Hitit Krallarinin Kült Gezileri

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Hitit Krallarinin Kült Gezileri HİTİT KRALLARININ KÜLT GEZİLERİ Ayinler, Ziyaret Merkezleri, Yollar ve Lokalizasyonla İlgili Yeni Gözlemler Özlem SİR GAVAZ Çorum 2012 Birinci Basım Temmuz-2012 Kapak Tasarım - Dizgi İrfan YİĞİT Basım Yeri TEKOFSET Tekmatsan Matbaacılık Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. Gülabibey Mh. Sancaktar İşmerkezi No: 1/8 ÇORUM Tel: 0364 224 05 05 ISBN 134676131374641 İsteme Adresi Yeniyol Mah. Gazi Cad. Turgut Özal İş Merkezi No:92 ÇORUM 0364 225 08 10 / 1539 2 İÇİNDEKİLER SUNUŞ ...................................................................................... 7 TEŞEKKÜR ............................................................................. 11 GİRİŞ ........................................................................................ 17 HİTİT MERASİMLERİ VE DİNİ YAŞAMDAKİ YERİ ....... 32 AYİNLERİN GERÇEKLEŞTİRİLDİĞİ YAPILAR .............. 53 KÜLT GEZİLERİNİN AMAÇLARI VE İŞLEVLERİ ........... 62 KÜLT GEZİLERİNE KATILANLAR ................................... 67 a) Rahipler ........................................................................... 68 b) Mesleki Gurup ve Kurumların Üyeleri ............................ 69 HİTİT BAYRAM TÖRENLERİNDE HİTİT KRALLARI’NIN KÜLT GEZİLERİ İLE İLGİLİ METİNLER VE YORUMLARI ................................. 73 a) purulliyaš Bayramı ......................................................... 73 b) KI.LAM Bayramı ........................................................... 84 c) AN.TAH.ŠUMSAR Bayramı ............................................ 91 d) nuntarriyašhaš Bayramı ............................................... 101 e) EZEN hewaš: Yağmur Bayramı ................................... 108 f) EZEN tethešnaš: Gök Gürlemesi Bayramı ................... 111 g) EZEN MU (-ti): Yıl Bayramı ....................................... 113 3 HİTİT KÜLT GEZİLERİNDE ZİYARET EDİLEN KENTLERDE KUTSANAN TANRI VE TANRIÇALAR ........................... 115 a) Ankuwa ......................................................................... 116 b) Arinna ........................................................................... 118 c) Karahna ......................................................................... 119 d) Katapa ........................................................................... 120 e) Nerik ............................................................................. 121 f) Tahurpa ......................................................................... 122 g) Tauriša .......................................................................... 122 h) Tawiniya ....................................................................... 123 i) Zippalanda ..................................................................... 123 Şehirlere Göre Tanrı ve Tanrıçaları Gösteren Tablo ........ 125 KÜLT GEZİLERİ SIRASINDA ZİYARET EDİLEN YERLER .............................................. 126 a) Ankuwa ......................................................................... 133 b) Arinna ........................................................................... 138 c) Haitta ............................................................................. 142 d) Hak(k)ura ...................................................................... 143 e) Ha/uranašša ................................................................... 144 f) Hišurla ........................................................................... 146 g) Hiyašna ......................................................................... 147 h) Karahna ......................................................................... 148 4 i) Kaštama ......................................................................... 150 j) Katapa ............................................................................ 151 k) Matil(l)a ........................................................................ 161 l) Nerik .............................................................................. 164 m) Nirhanta ....................................................................... 174 n) Piškurunuwa Dağı ........................................................ 175 o) Šanantiya ...................................................................... 177 p) Tahurpa ......................................................................... 178 r) Tapala Dağı ................................................................... 188 s) Tatašuna ........................................................................ 189 ş) Tatišga ........................................................................... 190 t) Tauriša ........................................................................... 191 u) Tawiniya ....................................................................... 192 v) Tip(p)uwa ..................................................................... 196 y) Warkatawi ..................................................................... 199 z) Zippalanda .................................................................... 200 KÜLT GEZİLERİNİN GÜZERGAH ÖNERİLERİ VE BAYRAMLARA GÖRE OLASI KÜLT ROTALARI ......... 210 a) Kült Gezilerinin Zamanı ............................................... 213 b) Kült Gezileri Sırasında Kullanılan Ulaşım Araçları ..... 214 c) Hitit Kralı’nın Bayramlara Göre Kült Güzergahı ......... 221 5 SONUÇ .................................................................................. 223 KISALTMALAR .................................................................. 236 KAYNAKÇA ........................................................................ 241 ÖZET ..................................................................................... 278 ABSTRACT .......................................................................... 280 TABLOLAR ................................................................... 283-284 HARİTALAR ................................................................. 285-286 6 SUNUŞ Partikularist yapısı nedeniyle Mısır ve Mezopotamya’nın aksine, Anadolu toprakları siyasî ve kültürel bir birliğin kurulmasına büyük çapta engel teşkil eder. Bereketliliği ve sularının bolluğu dışında bir bakıma Yunanistan’a benzer. Burada ne Mezopotamya’nın bütünleştirici Fırat ve Dicle’si, ne de Mısır’ın Nil’i vardır. Devlet, sulama kanalları veya başkaca alt yapı hizmetleri götürerek bir birlik kuramaz. Burada her çiftçinin kendi başına bırakıldığı kuru tarım yapılır. Anadolu’nun en uzun nehri Kızılırmak bile asla birleştirici bir rol oynayamamıştır. Bu ırmak boyunca gelişmiş en az üç ayrı kültür bölgesi ve halk grubu vardır. Ortak bir din, dil ve başkaca kültür unsurları da eksiktir. Böylece sadece askeri yöntemler, kılıç ve mızrak ile aşırı derecede baskıcı bürokratik örgütlenme, birlikte tutmanın yegane etken silâhları olmuştur. Hititler de, Osmanlılar da böyle yapmışlardır. Boşuna değil her taht değişikliğinde veya kral Anadolu dışında seferdeyken, kurallaşmışcasına isyanlar başlardı. İskender’in ölümünün hemen ertesinde kurmak istediği Hellenistik birlik hemencecik dağılmamış mıydı? Romalılar ise yerli cleantal krallarla işbirliği yaparak yönetimi sağlamıyorlar mıydı? Boşuna değil, şurada burada kurulmuş küçük devletlerin yönetim merkezleri hariç, tarihte Hattuša ve Ankara benzeri bir başka başkent yoktur. Yani Persler, Grekler, Romalılar, Bizanlılar ve 7 Osmanlılar Anadolu’yu hep dışarıdaki merkezlerden yönetmişlerdir. Yaygın kanının aksine, Hititler de Anadolu’da tam anlamıyla bir siyasî birlik kuramamışlardır. Kurdukları söylenen birlik, asla Anadolu’nun tümünü kapsayamadı. Ama haklarını vermek gerekirse, gene de Anadolu’nun ortası ve güneydoğusunda birliği oldukça geniş alanlara yayılanlar onlardır. Pamuk ipliğine bağlı böylesi bir birliği ayakta tutmak meşakketliydi ve sıkı, neredeyse Sparta usulü bir askeri baskı ve katı bir bürokratlaşma gerekiyordu. Bunun yanında “kültürel” açıdan birleşmeyi özendirici yöntemler de uygulamışlardır, şöyle ki: Eski Anadolu toplumları içersinde pek çoğu ta taş devrine, avcılık ve devşirmeciliğe geri giden Şaman ve Totem ayinler vardı. Bir çoklarının kökeni tarih öncesi devirlerin dinî inanç ve örf ve adetlerine, yani folklörlerine geri giderdi. Sanki modern sosyal antropolog veya folklor araştırmacılarıymış gibi Hititler bunları özenle birer birer derlediler, yazıya geçirdiler, takvime bağladılar, kutlama alanını daha da yaydılar. Gerek katılanların rütbesi ve makamı, gerekse cömertçe sarfedilen kurban malzemeleri ve yiyecek içeceklerin miktarı, törenlerin şatafatı, bir zamanların basit halk şenliği bu merasimlere, “krallara lâyık” bir biçim kazandırdı. Bu törenler, senenin belirli ay ve günlerinde dinî bürokratik tüm devlet erkânının katılımıyla kutlanır oldu. Yerli halk aktif olarak katılamasa bile, en azından olup bitenleri “uzaktan” seyretti, 8 ömründe ilk kez süslü püslü merasim kaftanları içinde, gururundan yanına yaklaşılmayan bir “büyük kral” gördü veya belki de bazı durumlarda bu merasimlere katıldı. KUB 13.4 ii 65vdd.’ında köylülerin ağzından kaydı tutulan “(Eğer bir köylü) gelir ve dizlerine kapanarak ‚(aman) önümde hasat işleri var. Başlık parası, gezi veya başkaca uğraşılarım da (var)‘, (n‘olur beni bayramlara katılmaktan muaf tutun)!‘ derse” kaydı, ta ötelerden beri halkın iştiraki lehine anılır durur. Bu ayinler bir bakıma Panhellenik veya Amfiktiyonik şenliklere benziyordu ve kült gezileri bir dereceye kadar devlet erkânının boy göstermesinden başka bir şey değildi. Yani bir bakıma eski zamanların “devlet tiyatroları”, “halk dansları grupları”na benzeyen ortak değerlerin sergilendiği ve vurgulandığı törenlerdir. Eğer dikkat edilirse, zaten bayram veya kült gezileri
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