Resource Description Framework (RDF) Model and Syntax Specification
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Xincluding Plain-Text Fragments for Symmetry and Profit Piotr Bański, University of Warsaw, [email protected]
XIncluding plain-text fragments for symmetry and profit Piotr Bański, University of Warsaw, [email protected] <xi:include href=”resource.xml” parse=”text|xml” Summary xpointer=”fragment_identifier” /> XML for the annotation of images, audio or video is by necessity of the stand-off kind: the annotations are virtually anchored to the parse=“xml” parse=“text” binary stream (typically by x,y coordinates or time offsets). Work on language resource annotation has extended this approach to plain text, where annotations are anchored by character offsets. This is referred to as extreme stand-off markup. No generic XML tools or standards support it, but... they could, fairly easily. inclusion of inclusion of inclusion of inclusion of Rationale the entire the entire a fragment a fragment ISO Language Annotation Framework (e.g. Ide & Romary, 2007) re- XML text of an XML of a text commends that data be kept as read-only plain text, with one or mo- resource resource resource resource re layers of XML annotation identifying individual spans of charac- ters and adding metadata to them (identifying e.g. segments of va- rious levels of granularity, parts of speech, syntactic or discourse @xpointer present functions, etc.) no @xpointer However, the only way to handle this (as evidenced by the American National Corpus), is to use in-house tools working on correspon- dence semantics for hyperlinks (see Bański, 2010, for terminology What makes it impossible right now? and more remarks). 1. XInclude Ban: XInclude Rec, 3.1: “The xpointer attribute must not be present when parse="text".” But character streams can do better! Because text is what XML is built out of and what it contains, instead of correspondence 2. -
Semantic Gadgets: Pervasive Computing Meets the Semantic Web
Semantic Gadgets: Pervasive Computing Meets the Semantic Web Ora Lassila Research Fellow Agent Technology Group, Nokia Research Center October 2002 1 © NOKIA 2002-10-01 - Ora Lassila Mobility Makes Things Different • Device location is a new dimension • more information about the user and the usage context available • new applications & services are possible • Devices are different • reduced capabilities: smaller screens, slow input devices, lower bandwidth, higher latency, worse reliability, … • trusted device: always with you & has access to your private data • Usage contexts and needs are different • awkward usage situations (e.g., in the car while driving) • specific needs (“surfing” unlikely) • you are always “on” (= connected) • Dilemma: • the Internet - by design - represents a departure from physical reality but mobility grounds services & users to the physical world 2 © NOKIA 2002-10-01 - Ora Lassila 1 Some Enablers of Mobile Internet • Access to services from handheld terminals • Dynamic synthesis of content • Context-sensitivity • location is one dimension of a “context”, but there are others • New Technologies • Artificial Intelligence • machine learning: automatic customization and adaptation • automated planning: autonomous operation • “Semantic Web” • intelligent synthesis of content from multiple sources (ad hoc & on demand) • explicit representation of semantics of data & services • Ubiquitous (aka Pervasive) Computing • (a paradigm shift in personal computing) 3 © NOKIA 2002-10-01 - Ora Lassila Semantic Web: Motivation -
W3C Working Draft: Scalable Vector
next contents properties index Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) 1.0 Specification W3C Working Draft 03 March 2000 This version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/03/WD-SVG-20000303 (Available as: PDF, zip archive of HTML) Previous public version: http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/WD-SVG-19991203/ Latest public version: http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/ Editor: Jon Ferraiolo <[email protected]> Authors: See author list Copyright ©1998, 1999, 2000 W3C® (MIT, INRIA, Keio), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability, trademark, document use and software licensing rules apply. Abstract This specification defines the features and syntax for Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), a language for describing two-dimensional vector and mixed vector/raster graphics in XML. Status of this document This document is a public review draft version of the SVG specification. This working draft attempts to address review comments that were received during the initial Last Call period, which started 12 August 1999, and also incorporates other modifications resulting from continuing collaboration with other working groups and continuing work within the SVG working group. With the publication of this draft, the SVG specification enters a second "Last Call". The second Last Call period will end on 31 March, 2000. The SVG specification is going through a second Last Call review process to provide the public and other working groups an opportunity to review the changes to the specification since the initial Last Call period. A complete list of all changes since the initial Last Call version of the specification is available in Appendix L: Change History. Last call comments should be sent to [email protected]. -
Understanding JSON Schema Release 2020-12
Understanding JSON Schema Release 2020-12 Michael Droettboom, et al Space Telescope Science Institute Sep 14, 2021 Contents 1 Conventions used in this book3 1.1 Language-specific notes.........................................3 1.2 Draft-specific notes............................................4 1.3 Examples.................................................4 2 What is a schema? 7 3 The basics 11 3.1 Hello, World!............................................... 11 3.2 The type keyword............................................ 12 3.3 Declaring a JSON Schema........................................ 13 3.4 Declaring a unique identifier....................................... 13 4 JSON Schema Reference 15 4.1 Type-specific keywords......................................... 15 4.2 string................................................... 17 4.2.1 Length.............................................. 19 4.2.2 Regular Expressions...................................... 19 4.2.3 Format.............................................. 20 4.3 Regular Expressions........................................... 22 4.3.1 Example............................................. 23 4.4 Numeric types.............................................. 23 4.4.1 integer.............................................. 24 4.4.2 number............................................. 25 4.4.3 Multiples............................................ 26 4.4.4 Range.............................................. 26 4.5 object................................................... 29 4.5.1 Properties........................................... -
Browsing the Semantic Web
Browsing the Semantic Web Ora Lassila Nokia Research Center Cambridge Cambridge, MA 02142, USA Abstract lution. Enabling browsing is further encouraged by the fact that, despite its simple data model, users and developers are Presenting RDF graphs to the end user as hypertext enables often put off by RDF’s cryptic XML-based syntax. interactive exploration and inquiry of “semantic” data. In Many tools have been constructed for searching, ex- this paper we present a tool that allows users to “see” their ploring and querying complex information spaces such as RDF data, without having to decipher syntactic represen- semistructured data representations or collections with rich tations that are typically not human-friendly. The tool is metadata. These tools often offer a mixture of features such part of a broader architecture designed for viewing many as faceted search, clustering of search results, etc. Exam- different types of data in Semantic Web formalisms, for ples of such systems include Lore [7, 8], Flamenco [26], experimenting with the caching of dynamically changing and others. More specifically, recent years have also seen a data, and for exploring the possible ad hoc integration of number of “Semantic Web browsers” emerge; examples of data from multiple sources. Additionally, this tool enables this type of software include mSpace [16], Haystack [18], browsing of semantic data on a mobile device, by adapting Magnet [23], DBin [25], semantExplorer [21], and others. the hypertext generation to better suit small screens. These systems allow the browsing of Semantic Web data and provide various ways of searching and visualizing this data. Many of them combine semantic data with “classi- 1. -
Boeing Position Paper
Frameworks for Semantics in Web Services: A position paper for the W3C Workshop Janet L Jones Boeing Phantom Works IDeAS May 6, 2005 This position paper proposes directions for the development of a framework for Semantic Web Services, with particular emphasis on automating tasks based on semantic descriptions. Abstract Boeing examines the application of Semantic Web Services in a net centric environment. Boeing envisions a wide range of possible benefits in this context. The key functionality needed is the automated and dynamic composability of services in an ad hoc environment. Net-Centric Environment: Use of Dynamically Composable Semantic Web Services “The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation.”1 “There’s a revolution occurring and it’s all about making the Web meaningful, understandable, and machine-processable, whether it’s based in an intranet, extranet, or Internet. This is called the Semantic Web, and it will transition us towards a knowledge- centric viewpoint of everything.”2 A net-centric environment is characterized by seamless interoperation between systems. As more networks and nodes are introduced, the environment becomes more robust, increasing its combined capabilities. Completion of the net-centric environment vision requires mobile ad hoc collaboration of disparate systems. Systems will be interacting in new ways, supporting each other through a wide variety of advertised services. In the ad hoc environment, not all of the desired capabilities can be known in advance. These capabilities will be used by communities of interest (COIs) which form in an ad hoc manner. -
Iso/Iec 21000-17:2006(E)
This is a preview - click here to buy the full publication INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC STANDARD 21000-17 First edition 2006-09-15 Information technology — Multimedia framework (MPEG-21) — Part 17: Fragment Identification of MPEG Resources Technologies de l'information — Cadre multimédia (MPEG-21) — Partie 17: Identification de fragments de ressources MPEG Reference number ISO/IEC 21000-17:2006(E) © ISO/IEC 2006 ISO/IEC 21000-17:2006(E) This is a preview - click here to buy the full publication PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. © ISO/IEC 2006 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body in the country of the requester. -
An Introduction to the Semantic Web
An Introduction To The Semantic Web Fernando de Souza 1 “The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation.” Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler and Ora Lassila, The Semantic Web, Scientific American, May 2001 2 1 An Introduction To The Semantic Web …extension of the current web… “. .information on the web needs to be in a form that machines can ‘understand’ rather than simply display. The concept of machine-understandable documents does not imply some magical artificial intelligence allowing machines to comprehend human mumblings. It relies solely on a machine’s ability to solve well-defined problems by performing well- defined operations on well-defined data.” From Berners-Lee, Hendler; Nature, 2001 3 http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/bernerslee.htm …extension of the current web… “Most of the Web's content today is designed for humans to read, not for computer programs to manipulate meaningfully.” Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler and Ora Lassila, The Semantic Web, Scientific American, May 2001 4 2 An Introduction To The Semantic Web …well-defined meaning… There are lots of ways in which our machines can use our web content when they can understand it. •When my personal digital assistant's calendar program understands dates, it can alert me when an appointment is coming up. •When my email program's address book understands that something is a phone number or an email address, it can set up communication with that person with a click. -
The RDF Layer
Knowledge Representation and Semantic Technologies The RDF layer Riccardo Rosati Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Ingegneria Informatica Sapienza Università di Roma 2019/2020 The Semantic Web Tower The RDF layer 2 Syntax and semantics • Syntax: the structure of data • Semantics: the meaning of data • Two conditions necessary for interoperability: – Adopt a common syntax: this enables applications to parse the data. – Adopt a means for understanding the semantics: this enables applications to use the data. The RDF layer 3 XML • XML: eXtensible Mark-up Language • XML documents are written through a user- defined set of tags • tags are used to express the “semantics” of the various pieces of information The RDF layer 4 XML: example <course date=“2007”> <title>Seminari di Ingegneria del Software </title> <teacher> <name>Giuseppe De Giacomo</name> <email>[email protected]</email> </teacher> <prereq>none</prereq> </course> The RDF layer 5 XML • XML: document = labelled tree • node = label + attributes/values + contents <course date=“...”> <title>...</title> course <teacher> <office>...</office> <email>...</email> = title teacher prereq </teacher> <prereq>...</prereq> </course> office email The RDF layer 6 XML • XML Schema = grammar for describing legal trees and datatypes • can we use XML to represent semantics? The RDF layer 7 XML and semantics <Predator> … </Predator> • Predator: a medium-altitude, long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle system. • Predator : one that victimizes, plunders, or destroys, especially for one's own gain. • Predator -
Semantic Gadgets - Extending the Semantic Web to Physical Devices
Semantic Gadgets - Extending the Semantic Web to Physical Devices Ora Lassila Research Fellow Agent Technology Group, Nokia Research Center November 2000 1 © NOKIA 2000-11-10 - Ora Lassila Internet & Mobility: a Future 2 © NOKIA 2000-11-10 - Ora Lassila Mobility Makes Things Different • Device location is a completely new dimension • more information about the user and the usage context available • new applications & services are possible • Devices are different • reduced capabilities: smaller screens, slow input devices, lower bandwidth, higher latency, worse reliability, … • trusted device: always with you & has access to your private data • Usage contexts and needs are different • awkward usage situations (e.g., in the car while driving) • specific needs (“surfing” unlikely) • you are always “on” (= connected) • Dilemma: • the Internet represents a departure from physical reality BUT mobility grounds services & users to the physical world 3 © NOKIA 2000-11-10 - Ora Lassila Critical Components of Mobile Internet • Access to internet-based services from small handheld terminals • first step: WAP (quick build-up of a large user base) • initial applications include personal information management and connectivity, “infotainment”, (mobile) e-commerce, vertical applications & access to corporate intranet data • Dynamic synthesis of content • first step: data in XML, transformations to suitable formats • device independence is key to long term interoperability • Context-dependence • first step: customization and personalization • adaptation -
Semantic Web – Introduction and Problem Statement
Thomas Schmidt schmidt@informatik. haw-hamburg.de Semantic Web – Introduction and Problem Statement • Initial Concepts • Meta Data + RDF • Initial Problems • Representing Meaning • Key Perspectives • Ontologies + OWL • The Role of XML • Evaluating Resources Thomas Schmidt schmidt@informatik. Semantic Web: The Idea haw-hamburg.de "The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation." Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler, Ora Lassila: “The Semantic Web“. Scientific American, May 2001 2 Thomas Schmidt schmidt@informatik. Objectives haw-hamburg.de ¾ Bring machine processable structure to the bulk of Web information ¾ Provide a layer of meaningful meta information along with Web offers to identify their semantics ¾ Provide semantic rules to the community to digest Web concurrency and allow for conclusions ¾ Offer ways to learn about the reputation of a resource 3 Thomas Schmidt schmidt@informatik. Semantic Web Layers haw-hamburg.de Source: http://www.w3.org/2001/12/semweb-fin/w3csw 4 Thomas Schmidt schmidt@informatik. Operational Concept haw-hamburg.de R I Ux R II A2 A1 R III Ai Uy Am R K R N Resources Agents Users 5 Thomas Schmidt schmidt@informatik. Resources, URIs & Links haw-hamburg.de Goal: Understand resources and their relations Resources: Anything addressable by a URI. Extend resources to carry a ‘type’ attribute Links: Relating resources. Extend links to carry ‘type’ attribute. 6 Thomas Schmidt schmidt@informatik. Fundamental Problems haw-hamburg.de Heterogeneity: Systems, encoding, structures, languages/expressiveness’, words, meanings, … Anonymity: Almost all resources in the Web unknown to recipient Context: Resources are meaningless without identification of context Scale: Peer-to-Peer view has complexity n2, with n = number of Internet resources Visions & Expectations: partly naive, partly vague, … 7 Thomas Schmidt schmidt@informatik. -
Engaging and Connecting Faculty: Research Discovery, Access, Re-Use, and Archiving
Engaging and Connecting Faculty: Research Discovery, Access, Re-use, and Archiving Janet McCue and Jon Corson-Rikert Albert R. Mann Library Cornell University CNI Spring 2007 Task Force Meeting April 16, 2007 “An essential process is the joining together of subcultures when a wider common language is needed. Often two groups independently develop very similar concepts, and describing the relationship between them brings great benefits. Like a Finnish-English dictionary, or a weights and measure conversion table, the relations allow communication and collaboration even when the commonality of concept has not (yet) led to a commonality of terms.” Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler, Ora Lassila, “The Semantic Web,” Scientific American, May 2001 Focus • NSF Small Grant for Exploratory Research (SGER) to explore collaboration between scientists and research library staff • Semantic web applications that create a virtual research community Research questions • When is laboratory-library collaboration feasible and desirable? • How should the responsibilities of the library and the laboratory be balanced? • What significant challenges and costs are associated with various activities? • What is a conceptual model for collaboration that would allow us to focus on promoting the preservation and discovery of resources valuable for interdisciplinary research? Library goals Direct – better information • More timely, accurate and complete documentation of data • Formats that can more easily be preserved • More standard metadata to promote discovery Indirect