DOCSLIB.ORG

De Novo Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of Three Red Algal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
De Novo Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of Three Red Algal Acta Oceanol. Sin., 2014, Vol. 33, No. 2, P. 45–53 DOI: 10.1007/s13131-014-0440-7 http://www.hyxb.org.cn E-mail: [email protected] De novo sequencing and comparative analysis of three red algal species of Family Solieriaceae to discover putative genes associated with carrageenan biosysthesis SONG Lipu1,3,4†, WU Shuangxiu1,3†, SUN Jing1,3,4†, WANG Liang1,3,4, LIU Tao2, CHI Shan2, LIU Cui2, LI Xingang1,3, YIN Jinlong1, WANG Xumin1,3*, YU Jun1,3* 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Key Laboratory of Genome and Precision Medicine Technologies, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 2 College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China 3 Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Genomics for Dao-di Herbs, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 4 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Received 25 March 2013; accepted 22 July 2013 ©The Chinese Society of Oceanography and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Abstract Betaphycus gelatinus, Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum of Family Solieriaceae, Order Gi- gartinales, Class Rhodophyceae are three important carrageenan-producing red algal species, which pro- duce different types of carrageenans, beta (β)-carrageenan, kappa (κ)-carrageenan and iota (ι)-carrageenan. So far the carrageenan biosynthesis pathway is not fully understood and few information is about the So- lieriaceae genome and transcriptome sequence. Here, we performed the de novo transcriptome sequencing, assembly, functional annotation and comparative analysis of these three commercial-valuable species using an Illumina short-sequencing platform Hiseq 2000 and bioinformatic software. Furthermore, we compared the different expression of some unigenes involved in some pathways relevant to carrageenan biosynthe- sis. We finally found 861 different expressed KEGG orthologs which contained a glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway (21 orthologs), carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms (16 orthologs), galactose metabolism (5 orthologs), and fructose and mannose metabolism (9 orthologs) which are parts of the carbohydrate me- tabolism. We also found 8 different expressed KEGG orthologs for sulfur metabolism which might be impor- tantly related to biosynthesis of different types of carrageenans. The results presented in this study provided valuable resources for functional genomics annotation and investigation of mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of carrageenan in Family Solieriaceae. Key words: Betaphycus gelatinus, Kappaphycus alvarezii, Eucheuma denticulatum, Solieriaceae, de novo transcriptome sequencing, carrageenan Citation: Song Lipu, Wu Shuangxiu, Sun Jing, Wang Liang, Liu Tao, Chi Shan, Liu Cui, Li Xingang, Yin Jinlong, Wang Xumin, Yu Jun. 2014. De novo sequencing and comparative analysis of three red algal species of Family Solieriaceae to discover putative genes as- sociated with carrageenan biosysthesis. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 33(2): 45–53, doi: 10.1007/s13131-014-0440-7 1 Introduction ducing species which produce different types of carrageenans Solieriaceae is a red algal family in Order Gigartinales of (Lobban and Harrison, 1994), i.e., beta (β)-carrageenan, kappa Class Rhodophyceae. In this family, there are many valuable (κ)-carrageenan and iota (ι)-carrageenan, which are different in species which generally have multiaxial thalli and often in- their chemical structures and properties, and are mainly pro- habite the warm seas, including Betaphycus gelatinus, Kappa- duced by B. gelatinus, K. alvarezii and E. denticulatum, respec- phycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum. B. gelatinus is tively (Rudolph, 2000) . most abundant in about one meter below the low tide region Carrageenans are sulfated galactans clustering in cell walls under cultivation in the Qionghai and Wenchang districts of of numerous red seaweeds, which are especially rich in some the Hainan Province, China (Tseng et al., 1981). K. alvarezii is species such as B. gelatinus, K. alvarezii and E. denticulatum often cultivated in the upper part of the sublittoral zone, from (Cole and Sheath, 1990). In the food industry, carrageenans are just below the low tide line to rocky substrates where water widely utilized due to their excellent physical properties, such flow is slow to moderate. E. denticulatum is produced in large as thickening, gelling and stabilizing abilities (McHugh, 2003). quantity in Taiwan and is known in China as Qilincai (mean- They are also used in various non-food products, such as phar- ing unicorn vegetable), a rather common algal food in China. maceutical, cosmetics, printing and textile formulations (Ime- These three species are the most significant carrageenan-pro- son, 2000). Carrageenans are linear units of D-galactose resi- Foundation item: The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 31140070, 31271397 and 41206116; the algal transcrip- tome sequencing was supported by 1KP Project (www.onekp.com). *Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] †Contributed equally. 46 SONG Lipu et al. Acta Oceanol. Sin., 2014, Vol. 33, No. 2, P. 45–53 dues composed of alternating 3-linked β-D-galactopyranose those on gene structure and expression profiling, were carried and 4-linked α-D-galactopyranose or 4-linked 3,6-anhydroga- out not only on model species (Mortazavi et al., 2008; Nagalak- lactose (Gordon-Mills et al., 1978). Sulfated galactans are clas- shmi et al., 2008), but also on non-model organisms from de sified according to the presence of the 3,6-anhydro-bridge on novo analysis (Wang et al., 2010; Yuan et al., 2012), leading to a the 4-linked-galactose residue and the position and number of dramatic acceleration in gene discovery, especially for the genes sulfate groups (Fig. 1), which influences the physical properties having low expression levels which were ignored by tradition- of carrageenans (Chiovitti et al., 1995; Gordon-Mills et al., 1978; al method (Barrero et al., 2011; Garg et al., 2011), and rapidly van de Velde et al., 2002). broadening our knowledge on gene regulations and networks Carrageenans from Family Solieriaceae have attracted con- in metabolism. Hence we can study the organisms without the siderable attention because of the economically important reference genome information at the genome-wide level by the genera Eucheuma and Kappaphycus, of which algal species are cost-effective RNA-seq method. the main resources for the production of ι- and κ-carrageenans In this article, we, for the first time, performed the de novo (Doty, 1988; Santos, 1989). Moreover, B. gelatinus, previously transcriptome sequencing, assembly, functional annotation known as Eucheuma gelatinae, produces a hybrid of carrageen- and compararive analysis of the three most significant car- ans with significant β-carrageenan character (Greer and Yaphe, rageenan-producing species, B. gelatinus, K. alvarezii and E. 1984; Santos, 1989). However, carrageenans have very hetero- denticulatum of Family Solieriaceae collected from the Hainan geneous chemical structures, depending on the algal source, Province, using an Illumina short-sequencing platform Hiseq life stage, and extraction procedure (Cole and Sheath, 1990; 2000 and bioinformatic software. Furthermore, we used the se- Usov, 1998). Although the carrageenan biosynthesis pathway quencing reads to map back to the assembly result to get the is not fully understood, it is usually accepted that the last step expression profile by software RSEM (Li and Dewey, 2011) and consists of the formation of a 3,6-anhydro ring found in κ- and compared the differences of some unigenes possibly involved ι-carrageenans through the enzymatic conversion of D-galac- in some pathways relevant to carrageenan biosynthesis. The tose-6-sulfate or D-galactose-2,6-disulfate occurring in μ- and assembled and annotated transcriptomic sequences provided ν-carrageenan, respectively (van de Velde et al., 2002). Accord- comprehensive genomic resources for further gene identifica- ing to the information above the structures of carrageenans, tion, characterization and metabolic studies of the carrageen- β-carrageenan, κ-carrageenan and ι-carrageenan have different an-producing species or relative species of Family Solieriaceae percentages of sulfate. However, so far, there is no report on the and even other red algae. gene characteristics related to the carrageenan biosynthesis on the molecular level. 2 Materials and methods Over the past several years, the next generation sequencing technology has been widely used for transcriptome analysis 2.1 Algal sample collection because it has evolved to be more cost-effective, have high- Branches of the algal samples of B. gelatinus, K. alvarezii throughput and is deep depth. By using this technology, the and E. denticulatum were collected from the Hainan Province genome-wide transcriptome studies (RNA-seq), including (19°27′59″N, 108°52′59″E; 18°24′30″N, 110°03′43″E; 18°24′30″N, ab n B. gelatinus β-carrageenan n K. alvarezii κ-carrageenan n E. denticulatum ι-carrageenan Fig.1. Photos of B. gelatinus, K. alvarezii and E. denticulatum (a) and the structures of three different carrageenans (b). SONG Lipu et al. Acta Oceanol. Sin., 2014, Vol. 33, No. 2, P. 45–53 47 110°03′43″E) in China in February 2012, March 2011 and Oc- Groups (COG) classification was performed against COG data- tober 2010, respectively. The algal sample, B. gelatinus, was base (Tatusov et
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Is the Red Alga Meristotheca Papulosa Annual? -Monitoring Of
    Aquacult. Sci. 67（1），49－56（2019） Is the red alga Meristotheca papulosa annual? - Monitoring of tagged thalli at Banda, Tateyama, Central Pacific coast of Japan- 1,＊ 1, 2 1 1 Boryuan CHEN , Shingo AKITA , Akito UEHARA and Daisuke FUJITA Abstract: Meristotheca papulosa is a commercially important red alga used for human consumption. It has been reported as an annual species in Kagoshima Prefecture but has been suggested to be perennial in Kochi Prefecture. In the present study, thalli were indirectly monitored at Banda, Chiba Prefecture. A caged culture and feeding test recording were also conducted. Among the nine thalli tagged in March or April 2016, three survived the winter but disappeared in July 2017. After reaching a maximum length in May, the thallus size decreased from June to November 2016. However, the thalli began to regrow in December 2016. Bite marks were common on the thalli; appearance of herbivorous fishes was recorded by the interval camera. An in-situ culture was conducted by transplanting six thalli each inside and outside of a cage from March to October 2016. After reaching the maximum weight in June, thalli located outside of the cage disappeared in July, but those located inside of the cage survived until September. Aplysia parvula, which was able to intrude the cage, were noted to be influential grazers on the thalli. These results suggest that M. papulosa is perennial but its longevity is affected by wave action and grazing. Key words: Meristotheca papulosa; Perennial; Caging; Grazer were Kagoshima Prefecture in Kyushu (250 to Introduction 300 tons/year) and Izu Islands on the central Pacific coast of Japan (200 to 300 tons/year) Meristotheca papulosa (Montagne) J.
    [Show full text]
  • SEAWEED in the TROPICAL SEASCAPE Stina Tano
    SEAWEED IN THE TROPICAL SEASCAPE Stina Tano Seaweed in the tropical seascape Importance, problems and potential Stina Tano ©Stina Tano, Stockholm University 2016 Cover photo: Eucheuma denticulatum and Ulva sp. All photos in the thesis by the author. ISBN 978-91-7649-396-0 Printed in Sweden by Holmbergs, Malmö 2016 Distributor: Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Science To Johan I may not have gone where I intended to go, but I think I have ended up where I intended to be. Douglas Adams ABSTRACT The increasing demand for seaweed extracts has led to the introduction of non-native seaweeds for farming purposes in many tropical regions. Such intentional introductions can lead to spread of non-native seaweeds from farming areas, which can become established in and alter the dynamics of the recipient ecosystems. While tropical seaweeds are of great interest for aquaculture, and have received much attention as pests in the coral reef literature, little is known about the problems and potential of natural populations, or the role of natural seaweed beds in the tropical seascape. This thesis aims to investigate the spread of non-native genetic strains of the tropical macroalga Eucheuma denticulatum, which have been intentionally introduced for seaweed farming purposes in East Africa, and to evaluate the state of the genetically distinct but morphologically similar native populations. Additionally it aims to investigate the ecological role of seaweed beds in terms of the habitat utilization by fish and mobile invertebrate epifauna. The thesis also aims to evaluate the potential of native populations of eucheumoid seaweeds in regard to seaweed farming.
    [Show full text]
  • Economically Important Seaweeds of Kerala Coast, India – a Review S
    32147 S.K.Yadav et al./ Elixir Biosciences 82 (2015) 32147-32153 Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) Biosciences Elixir Biosciences 82 (2015) 32147-32153 Economically Important Seaweeds of Kerala coast, India – A Review S. K.Yadav, M. Palanisamy* and G. V. S. Murthy Botanical Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, TNAU Campus, Coimbatore – 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Seaweeds are the potential marine living resources in the world. More than 20,000 Received: 21 February 2015; seaweeds are distributed throughout the world, of which only 221 (1.1%) are commercially Received in revised form: utilized, which includes 145 species for food and 110 species for phycocolloid production 19 April 2015; (Sahoo, 2000). During September 2011 to March 2013, extensive field surveys were Accepted: 30 April 2015; conducted to Kerala coast and a total of 137 species of seaweed were recorded. Based on the review of available literature, totally 42 species were found economically important. Of Keywords these, 29 species are edible for humans, 24 species are suitable for industrial sector to Seaweeds, Diversity, extract the phycocolloides (agar-agar, agaroids, algin, carageenans etc.), 14 species used as Economic, Kerala, fodder for domestic animals, 11 species for the production of manures in the form of Agar-agar. Seaweeds Liquid Fertilizers (SLF) and 7 species suitable for various medicinal purposes. The red seaweeds are dominant with 19 species, followed by green seaweeds with 14 species and brown seaweeds with 9 species. The rich diversity and luxuriant growth of seaweeds were recorded at Mullur Kadalapuram, Vizhinjam, Kovalam, Varkala, Edava, Thangassery, Thirumullavaram, Baypore, Thikkodi, Mahe, Ezhimala Manjeshwar and Hosabettu coasts.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Algae and Aquatic Macrophytes As Feed in Small-Scale Aquaculture a Review Use of Algae and Aquatic Macrophytes As Feed in Small-Scale Aquaculture – a Review
    FAO ISSN 2070-7010 FISHERIES AND 531 AQUACULTURE TECHNICAL PAPER 531 Use of algae and aquatic macrophytes as feed in small-scale aquaculture A review Use of algae and aquatic macrophytes as feed in small-scale aquaculture – A review While the contribution of small-scale aquaculture (SSA) to rural development is generally recognized, until now there has been no systematic assessment to clearly measures its contribution. The FAO Expert Workshop on Methods and Indicators for Evaluating the Contribution of Small-scale Aquaculture to Sustainable Rural Development held in Nha Trang, Viet Nam, from 24 to 28 November 2009, attempted to develop an indicator system to measure the contribution of SSA. The workshop used a number of processes and steps in the developping the indicator system, including: (i) understanding the subject of measurements; (ii) identifying an analytical framework and ratting criteria (iii) developing a list of SSA contributions; (iv) categorizing the contributions; (v) devising and organizing the indicators of contribution; and (vi) measuring the indicators. The major outcome was the development, through an iterative process, of an indicator system which can provide a good measure of the contribution of SSA based on agreed criteria (accuracy, measurability and efficiency) and the sustainable livelihood approach analytical framework which consists of five capital assets (human, financial, physical, social and natural) and can be used for various livelihoods options. F AO Cover photographs: Left: Woman collecting water chestnut fruits from a floodplain, Rangpur, Bangladesh (courtesy of Mohammad R. Hasan). Right top to bottom: Sale of water spinach leaves, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam (courtesy of William Leschen).
    [Show full text]
  • Sweet and Sour Sugars from the Sea: the Biosynthesis and Remodeling of Sulfated Cell Wall Polysaccharides from Marine Macroalgae
    Sweet and sour sugars from the sea: the biosynthesis and remodeling of sulfated cell wall polysaccharides from marine macroalgae Elizabeth Ficko-Blean, Cécile Hervé, Gurvan Michel To cite this version: Elizabeth Ficko-Blean, Cécile Hervé, Gurvan Michel. Sweet and sour sugars from the sea: the biosyn- thesis and remodeling of sulfated cell wall polysaccharides from marine macroalgae. Perspectives in Phycology, 2015, 2 (1), pp.51 - 64. 10.1127/pip/2015/0028. hal-01597738 HAL Id: hal-01597738 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01597738 Submitted on 26 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Perspectives in Phycology, Vol. 2 (2015), Issue 1, p. 51-64 Open Access Article Stuttgart, May 2015 Sweet and sour sugars from the sea: the biosynthesis and remodeling of sulfated cell wall polysaccharides from marine macroalgae Elizabeth Ficko-Blean1, Cecile Hervé1 & Gurvan Michel1* 1 Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, 29688, Roscoff cedex, Bretagne, France * Corresponding author: [email protected] With 7 figures and 1 table in the text and 1 table as electronic supplement Abstract: The cell walls of green, red and brown seaweeds are dominated by the presence of sulfated polysaccharides.
    [Show full text]
  • Eucheuma Denticulatum (Rhodophyceae) Cultivated on Horizontal Net 1Ma’Ruf Kasim, 1Abdul M
    The diversity and species composition of epiphytes on Eucheuma denticulatum (Rhodophyceae) cultivated on horizontal net 1Ma’ruf Kasim, 1Abdul M. Balubi, 1Hamsia, 1Sarini Y. Abadi, 2Wardha Jalil 1 Faculty of fisheries and Marine Sciences, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia; 2 Faculty of Fisheries, Dayanu Iksanuddin University, Betoambari, Kota Baubau, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Corresponding author: M. Kasim, [email protected] Abstract. Eucheuma denticulatum is one of the species of seaweed cultivated in Indonesia. On its development, there were problems regarding epiphytes attaching to the seaweed thallus and cultivation tools. This research aims to analyze the diversity and species composition of the epiphytes attach on thallus of E. denticulatum. The cultivation of E. denticulatum utilizes horizontal net cages in order to avoid herbivorous graze on samples. The epiphyte samples (sized >1 mm) were randomly obtained from the thalli of E. denticulatum. The species composition of the attained epiphyte consisted of 14 species, including 2 species of the Phaeophyceae class, 4 species of the Clorophyceae class, and 8 species of Rhodophyceae. Several species were very dominant on thallus of E. denticulatum, such as Neosiphonia sp., Polysiphonia sp. and Ulva clathrata. The percentage of the presence of Neosiphonia sp. was 57-95%, Polysiphonia sp. ranged from 6 to 19% and U. clathrata was 42%. Water parameter measurement results showed temperatures between 25 and 26ºC, 30-32‰ salinity levels, and a current velocity between 0.0175 and 0.0676 m s-1. The nitrate levels measured were between 0.0142-0.0296 mg L-1 inside the cages. Phosphate levels measured inside the cages was 0.0011-0.0086 mg L-1.
    [Show full text]
  • "Red Algae". In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (ELS)
    Red Algae Introductory article Article Contents Carlos Frederico Deluqui Gurgel, Smithsonian Marine Station, Fort Pierce, . Florida, USA Introduction: Definition and Characterization . Sexual Reproduction University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA Juan Lopez-Bautista, . Vegetative Reproduction . Major Groups Red algae are ancient aquatic plants with simple organization, noteworthy colour . Ecological Importance variation, vast morphological plasticity, challenging taxonomy and most extant species . Economical Importance (about 6000 worldwide) are marine. They include species with complex life cycles, significant ecological importance and extensive economical applications. doi: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0000335 Introduction: Definition and carrageenan. Some taxa present calcium carbonate depos- Characterization its whose crystal state can be found in two forms, either calcite or aragonite. See also: Algal Calcification and Red algae (Rhodophyta) are a widespread group of uni- to Silification; Algal Cell Walls multicellular aquatic photoautotrophic plants. They ex- Red algae are one of the oldest eukaryotic groups in the hibit a broad range of morphologies, simple anatomy and world, with fossil evidence dating back from the late Pre- display a wide array of life cycles. About 98% of the species Cambrian, about 2 billion years ago (Tappan, 1976). The are marine, 2% freshwater and a few rare terrestrial/sub- oldest multicellular eukaryotic fossil record is of a red alga aerial representatives. Planktonic unicellular species have dated 1.8 billion years ago. We also know that red algae simple life cycles characterized by regular binary cell divi- share a single common ancestor with green algae (Chloro- sion. Advanced macroscopic species exhibit the character- phyta) and the land plants (Embryophyta), and these three istic trichogamy, triphasic, haplo-diplobiontic life cycle, groups, together with the Glaucophytes define the current with one haploid (gametophytic) and two diploid (carp- Plant Kingdom (Keeling, 2004).
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Identification and Mass Propagation of Economically Important Seaweeds
    Chapter 11 Genetic Identification and Mass Propagation of Economically Important Seaweeds Wilson Thau Lym Yong, Grace Joy Wei Lie Chin and Kenneth Francis Rodrigues Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/62802 Abstract Seaweeds are a primary source of hydrocolloids, which can be processed into various food additives, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. The inability of current commercial seaweed farming projects to meet industrial demands is underscored by a plethora of challenges, which include the lack of high-quality germplasm with the desired cultural characteristics. This chapter describes the current trends in commercial seaweed production and the potential technological advances in production methods and genetic selection strategies, which can be applied to raise the productivity of seaweed farms. Molecular markers have become increasingly relevant to the selection of a diverse range of wild varieties for domestication, and this augurs well for strain identification. The development of high-density linkage maps based on molecular markers offers an avenue for the implementation of molecular breeding strategies based on quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Concurrently, productivity of existing varieties can be enhanced by the analysis of exogenous factors known to affect the growth and survival of tissue-cultured seedlings. The application of photobioreactors for tissue culture is another important develop‐ ment, which will be digressed upon. In addition to this, quality control which focuses on the comparison of chemical and physical qualities of the tissue-cultured and convention‐ al cultivated seaweeds will become increasingly relevant to the development of industry standards for sustainable seaweed production to fulfill the increasing demands of seaweed-related industries.
    [Show full text]
  • (GISD) 2021. Species Profile Kappaphycus Spp.. Available
    FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Kappaphycus spp. Kappaphycus spp. System: Marine Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Plantae Rhodophyta Florideophiceae Gigartinales Solieriaceae Common name guso (English), agar agar seru laut (English), red alga (English), eucheuman (English), cottonii (English), chilin-t' sai (English), eucheuma (English), kirinsai (English), agar agar pulau (English), agar agar besar (English), algae (English), algues rouges (French), agar-agar (English), agal agal besar (English), brown licorice (English), agal agal (English) Synonym Similar species Kappaphycus alvarezii, Kappaphycus cottonii, Kappaphycus inermis, Kappaphycus interme, Kappaphycus procrusteanum, Kappaphycus striatum Summary Kappaphycus spp. are red algae species that have been introduced in various parts of the world for the purpose of harvesting the gelling agent kappa carrageenan, which is used in industrial gums and as a smoothening agent used in ice cream, toothpaste, jellies, medicines and paint. This species can regrow from fragments as small as 0.5cm making it an extremely difficult species to control. view this species on IUCN Red List Species Description Kappaphycus spp. is a tough, fleshy, firm; algae that can grow up to 2m tall. The thalli are coarse, with axes and branches 1-2cm in diameter and heavy major axes that are relatively straight, but lacking secondary branches near the apices. These algae frequently and irregularly branch with most branches both primary and secondary branches intercalated between primary branches. The algae is shiny green to
    [Show full text]
  • New Records of Two Red Seaweeds from Kerala Coast, India
    Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences Vol. 47 (05), May 2018, pp. 1042-1046 New records of two red seaweeds from Kerala coast, India Yadav, S.K., Palanisamy*, M. & Murthy, G.V.S. Botanical Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, T.N.A.U. Campus, Coimbatore - 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India. *[E-Mail: [email protected]] Received 22 August 2016; revised 13 December 2016 Present paper reports the occurrence of two red seaweeds i.e. Catenella impudica (Mont.) J. Agardh and Meristotheca papulosa (Mont.) J. Agardh (Order Gigartinales) for the first time from Kerala coast. Therefore, these are new additions to the seaweed flora of Kerala. Detailed taxonomic account of these two taxa have been provided for easy identification. [Keywords: Catenella impudica, Meristotheca papulosa, Red seaweeds, New records, Flora, Kerala coast] Introduction and molluscus shells without damaging the specimen. A perusal of literature reveals that the coastline of The collected samples were kept in the plastic zipped Kerala, Fig.1, (8° 18'–12° 48' N latitude and 74° 52'– covers and containers of various sizes. While making 77° 22' E longitude), has been explored sporadically and there is no comprehensive account of the seaweed resources of the state. An annotated list of 34 species of seaweeds from Kerala (including Kanyakumari coast of Tamil Nadu) was published1. The extended distribution of a red seaweed Porphyra kanyakumariensis from Calicut, Kannur, Varkala and Mullur coasts of Kerala was reported2. Later, 52 species of seaweeds, comprising 22 species of Rhodophyceae, 20 species of Chlorophyceae and 10 species of Phaeophyceae was documented3, followed by a taxonomic account of several red seaweeds from Kerala coast4-6.
    [Show full text]
  • Eucheuma Spp
    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Fisheries and for a world without hunger Aquaculture Department Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme Eucheuma spp I. Identity V. Status And Trends a. Biological Features VI. Main Issues II. Profile a. Responsible Aquaculture Practices a. Historical Background VII. References b. Main Producer Countries a. Related Links c. Habitat And Biology III. Production a. Production Cycle b. Production Systems c. Diseases And Control Measures IV. Statistics a. Production Statistics b. Market And Trade Identity Eucheuma spp [Solieriaceae] FAO Names: En - Eucheuma seaweeds nei, Fr - , Es - Biological features Habit variable, thallus sometimes tall and loosely branched with few blunt or pointed determinate branchlets, sometimes densely branched with many coarse spinose branchlets. Branchlets irregularly arranged on main indeterminate branches without forming whorls. Cross-section of branch shows medulla consisting of large rounded cells interspersed with small relatively thick walled cells. Profile Historical background In the 1960s an American seaweed processing company transferred its procurement of raw materials for the production of carrageenan from Indonesia to the Philippines. During its initial operations the company sourced FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department production of carrageenan from Indonesia to the Philippines. During its initial operations the company sourced its supply of raw materials by gathering/collecting the seaweeds from the reefs of islands in the Central Visayas. The unabated gathering of natural stocks resulted to depletion of the stocks towards the later part of the decade. The short supply of dried seaweeds for processing triggered research and development work on the culture of these species, the survey and assessment of coastal areas with potential for seaweed farming, and an inventory of the local varieties of these species for comparative growth studies and assessment of the quality of their colloidal products.
    [Show full text]
  • Meristotheca Procumbens P
    243 MERISTOTHECA PROCUMBENS P. GABRIELSONEf ET KRAFf (GIGARfINALES, SOLIERIACEAE): AN EDffiLE SEAWEED FROM ROTIJMA ISIAND Antoine D.R. N'¥eurt Marine Studies, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji. ABSTRACT The edible Rhodophyte Meristotheca procumbens P. Gabrielson et Kraft (Gigartinales, Solieriaceae), found for the tirsttime outside its type locality of Lord Howe Island, Australia, is described from the island of Rotuma, South Pacific, where it is a favourite food item in the Rotuman diet. It is characterized by a procumbent thallus and stellate cortical cells. It is still unclear why this species docs not occur elsewhere in the southwest Pacific, and possible biogeographic hypotheses are discussed. INTRODUcnON Rotuma Island (120 30' S, 177° 05' E; Fig. 1) is a small volcanic island located about 465 km north of the Fiji group, to which it is politically attached. The only study of the Rotuman algal flora to date is that by the author (N'Yeurt, 1993) who listed some 106 taxa of intertidal and shallow benthic algae. Among these was reported the fleshy, decumbent rhodophyte Meristotheca procumbens P. Gabrielson et Kraft, which was previously known only from its type locality at Lord Howe Island (Gabrielson and Kraft, 1984). The alga is a popular edible seaweed on Rotuma, and is commonly eaten as a gel following boiling in coconut milk. To the author's knowledge however, it has not been reported before as a food item, although other species of Meristotheca are S.PacJ.Nat.Sci., 1995,14:243-250 244 .0 d Fig. 1 30N ..-- ~ :~: .. 16 is / -- ".---- ---- ( ( ( Fig. 2 245 consumed Figure 1: Map of Rotuma Island, with collecting sites.
    [Show full text]