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Dougie Hunter Msc Aerospace Vehicle Design 1985/86 Head Of Introduction Dougie Hunter MSc Aerospace Vehicle Design 1985/86 Head of Aerospace Defence and Security at The Manufacturing Technology Centre Chairman of Cranfield College of Aeronautics Alumni Association 1 The National Flying Laboratory Centre: In-Flight Measurement and Research Nick Lawson Professor in Aerodynamics and Pilot National Flying Laboratory Centre School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing Cranfield University, U.K. 2 www.cranfield.ac.uk November 2020 Contents • National Flying Laboratory Centre . Foundations . Evolution of NFLC . The Present • Recent Research . EU – AIM2 airborne sensors . ATI – Advanced aerodynamic sensors . Application of CFD to in-flight testing • The Future • Summary 3 AIM2 – Advanced In-Flight Measurements 2 National Flying Laboratory Centre - Foundations https://www.britishpathe.com/video/aeronautical- Pathe News (1953) 4 school?fbclid=IwAR2SvDPCJfFYVgQ6R8Fr-JfqW7O6EmC_1JXXaXJP7IUXKZGZPaeXpMCOiqI National Flying Laboratory Centre - Foundations Airborne electronic equipment for the measurement of undercarriage loads. Equipment designed and built by 2nd year students (Anson) 5 College of Aeronautics (CoA) Brochure 1947 National Flying Laboratory Centre - Foundations Department of Flight Aircraft (1947) • Dove • Ansons x 3 • Tiger Moths x 3 Department of Flight (CoA Brochure 1947): • provides students with actual flying experience to demonstrate the theories taught in other departments (Aerodynamics, Aircraft Design, Propulsion, Aircraft Economics and Production) • has complete facilities for flight testing and full scale research • provides instruction in the latest methods of testing aircraft & aircraft equipment in flight 6 National Flying Laboratory Centre - Foundations Department of Flight Aircraft Fleet (1960’s) Department of Flight Avro Lancaster PA474 – Laminar flow control test bed 7 National Flying Laboratory Centre - Foundations 1st Year Syllabus 2nd Year Syllabus 8 National Flying Laboratory Centre - Foundations Light aircraft have played a key role in NFLC’s delivery: Department of Flight provides an ab initio flying training scheme by which students can be taught to fly solo at reduced charges. Instruction is given on Tiger Moth aircraft by a full-time flying instructor…. (1947) putting theory into practice! 9 National Flying Laboratory Centre - Evolution • First 3 Jetstreams acquired in early 1970’s from HP • Two converted, third sold • Further operated on behalf of Racal • CEGB & EU – atmospheric monitoring • Racal – navigation / radar / GPS systems • Ferranti – avionics / sensors • Easams – TCAS development • Meggitt / Smiths – avionics • GEC Marconi / Cranfield Aerospace Solns - various 10 • BAE Systems – avionics / sensors (Jetstream 31) National Flying Laboratory Centre - Evolution • formation of the National Flying Laboratory Centre (NFLC) came from proposal to HEFCE by Martin Eshelby (Cranfield) in 1992 / 1993. Significant support of the proposal and ongoing funding by Prof. Ron Fletcher (Deputy VC) • Subsequent HEFCE funding allowed expansion of the number of UK university partners using NFLC • Research with industry continued. Jetstream Mark 1’s retired by 2005 and replaced by current Jetstream 31, G-NFLA 11 National Flying Laboratory Centre - Evolution • Substantial collaboration evolved with BAE Systems Jetstreams • NFLC operated the BAE flying testbed G-BWWW on regular flight trials • Last major flight trial was ASTRAEA II to demonstrate ‘see and BAE Jetstream 31 avoid’ and comms technology in controlled airspace G-BWWW was set-up as a surrogate UAV test platform. ASTRAEA used a ground control station to control the aircraft and communicate with ATC. A major milestone for the UK aerospace (2013) In 2021 WW will become a teaching aid for Cranfield University students 12 National Flying Laboratory Centre – Test Pilots Astronaut Neil Armstrong with Chris Daggett Courtesy: Colin Martin ‘Dodge’ Bailey Test Pilots (TPs) always give NFLC key credibility • Grp Cptn. Ronald C. Hockey DSO DFC (40’s – 50’s) • Robbie Robertson DFC (40’s – 70’s) • Prof. Charles McClure (50’s – 70’s) • Angus McVitie (70’s – 90’s) Simon Davies • Roger ‘Dodge’ Bailey (90’s – 2015) 13 • Simon Davies (our current TP) National Flying Laboratory Centre - Present Jetstream 31 Slingsby T67 G-NFLA Flying Laboratory Flight test short courses G-BWXT Bespoke equipment testing Student flight experience (flying 1600+ students/yr from Part SPO Operation Aerobatic training 20+ UK uni’s & Limerick Uni) - Accountable manager - Safety Manager - Compliance Manager Saab 340B Bulldog - Air Ops Manager - Ground Ops Manager - Training Manager - Airworthiness Manager - Chief Demonstrator - Light Aircraft Manager G-BCUO Flying Test Bed - Test Pilot & Pilots Instrumentation research G-NFLB – replacement Student flight experience flying laboratory early 2021 A great Centre – thank you! Aerobatic training 14 Saab340B Flying Laboratory and Test Bed General: • 32 seat turboprop (~£3M) • Aircraft currently being modified by Saab (into service Q1-Q2 2021) • WiFi cabin with student tablets for interactive experiments • Angle of attack, angle of sideslip, control and tab positions, stick forces • Air and engine data, inertial and differential GPS, wing/cockpit cameras • SatCom system / avionic industrial flight trials rack (DARTeC + other) Student tablet lab screen 15 DARTeC – Digital Aviation Research and Technology Centre Saab340B Flying Laboratory and Test Bed Cranfield Aerospace Solutions Scitek - Derby Saab Saab 16 Bulldog Fibre Optic Sensors Flying Test Bed General: • Aerobatic category (+6g to -4g) 2 seat light aircraft • Aircraft modified in 2013-2014 as part of EU FP7 AIM2 project • Two fibre pressure and wing strain systems installed • Recently modified 2019-2020 with air data and control posn sensors Modifications: • Power supply box • Data logger / AHRS / trigger box • Smartscan FOS interrogator • On board cameras • Elevator, rudder, aileron, flap sensors • Air data computer & air data boom 17 FOS – Fibre optic sensor AHRS – attitude heading reference system Fibre Optic Sensors for Flight Test Prof. Ralph Tatam Head – Engineering Photonics Fibre Bragg grating (FBG) core Smartscan FP pressure Aero sensor + Kulite interrogator pressure sensor for in-flight for verification fibre signal Fabry Perot fibre sensor processing 2mm 18 BLADESENSE First fibre optic shape and strain sensing on a rotating helicopter rotor Ground test trials on an Airbus H135 helicopter in November 2019 rotating hub with wifi connected fibre optic shape and strain interrogator initial dynamic results from blade mounted dual fibre optic shape sensor 19 WINDY – WIng DesigN methodologY validation First fibre optic pressure wing FBG arrays and strain sensing in a for strain transonic wind tunnel M0.82 Wind tunnel trials ARA Bedford September 2019 9’ x 8’ tunnel top sensor plate wing strain fuselage fuselage sensor test pressure plate (fibre optic pressure and Kulite) 20 Bulldog ‘Leans’ Study (with TNO and TU Delft) Condition Start Slow roll Fast roll Intended attitude indicators can to: to: expectation be misinterpreted Matching under strong g-cues: (practice) the ‘leans’ No leans ‘leans’ can lead to A Typical major loss of control Attitude Leans- Indicator opposite Leans- level The practice and test conditions 50 Cranfield ‘non-pilot’ students conducted the ‘leans’ disorientation study 21 Bulldog ‘Leans’ Study (with TNO and TU Delft) https://1drv.ms/v/s!AqvNv7Mai6RqhbBj_SqWpQViOTgg1Q?e=D5LLuu 22 • Ana Oliveira Das Neves • Simon Davies • Bidur Khanal (Coventry Uni.) 23 Stall – Spin: Background • Fixed wing aircraft can stall or spin in any category • Stall – spin most prevalent in take-off and climb for general aviation • 30% of all general aviation accidents originate from stall – spin Source: AOPA 24 Stall: Background • Stall is a condition with significant BL separation and loss of lift from a wing/body • Angle of attack a is the key variable for stall and spin • Flight path & reference line define angle of attack (a), lift & drag vectors Lift Thrust a Drag flight path climb horizon mg stall descent Lift Drag (CL) (CD) 25 Angle of Attack a Spin: Background • Spin is a stable flight condition with asymmetric wing stall • the aircraft autorotates about a near vertical axes descending rapidly • CoG follows helical flight path with aircraft pitching/rolling/yawing • Recovery (if possible) with rudder and elevator Source: NASA https://1drv.ms/v/s!AqvNv7Mai6R qhat0WSpLitjoSLv6og?e=knTTc1 https://1drv.ms/v/s!AqvNv7Mai6Rqhat2vmcVqyniKjI-xA?e=XXXzMa 26 Spin: Background • Spin is a stable flight condition with asymmetric wing stall • the aircraft autorotates about a near vertical axes descending rapidly • CoG follows helical flight path with aircraft pitching/rolling/yawing • Recovery (if possible) with rudder and elevator Source: NASA • New computational methods Mechanics of Flight offer complementary 2nd Edition, W.F. approach to wind tunnel and Phillips, Wiley (2010) flight testing (spin & stall) • Cranfield has strong previous connections with spin research (Colin Martin – CoA*) 27 *Colin Martin FRAeS is ex-College of Aeronautics staff and holds the Lawrence Hargrave Medal 2015 Slingsby Firefly T67M260 Aircraft • Aerobatic category (ex-RAF trainer) • Experimental (in-flight) • 2 seat side-by-side light aircraft • Numerical – CFD • Engine 260hp Lycoming AE10-540 • Comparisons (in-flight vs CFD) • +6 to -3g envelope • Tailplane-Wake Interaction • MTOW 1157kg / Wing chord 1.2m • @50m/s (ISA) Re = 4.1 x 106 chord S&L flight data (CL, a) steady
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