FP119: Water Banking and Adaptation of Agriculture to Climate Change in Northern Gaza
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FP119: Water Banking and Adaptation of Agriculture to Climate Change in Northern Gaza Palestine | AFD | B.24/02 22 October 2019 State of Palestine Palestinian Water Authority SELECTION OF CONSULTING SERVICE FOR COMPLEMENTARY FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR IRRIGATION SCHEME Gender Mainstreaming Baseline Study For Additional Work Related to The Redesign of The Recovery Scheme Contract ID: AFD/C/QCBS/1/2015 Grant N.: AFD-MOP/CPS 1016 Submitted by: Joint Venture ALMADINA-TIMESIS S.r.l. June 2018 0 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 4 2. Water situation in Gaza Strip ...................................................................................................... 4 3. WHY MAINSTREAM GENDER IN WASH IN PALESTINE? .............................................................. 5 4. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................... 6 5. GENDER ROLES ............................................................................................................................ 9 7. Geography of the Study Area .................................................................................................... 11 8. Recovered groundwater and sociality ...................................................................................... 12 8.1 Gender & Recovered water in Palestine ............................................................................. 12 9. Gender Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 13 9.1. Questionnaire Analyses ...................................................................................................... 13 9.1.1. Socio-economic situation ............................................................................................ 13 9.1.2 Current Water Sources for Irrigation............................................................................ 15 9.1.3 Access to Irrigation water ............................................................................................. 15 9.1.3 Payments for irrigation ................................................................................................. 16 10. Control/decision over production crops ......................................................................... 17 10.1 Time spent at household for males and females .............................................................. 18 10. Climate change and agricultural activities .............................................................................. 20 11. Focus Group Discussions Analysis: .......................................................................................... 20 11.1 Dialogue about use of recovered water ........................................................................... 21 12. Meetings .............................................................................................................................. 21 13. Gender Roles ........................................................................................................................... 24 14.1 Drivers of change .............................................................................................................. 27 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 28 References: ................................................................................................................................... 29 1 List of Figures FIGURE (1) GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND RESPONDENTS’ DISTRIBUTION ............................................................. 11 FIGURE (2) FAMILY INCOME SOURCE .......................................................................................................................... 14 FIGURE (3) INCOME FROM AGRICULTURAL CROPS (NIS) ............................................................................................ 14 FIGURE (4) METHODS OF IRRIGATION WATER ............................................................................................................ 15 FIGURE (5) ACCESS TO IRRIGATION WATER ................................................................................................................ 16 FIGURE (6) RESPONSIBILITY OF PAYING FOR THE COST OF IRRIGATION. .................................................................... 16 FIGURE (7): USING RECOVERED WATER FOR IRRIGATION .......................................................................................... 17 FIGURE (8) TIME SPENT IN FARM BY MALES AND FEMALES. ...................................................................................... 18 FIGURE (8) EDUCATION LEVEL ..................................................................................................................................... 19 FIGURE (9) AGE OF THE PARTICIPANTS. ...................................................................................................................... 19 List of Tables TABLE (1) CONTROL/DECISION OVER PRODUCTION CORPS 17 TABLE (2) FOCUS GROUPS MEETINGS 20 2 Abbreviations 5DE Five Domains of Empowerment BZU Birzeit University GCF Green Climate Fund PWA Palestinian Water Authority PwDs People with Disabilities NGEST North Gaza Emergency Sewage Treatment SAAD Sex and Age Disaggregated Data WASH Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene 3 Gender Baseline Study 1. Introduction This Gender Analysis Report aims to assess the implications of this project’s planned activities in order to identify vulnerabilities or disadvantages of women that the project is in a position to improve. By utilizing the baseline survey and other data, this report seeks to determine how the project can respond to the needs of women and men in view of the specific climate change issue to be addressed. Gender analysis in the study refers to different roles, rights, and responsibilities of men and women and the relations between them. Gender does not simply refer to women or men, but to the way their qualities, behaviors, and identities are determined through the process of socialization. The different positions of women and men are influenced by historical, religious, economic and cultural realities. Gender relations are often dictated by unequal power dynamics that assign particular roles, determine access to decision-making and access to and control over resources. Part of this Gender Analysis Report, therefore, is to understand the inequalities between women and men that influence how individuals manage water resources. Women in the project area seem to be the guardians of and main users of water while men are the providers and managers of water resources. Understanding gender roles, relations, and inequalities can help to explain the choices male and female make, their options, and how best to foster greater social equity. 2. Water situation in Gaza Strip In Gaza Strip, 93% of households are connected to the domestic water network, which is not suitable for drinking or cooking (96.4% of water resources in Gaza are contaminated). Drinking water is obtained mainly from private vendors who drive it directly to homes. In some areas children are in charge of getting water from the closest desalination plant or filling “SABEEL” point (which is free of charge). In some Bedouin communities, women bring drinking water on a donkey-driven car. Less than 60% of households are connected to a wastewater network. The best situation is in the northern governorate where 87.4% HH are connected to wastewater networks1. The population in the Gaza Strip receives just 5-8 hours of water supply every 3 days2. 1 Wash assessment at household’s level in Gaza strip (UNICEF, GVC, and PHG 2016) 2 Un -Women and GVC. 2016. “Gender & Wash tool Kits for Palestine”. 4 3. WHY MAINSTREAM GENDER IN WASH IN PALESTINE? A gender approach to water and sanitation services aims to ensure that all people benefit from and are empowered by improved water and sanitation services that take into consideration different needs, gender roles and safety, and different barriers to access to meaningful participations for both males and females. The importance of involving both women and men in the management of water has been recognized at the global level as not only intrinsically desirable but also practically beneficial – involving women in water projects increases project effectiveness and long-term sustainability. Use of water is one of the major challenges in overcoming gender inequalities. Inadequate access to safe, hygienic and private sanitation facilities is a source of shame, physical discomfort and insecurity for millions of women across the world3. Access to use of recovered water for irrigation is also inequitable, the issue we work on in this study. Ensuring women participation is quite challenging in the specific context of Palestine. Often gender blindness and/or the lack of capacity of WASH actors to ensure women participation is wrongly attributed to “cultural restrictions and norms” and results in a lack of gender equity in WASH and recovered water services. 3 Un -Women and GVC. 2016. “Gender & Wash tool Kits for Palestine”. 5 4. LITERATURE REVIEW There is a scarcity of studies on gender mainstreaming in the WASH sector, especially for treated wastewater in Palestine. To gather information, the WASH cluster in UNDP, Women Institute Studies in BZU,