adenoids are recurrent infections of the throat or ear and significant enlargement or obstruction that causes breathing and swallowing problems. Abscesses around the tonsils, chronic tonsillitis and infections of small pockets within the tonsils that produce foul-smelling, cheese-like formations can also affect the tonsils and adenoids, making them sore and swollen. Tumors are rare, but can grow on the tonsils. How are tonsil and adenoid diseases treated? Bacterial infections, especially those caused by streptococcus, are first treated with antibiotics. Sometimes, removal of the tonsils and/or adenoids may be recommended. The two primary reasons for removal are recurrent infection despite antibiotic therapy and difficulty breathing due to enlarged tonsils and/or adenoids. Chronic infection can affect other areas, such as the eustachian tube, the passage between the back of the nose and the inside of the ear.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptive Immune Systems
    Immunology 101 (for the Non-Immunologist) Abhinav Deol, MD Assistant Professor of Oncology Wayne State University/ Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit MI Presentation originally prepared and presented by Stephen Shiao MD, PhD Department of Radiation Oncology Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Disclosures Bristol-Myers Squibb – Contracted Research What is the immune system? A network of proteins, cells, tissues and organs all coordinated for one purpose: to defend one organism from another It is an infinitely adaptable system to combat the complex and endless variety of pathogens it must address Outline Structure of the immune system Anatomy of an immune response Role of the immune system in disease: infection, cancer and autoimmunity Organs of the Immune System Major organs of the immune system 1. Bone marrow – production of immune cells 2. Thymus – education of immune cells 3. Lymph Nodes – where an immune response is produced 4. Spleen – dual role for immune responses (especially antibody production) and cell recycling Origins of the Immune System B-Cell B-Cell Self-Renewing Common Progenitor Natural Killer Lymphoid Cell Progenitor Thymic T-Cell Selection Hematopoetic T-Cell Stem Cell Progenitor Dendritic Cell Myeloid Progenitor Granulocyte/M Macrophage onocyte Progenitor The Immune Response: The Art of War “Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a hundred battles without disaster.” -Sun Tzu, The Art of War Immunity: Two Systems and Their Key Players Adaptive Immunity Innate Immunity Dendritic cells (DC) B cells Phagocytes (Macrophages, Neutrophils) Natural Killer (NK) Cells T cells Dendritic Cells: “Commanders-in-Chief” • Function: Serve as the gateway between the innate and adaptive immune systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Study Guide Medical Terminology by Thea Liza Batan About the Author
    Study Guide Medical Terminology By Thea Liza Batan About the Author Thea Liza Batan earned a Master of Science in Nursing Administration in 2007 from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. She has worked as a staff nurse, nurse instructor, and level department head. She currently works as a simulation coordinator and a free- lance writer specializing in nursing and healthcare. All terms mentioned in this text that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Use of a term in this text shouldn’t be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Copyright © 2017 by Penn Foster, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to Copyright Permissions, Penn Foster, 925 Oak Street, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18515. Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS INSTRUCTIONS 1 READING ASSIGNMENTS 3 LESSON 1: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 5 LESSON 2: DIAGNOSIS, INTERVENTION, AND HUMAN BODY TERMS 28 LESSON 3: MUSCULOSKELETAL, CIRCULATORY, AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TERMS 44 LESSON 4: DIGESTIVE, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TERMS 69 LESSON 5: INTEGUMENTARY, NERVOUS, AND ENDOCRINE S YSTEM TERMS 96 SELF-CHECK ANSWERS 134 © PENN FOSTER, INC. 2017 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY PAGE III Contents INSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCTION Welcome to your course on medical terminology. You’re taking this course because you’re most likely interested in pursuing a health and science career, which entails ­proficiency­in­communicating­with­healthcare­professionals­such­as­physicians,­nurses,­ or dentists.
    [Show full text]
  • Head and Neck
    DEFINITION OF ANATOMIC SITES WITHIN THE HEAD AND NECK adapted from the Summary Staging Guide 1977 published by the SEER Program, and the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual Fifth Edition published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging. Note: Not all sites in the lip, oral cavity, pharynx and salivary glands are listed below. All sites to which a Summary Stage scheme applies are listed at the begining of the scheme. ORAL CAVITY AND ORAL PHARYNX (in ICD-O-3 sequence) The oral cavity extends from the skin-vermilion junction of the lips to the junction of the hard and soft palate above and to the line of circumvallate papillae below. The oral pharynx (oropharynx) is that portion of the continuity of the pharynx extending from the plane of the inferior surface of the soft palate to the plane of the superior surface of the hyoid bone (or floor of the vallecula) and includes the base of tongue, inferior surface of the soft palate and the uvula, the anterior and posterior tonsillar pillars, the glossotonsillar sulci, the pharyngeal tonsils, and the lateral and posterior walls. The oral cavity and oral pharynx are divided into the following specific areas: LIPS (C00._; vermilion surface, mucosal lip, labial mucosa) upper and lower, form the upper and lower anterior wall of the oral cavity. They consist of an exposed surface of modified epider- mis beginning at the junction of the vermilion border with the skin and including only the vermilion surface or that portion of the lip that comes into contact with the opposing lip.
    [Show full text]
  • Lung Microbiome Participation in Local Immune Response Regulation in Respiratory Diseases
    microorganisms Review Lung Microbiome Participation in Local Immune Response Regulation in Respiratory Diseases Juan Alberto Lira-Lucio 1 , Ramcés Falfán-Valencia 1 , Alejandra Ramírez-Venegas 2, Ivette Buendía-Roldán 3 , Jorge Rojas-Serrano 4 , Mayra Mejía 4 and Gloria Pérez-Rubio 1,* 1 HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; [email protected] (J.A.L.-L.); [email protected] (R.F.-V.) 2 Tobacco Smoking and COPD Research Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; [email protected] 3 Translational Research Laboratory on Aging and Pulmonary Fibrosis, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; [email protected] 4 Interstitial Lung Disease and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; [email protected] (J.R.-S.); [email protected] (M.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +52-55-5487-1700 (ext. 5152) Received: 11 June 2020; Accepted: 7 July 2020; Published: 16 July 2020 Abstract: The lung microbiome composition has critical implications in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Next-generation sequencing techniques have revolutionized the understanding of pulmonary physiology and pathology. Currently, it is clear that the lung is not a sterile place; therefore, the investigation of the participation of the pulmonary microbiome in the presentation, severity, and prognosis of multiple pathologies, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and interstitial lung diseases, contributes to a better understanding of the pathophysiology. Dysregulation of microbiota components in the microbiome–host interaction is associated with multiple lung pathologies, severity, and prognosis, making microbiome study a useful tool for the identification of potential therapeutic strategies.
    [Show full text]
  • Qnas with Max D. Cooper and Jacques F. A. P. Miller
    QNAS QnAswithMaxD.CooperandJacquesF.A.P.Miller QNAS Brian Doctrow, Science Writer Anyone who has ever contracted chicken pox can thank the adaptive immune system for future pro- tection against the disease. It is also thanks to this system that vaccines prevent diseases. The adaptive immune system provides organisms with a memory of past infections, enabling the body to quickly kill returning infections before they can do significant damage. Immunologists Jacques F. A. P. Miller and Max D. Cooper determined that adaptive immunity requires 2 distinct cell types that perform comple- mentary functions. Miller’s findings, published in the early 1960s in Lancet (1) and Proceedings of the Royal Society (2), showed that the ability to distinguish one’s own cells from foreign cells, a key feature of the adap- tive immune system, depends on lymphocytes, now known as T cells, matured in an organ called the thy- mus. Subsequently, Cooper reported in Nature (3) that Max Dale Cooper. Image courtesy of Georgia Research antibody production depends on a separate set of Alliance/Billy Howard. lymphocytes, dubbed B cells. The division of labor between T and B cells is a fundamental organizing principle of the adaptive immune system, the discov- did cancer research. I started working on leukemia and ery of which laid the groundwork for modern immu- this gave me an interest in lymphocytes. nology and made possible many subsequent medical advances, including monoclonal antibody produc- Cooper: I became interested through patients that I tion, vaccine development, and checkpoint inhibi- was taking care of: Children that had deficient immune tion therapies for cancer.
    [Show full text]