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Royal Genealogical Records of the Joseon Royal Family

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Royal Genealogical Records of the Joseon Royal Family Materials on Korean Studies Royal Genealogical Records of the Joseon Royal Family Won Chang-ae Royal Genealogical Records of the Joseon Royal Family 141 Royal Genealogical Records of the Joseon Royal Family Won Chang-ae 1. Kinds of Royal Genealogical Records of the Joseon Royal Family The royal family thought more highly of revealing its lineage than any other family, because to reveal its lineage was directly connected with the king’s authority. Therefore, there have been royal family records since the Three Kingdoms period. There are no extant royal family records from the Three Kingdoms period to the Goryeo dynasty, but their existence can be confirmed in Samguk sagi (History of the Three Kingdoms), Samguk yusa (Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms), and Goryeosa (History of Goryeo).1 However, various royal genealogical records were compiled during the Joseon dynasty and are still extant. The royal genealogical records contain information about the blood relatives of the royal family (the king, the queen, and the Crown Prince’s wife). These royal genealogical records are divided into two: one for blood relatives of the king and the other for blood relatives of the queen and the Crown Prince’s wife. The records of the king’s blood relatives are generally referred to as genealogical documents of royal origins. They were the most numerous of royal genealogical records and were compiled during the Joseon dynasty. The genealogical records of the blood relatives of the queen and the Crown Prince’s wife can be found in three places: in the chapter titled “The Queen” in Donnyeong bocheop 1. Regarding the royal lineage of the Goryeo dynasty, in addition to Goryeosa, Goryeoseongwonnok (Royal Family Records of the Goryeo Dynasty) contained the genealogy of the Gaeseong Wangs (Kim 2002:143). The Review of Korean Studies Volume 11 Number 2 (June 2008) : 141-160 © 2008 by the Academy of Korean Studies. All rights reserved. 142 The Review of Korean Studies (Genealogical Documents of the King and Queen’s Relatives), in Wangbi sebo (Family Records of the Queen), and in Sejabin bocheop (Family Records of the Crown Prince’s Wife). The genealogical documents of royal origins are comprised of Seonwonnok (Descriptions of Royal Origins), Eocheop (Exclusive Descriptions of the King’s Immediate in Its Direct Linearity), Palgojodo (Ancestry Records to the Family’s 8th Grandfather), Seonwon gyebo giryak (Geneological Table of the Royal Clan of the Joseon Dynasty), Seonwon sokbo (Succeeding Descriptions of Royal Origins), and the chapter titled “The Great King” in Donnyeong bocheop. In noble Joseon families, genealogies were compiled to reveal their bloodline and prove the status of their family, but some of the genealogical documents of royal origins were compiled for the added purpose of investigating royal relatives. The genealogical documents of royal origins which recorded the bloodline of the royal family during the Joseon period are Eocheop, Palgojodo, Seonwon gyebo giryak, and Seonwon sokbo. Eocheop resembles a family record of the noble family. It lists all the generations starting from Yi Han, the direct founder of the Joseon royal family, through Yi Yangmu, the direct 17th generation descendant, and his son Mokjo, who was made king after his death, to Sunjong, the last of the Joseon kings. Eocheop stated the names and official positions from the founder to Yi Yangmu and the honorary names of the late kings and queens, the names of sons and daughters (both legitimate and illegitimate princes and princesses), and the conferred names since Mokjo. In the case of princesses, the names of their husbands, royal sons-in-law, and their official positions were also described. Eocheop briefly described the main family mem- bers: the king, queen, and their children. Some documents have the same publi- cation system but bear different names: Joseon gukbo, which was most likely published at the beginning of King Sukjong’s reign, Gukjo eocheop (or Gukjobocheop), Seonwon segye, and Seonwon segyerok, which had been copied since 1681, the 7th year of King Sukjong. Palgojodo aimed to reveal one’s lineage with precision. It revealed the bloodline and succeeding lineage of the king and described lineally the extended family to the husband and wife’s 4th node of grandparents. In the case of an adopted son, his adoptive and real parents were described together. It is remark- able that Palgojodo revealed the lineage of the king himself and also showed the succession to the throne. During the Joseon dynasty, the rule was for the legiti- mate first son to succeed to the throne. However, there were some exceptions to this rule: Occasionally, a second or third son of a wife other than the queen, an Royal Genealogical Records of the Joseon Royal Family 143 illegitimate son, or an adopted son became king.2 Compiling Palgojodo was problematic for an illegitimate son or an adopted son. In the case of an adopted son, there were two Palgojodo: one described the king’s real parents and the other described his adoptive parents. In the case of an illegitimate son, two Palgojodo were compiled: one that described the real mother and another that described the queen as the mother. Describing the real mother revealed the lineage but describing the queen as the mother did not entail the concept of an adoptive mother but simply revealed succession to the throne. Seonwon gyebo giryak was the first genealogical document published in 1679, the 5th year of King Sukjong. This genealogy is composed of an exclusive description of the king’s immediate family in its direct linearity, of ancestry records to the 8th grandfather, and of clan registers of previous kings. It was sup- plemented over a hundred times.3 At first, only the lineages of King Jungjong and kings who reigned afterwards were included, but all the lineages of King Figure 1 Joseon gukbo Figure 2 Palgojodo of King Injo the Great 2. Kings Jeongjong, Taejong, Sejong, Sejo, Jungjong, and Myeongjong are examples of sons born to the queen but were not the first born. Examples of illegitimate sons include kings Seonjo, Wonjong, Gyeogjong, and Yeongjo. Kings Seongjong, Jeongjo, Cheoljong, and Gojong are examples of adopted sons . 3. According to its general introduction, Seonwongyebogiryak was first published in 1679 and 114 revised editions were subsequently published. In reality, there were fewer publications. 144 The Review of Korean Studies Taejo and those kings who reigned afterwards were added beginning in 1760, the 36th year of King Yeongjo. Also, the lineages of kings enthroned after their deaths such as kings Mokjo, Ikjo, Dojo, and Hwanjo were compiled beginning in 1872, the 9th year of King Gojong. This genealogy contains only blood relatives of successive kings: up to the 5th generation in the case of blood relatives with the same family name as the king, and up to grandsons in the case of the king’s daughter’s sons. The generations included were restricted to the king’s blood relatives by King Yeongjo. Seonwon gyebo giryak was based on Seonwonboryak, written by Yi Kan, the second son of Inheunggun, who was the twelfth son of King Seonjo. Therefore, the genealo- gy begins with the lineage during the reign of King Jungjong, but the genealogy of King Seonjo is more precise. Though the genealogy of King Jungjong con- tains descendants with the same family name up to the 4th generation and grand- children by daughters up to the 2nd generation, the genealogy of King Seonjo is not restricted by a set number of generations. While Seonwon gyebo giryak con- tinued to be published, only the genealogy of King Seonjo continued to be updated. As a result, it increased to seven volumes. Indicating that Seonwon gyebo giryak was not a genealogy of a private family, King Yeongjo restricted the generations to blood relatives of the kings. Also, since he thought it proper to have all genealogies of successive kings in Seonwon gyebo giryak, King Yeongjo had all the genealogies included (Won 2007). Seonwon sokbo is a comprehensive assembly of all royal records of the same family name, which was first published in 1867, the 4th year of King Gojong. It is not a genealogy of successive kings like Seonwon gyebo giryak and Seonwonnok. It is composed of a preface, which is a single volume, and of numerous volumes dealing with the genealogy of 101 successive princes includ- ing the sons of kings Mokjo, Ikjo, Dojo, and Hwanjo. Each prince became a first ancestor branching further down to create smaller genealogical divisions. The total number of books of Seonwon sokbo published in 1867 is 331 books.4 In 1899, the 3rd year of Gwangmu, there were discussions to restart the pub- lishing of Seonwon sokbo. As a result, it came out again in 1900 and 1902. Errors were corrected and descendants who had previously been omitted were added. In addition, two kinds of indirect and collateral lineages of the royal fam- 4. Out of the 101 genealogies of princes, two that were published in 1867 are housed at Jangseogak. Royal Genealogical Records of the Joseon Royal Family 145 ily were also published as Seonwon hapbo. While the 1867 Seonwon sokbo is a comprehensive assembly of all royal records of the same family name, Seonwon sokbo republished in 1900 and 1902 are that of the Jeonju Yi family. The repub- lished Seonwon sokbo are composed of a book of the lineage of royal origins and 458 books of the lineages of 115 different divisions (Seonwon sokbo moknok). Of the 115 divisions, 113 of them are lineages of princes, and the other two divisions are collateral lineages of the royal family. Both lineages are sijung- gongpa (small genealogical division of an ancestor who once was a Goryeo prime minister)5 and pyeongjangsapa (small genealogical division of an ancestor who once was a Goryeo high official).6 There are two other records, Seonwonnok and Donnyeong bocheop, which do not aim to reveal and record the bloodline of the royal family but whose pur- pose it was to be used as evidence for claiming either a title given to a king’s rel- ative or a title given to a royal relative of the queen’s family or the family of the Crown Prince’s wife, or for serving in a special army which ensured that royal descendants were treated with respect.
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