Testing the ESP Claims of SORRAT
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Testing the ESP Claims of SORRAT The Society for Research in Rapport and Telekinesis (SORRAT) claims to be in contact with spirit "entities" that can divine the order of sealed decks of cards. A test was designed using a sealed deck of ESP cards and carried out after the protocol was approved. Here are the results. RICHARD WISEMAN, JOHN BELOFF, and ROBERT L. MORRIS he Society for Research in Rapport and Telekinesis (SORRAT) claims to be in touch with spirit "enti- Tties" that produce a vast range of paranormal phe- nomena including rapping, table levitation, apports (the appearance of objects through objects), and the movement of objects inside carefully sealed containers or "minilabs." This Missouri-based group was founded in the 1960s by John Neihardt, a respected academic and authority on the Plains Indians. After Niehardt's death in 1973, the leader- ship of the group was taken over by Tom Richards and Alice Thompson (John Neihardt's daughter). In 1977, William Cox, a well-known parapsychologist (since deceased), moved to Missouri to study tiie SORRAT phenomena and has done much to publicize its activities (see, e.g., Cox 1983). A few years ago Cox contacted us and claimed that the entities had developed a new skill, and were now able to divine the order of sealed decks of ESP cards (twenty-five playing cards widi either a square, cross, star, SKEPTICAL INQUIRER September/October 1996 45 circle or lines on their faces) with almost one hundred percent small dark spots of different shapes and sizes, which fell to dif- accuracy. Cox explained that he simply placed the decks into ferent depths in the resin. The exact position and diameter of the cellar of a home of a well-known SORRAT member, and these dots were recorded such that it would have been very dif- the entities were able to write the order of the cards in the deck ficult to duplicate. The encapsulated deck was then placed on a piece of paper. Cox asked us if we would like to send him inside a second tamper-evident envelope. a sealed deck and test the entities' abilities. Such an investiga- We realized that if the returned deck showed signs of dam- tion appeared worthwhile because although SORRAT has age or tampering, it may be difficult to decide if this would generated much anecdotal evidence of ostensible psi phenom- constitute evidence of cheating, damage in transit, or opening ena (see, e.g., Richards 1982), the group has rarely been sub- by another individual (e.g., a customs official). This was an jected to controlled testing (but see Phillips and McBeath important consideration, as Cox (1986) has claimed that pos- 1982; Hansen and Broughton 1991; and Stillings 1991). For sible signs of tampering on a similar package used in a previ- this reason we decided to carry out the following test. ous test (see Hansen and Broughton 1991) may have been Our experiment involved sealing a shuffled deck of ESP caused by a dishonest postal employee, possibly looking for cards and sending them to Cox, from Britain to Missouri. Cox jewelry. To minimize this possibility, a strip of paper was would ask the entities to divine the order of the cards in the placed around the package. This explained that the package sealed deck. He would then return to us this card order listed was part of a parapsychology experiment and asked individu- on a piece of paper, along with the scaled deck. The actual als not to open the package. In addition, the labels carried our order of the cards would then be compared with the order dis- addresses and that of William Cox, noting that more informa- cerned by the entities. To be successful, the entities must score tion about the experiment could be obtained from either of at least fifteen out of twenty-five possible hits. This was well these sources. Cox was asked to replace this strip of paper within the range of the claim (Cox had claimed that many pre- around the parcel when returning it to us. vious trials had obtained twenty-five hits) and clearly above We also thought it important that the entities make their chance. predictions regarding the order of the cards in the deck in a In past tests of this type, claimants who have failed to pro- completely unambiguous way. For this reason, we asked Cox duce ostensible paranormal phenomena have stated fiiat the to have the entities complete a call-sheet consisting of twenty- experimental conditions were not favorable to their psychic five sets of the five ESP symbols, each set corresponding to a abilities. To help prevent such misunderstandings, we asked position in the ESP deck. Cox had to ensure that the entities Cox and Richards to examine our protocol prior to the exper- circled one of the symbols in each set, indicating their call for iment. After a few minor modifications mey wrote back to say the card in that position of the deck. Any missing or ambigu- that the experiment had their approval and that they were ous calls would count as a miss. looking forward to receiving our sealed deck. The test was on. The secured package and call-sheet were dispatched to We thoroughly shuffled a deck of ESP cards, made a list of Cox. A few weeks later Cox informed us that the package had iheir order, and placed this list in a secure location at a uni- arrived and did not appear to have been damaged in transit. versity. Two months later, we received both a completed call-sheet and The ESP cards were then placed inside a commercially a handwritten letter, allegedly from the entities. These docu- available, high-security, "tamper-evident" envelope. This enve- ments had been mailed to another member of SORRAT (res- lope is constructed from polyethylene and cannot be slit and ident of California), who had then kindly forwarded diem to resealed without detection. It is sealed with a special self-adhe- us. The call-sheet contained twenty-five unambiguous calls sive strip that reveals any signs of tampering including (each circled in black ink). The letter read: attempts to peel off the strip, the application of heat or cold, and the use of various solvents. Each envelope carries a per- Friend Richard- manent, and unique, six-digit number to help prevent it from We have tried to rearrange the cards in your packet to approx- being opened and then replaced by a second duplicate, but imate the calls we have marked. We often fail, of course. undamaged, envelope. Shanti-expeditor/Rector/J.K. Next, die sealed envelope was encapsulated in transparent industrial embedding resin. To prevent someone from break- Cox then returned the sealed deck to us. We inspected it for ing up the entire block (e.g., by melting it), and then replac- any signs of damage or tampering. To counter the idea that we ing it with an identical but undamaged block, a number of may have damaged the package while opening it, we carefully drops of chemical dye were placed in the resin. These formed filmed our examination. Both the outer tamper-evident bag and resin block were found to be free from signs of damage. Richard Wiseman is senior research fellow in the Perron- Warrick The actual order of the cards was then compared with the calls Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, allegedly made by the entities. They had obtained only eight Hatfield Herts AL 10 9AB., U.K. John Beloff and Robert L. hits. Morris are at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K., As the entities had claimed also to reorder the cards, it was where Beloff is in the Department of Psychology and Morris holds the Koestler Chair of Parapsychology. SORRAT continued on page 61 4 6 September/October 1996 SKEPTICAL INQUIRER scientists by whether or not one agrees compared a skeptics' conference to a Bern, as well as the Virginia Polytechnic with their conclusions. Star Trek convention without the cos- Institute's Henry Bauer. Bauer says the This came up Saturday morning, tumes (and without the coffee breaks, scientific method is a myth. Bern claims when statistician Jessica Utts and Ray parties, informal late-night sessions, success in replicating the Ganzfeld Hyman went head to head over the public bulletin boards, and participants' experiments (and says in passing that future of parapsychological research. list). But I was reminded of it when an Hyman is the most knowledgeable critic Utts is bright, clear, and easily under- English skeptic told Utts her results were of these studies). Pinch spends his pre- stood, and she thinks it's time for para- due to "an excess of female power." sentation talking about CSICOP, saying psychology to move on from meta- It would be less fair to apply that to that CSICOP has done many good analyses and statistical proofs that psi the Florida-based retired candyman things, but he is unhappy about the case exists and focus on possible mechanisms. from Minnesota next to me on the bus of Jacques Benveniste (of "remembering Which, she asked the audience, is more on Saturday. ("Why did you want to water" notoriety), who he says was a seri- likely to convince you? Which, there- come?" "I have nothing else to do.") ous scientist whose career was destroyed fore, should we research? Ray Hyman. Then there was the graduare student by a "kangaroo court." (Whether that's who reviewed Utts's work, praising it a.s who paid his way to the conference by the case or not, I pointed out to Pinch some of the best work done in parapsy- selling "genuine Big Foot tracks" over that CSICOP was not involved in any chology, ended up agreeing on this poinr the Internet.