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Germany VET in Europe – Country Report 2014 KRISTINA ALICE HENSEN-REIFGENS | UTE HIPPACH-SCHNEIDER Germany VET in Europe – Country report 2014 Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training Robert-Schuman-Platz 3 ISBN 978-3-945981-01-6 53175 Bonn Phone: (02 28) 1 07-0 Fax: (02 28) 1 07-29 76 / 77 Web: www.bibb.de Email: [email protected] KRISTINA ALICE HENSEN-REIFGENS | UTE HIPPACH-SCHNEIDER Germany VET in Europe – Country report 2014 „This report is based on a common structure defned by Cedefop (European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training) for the purpose of its ReferNet Country reports. The content has not yet been approved by Cedefop.” Bibliographic information from the German National Library The German National Library lists this publication in the German National Bibliography; detailed bibliographic data are accessible on the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de. © by Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training, Bonn This work is licensed under the Creative Commons License Attribution-NonCommercial- Publisher: NoDerivs 4.0 Germany (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training, Bonn Internet: www.bibb.de Copies and dissemination are permitted provided the author and title Authors: Kristina Alice Hensen-Reifgens, Ute Hippach-Schneider, are acknowledged. Any changes or revisions as well as commercial use Division 1.1 Basic Issues of Internationalisation/ are prohibited. Monitoring of VET Systems Publication Management: Divison 1.4 For further information please visit our Creative-Commons-Infopage at Layout & Cover: CD Werbeagentur, Troisdorf www.bibb.de/cc-lizenz. Printing: W. Bertelsmann Verlag, GmbH & Co. KG This online pulication is registered and archived at the German National Distribution: Library. Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training Division 1.4 – Publication Management/Library – Publications – Robert-Schuman-Platz 3 D-53175 Bonn Fax: 02 28/1 07-29 67 E-Mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-3-945981-01-6 Catalogue No.: 09.237 Printed in Germany 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. External factors influencing VET ................................................................ 5 1.1 Population statistics ...................................................................................... 5 1.2 Economy and labour market ............................................................................. 6 1.3 Educational Attainment ................................................................................. 6 2. Providing vocational education and training in a lifelong learning perspective .............................................................................................. 8 2.1 Diagram of the national education and training system ............................................... 8 2.2 Government-regulated VET provision .................................................................. 9 2.2.1 Role of the central government. 9 2.2.2 Role of the regional government ........................................................................ 9 2.2.3 Role of the social partners ............................................................................... 9 2.2.4 Education and training providers ....................................................................... 10 2.2.5 Teachers and trainers .................................................................................... 18 2.3 Other forms of training .................................................................................. 18 2.3.1 Training providers, typical programmes and target groups ........................................... 19 2.3.2 Funding mechanisms .................................................................................... 20 2.3.3 Quality assurance mechanisms .......................................................................... 20 2.3.4 Teachers and trainers .................................................................................... 21 3. Shaping VET qualifications ........................................................................ 22 3.1 Development of standards ............................................................................... 22 3.2 Shared responsibilities ................................................................................... 22 3.3 Examination .............................................................................................. 24 3.4 Anticipation of future skill needs. 24 3.5 German Qualifications Framework – DQR (Deutscher Qualifikationsrahmen) ...................... 25 4. Promoting participation in vocational education and training ..................... 27 4.1 IVET ....................................................................................................... 27 4.2 CVET ...................................................................................................... 30 4.3 Training for the Unemployed ............................................................................ 31 4.4 Guidance and counselling ............................................................................... 31 5. Authors, sources, bibliography, acronyms and abbreviations ....................... 34 5.1 Authors. 34 5.2 Sources, references and websites ........................................................................ 34 5.3 List of acronyms .......................................................................................... 40 Annex A: Tables .................................................................................................... 42 Annex B: Diagrams ............................................................................................... 56 Annex C: Further explanations ............................................................................... 59 Annex D: Laws and regulations .............................................................................. 61 4 LIST OF DIAGRAMS Diagram A: The German education and training system .................................................................................................... 8 Diagram B: Participation rates in occupationally related continuing training by employment status 2007 and 2012 (%) ..................................................................................................................................................... 20 Diagram C: Updating procedure of training regulations ..................................................................................................... 23 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: School based IVET at upper secondary level .................................................................................................... 11 Table 2: Students in other youth programmes .................................................................................................................. 11 Table 3: Students enrolled in upper secondary education by programme orientation (values and share of total), 2012 ........................................................................................................................... 12 Table 4: Apprenticeship ............................................................................................................................................................. 13 Table 5: Students in VET at post-secondary (non tertiary level) ............................................................................... 14 Table 6: Students enrolled in post-secondary non tertiary education by programme orientation (values and share of total), 2012 ........................................................................................................................... 15 Table 7: Students in VET at tertiary level ........................................................................................................................... 17 Table 8: Students at ISCED level 5 by programme destination (values and share of total) and at ISCED 6, 2012 .......................................................................................................................................................... 17 Table 9: Types of teachers and trainers in the German VET system ......................................................................... 18 Table 10: CVET teachers and trainers .................................................................................................................................... 21 Table 11: Financing of vocational training ........................................................................................................................... 27 5 1. EXTERNAL FACTORS INFLUENCING VET Germany is a republic and a democracy; it is a federal people aged under 20, 61% were aged between 20 and state based on the rule of constitutional law and social 65 and 20% were 65 or older. By 2060, as many as one in justice. Berlin is both the country’s capital city and the three (34%) will be at least 65 and there will be twice as seat of government. During its founding phase, the fed- many 70 year-olds than children born.2 eral republic of Germany chose to adopt a social market economy, combining free enterprise within a competitive The age group of those aged between 17 and 25 will economy with social progress. shrink by around a ffth by 2030, and a change in the ed- ucational decisions made by young people will also take Germany comprises 16 Länder. There is a distinct cooper- place. This trend will lead to higher school qualifcations, ative federalism within the State sector, both horizontally and higher education reforms will increase the attrac- between the Länder and between the Länder
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