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Küçük Asya Sikkeleri'nde Grifon Tipleri Types of Griffins on Asia

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Küçük Asya Sikkeleri'nde Grifon Tipleri Types of Griffins on Asia ǣͳͲǤͳ͵ͳͳͶȀ ȀʹͲͳ͵ʹʹͶ͸ͺ Mediterranean Journal of Humanities mjh.akdeniz.edu.tr III/2, 2013, 31-44 Küçük Asya Sikkeleri’nde Grifon Tipleri Types of Griffins on Asia Minor Coins Göktürk Ömer ÇAKIR Özet: Grifon; MÕsÕr, Mezopotamya veya Suriye tasvir sanatlarÕnda ilk ortaya çÕktÕ÷Õ andan itibaren binlerce yÕl sonrasÕna uzanacak bir betimleme ve anlam bütünlü÷üne sahiptir. Suriye’nin güneú tanrÕsÕ Malak- bel’le, MÕsÕr’da yine güneú tanrÕsÕyla olan ba÷Õ, Hindistan’da Helios kültüyle ve Hellen dünyasÕnda Apollon’la olan iliúkisi binlerce yÕl boyunca sembolik içeri÷ini bazÕ çeúitlemeler ve de÷iúiklikler dÕúÕnda koruyan bir yaratÕkla karúÕ karúÕya oldu÷umuzu ortaya koyar. Grifon’un sikkeler üzerinde de en erken dönemlerden itibaren hem bir tip hem de bir tipe eúlik eden sembol olarak kullanÕldÕ÷Õ görülmektedir. Küçük Asya kentleri istikrarlÕ bir úekilde grifon’u Roma Dönemi’ni de dâhil ederek yaklaúÕk sekiz yüzyÕl boyunca kullanmÕúlardÕr. Bu makalede M.Ö. VI. yüzyÕldan M.S. III. yüzyÕla kadar olan süreçte Küçük Asya sikkeleri üzerinde yer alan grifon tasvirlerinin kÕsa bir tipolojik de÷erlendirmesi yapÕlmÕútÕr. Görül- mektedir ki uzun bir zaman dilimi içerisinde yaygÕn bir kullanÕm gören grifon betimlemeleri resimsel olarak kuú grifon ve arslan grifon olarak ikiye ayrÕlmaktadÕr. Duruú veya hareket temel alÕnmak suretiyle yapÕlan de÷erlendirme ise dokuz ayrÕ grifon tipinin ortaya konmasÕnÕ sa÷lamÕútÕr. Anahtar sözcükler: Grifon, ikonografi, tipoloji, nümizmatik, Hellen sikkeleri Abstract: The griffin, as in its portrayal in the art of Egypt, Mesopotamia or Syria, has the same description and meaning from the beginning for thousands of years. It's relationship with Malakbel, the Syrian Sun God and the Egyptian Sun god, it's relation with the cult of Helios in India and also in Hellas with Apollon, further protecting its symbolic content with some variations and modifications for thousands of years, exposes the creature we're concerned with. The griffin on the coins at the beginning of the earliest period is used as a type, as well as an accompanying symbol for a type. The cities of Asia Minor consistently employed the griffon for nearly nine centuries, including during the Roman Period. In this article typographical evaluations of pictorial depictions of griffins on Asia Minor coins between the VI. century B.C. to the III. century A.D. are made. It is noticeable that over a long time period pictorial depictions of griffins divided into two as a bird or as a lion. Evaluation based upon their posture and movement also has made clear that there are nine different types of griffins. Keywords: Griffin, iconography, typology, numismatics, Greek coins. M.Ö. V. yüzyÕl yazarÕ Knidos’lu Ktesias’Õn do÷a tarihinin bir öznesiymiú gibi kurda benzeyen dört ayaklÕ, arslan pençeli, gö÷üs tüyleri kÕrmÕzÕ, vücudunun geri kalanÕ siyah renkte bir yaratÕk olarak bahsetti÷i (Ktesias’Õn eseri kayÕp oldu÷u için bkz. Bigwood, 1989, 302. Konu hakkÕndaki bilgimiz Photius’un aktardÕ÷Õ fragmanlara dayanmaktadÕr: Phot. LXXII. 114) grifon, tasvir sanatlarÕnÕn bir unsuru olarak klâsik uygarlÕklarÕn çok öncesine dayanan köklü bir geçmiúe sahiptir. M.Ö. IV. binde Elam’da, Uruk ve Cemdet Nasr dönemlerinde ve yine M.Ö. 3000 Arkeolog, østanbul, [email protected] Bu makale ‘Küçük Asya Sikkelerinde Grifon Tasvirleri’ konulu yüksek lisans tezinin yeniden ele alÕnmÕú halidir. 32 Göktürk Ömer ÇAKIR civarÕnda MÕsÕr’da (Leibovitch, 1955, 75; Delplace, 1980, 6) Erken Hanedanlar Dönemi’nde veya hemen öncesinde ortaya çÕktÕ÷Õ bilinmektedir ve kullanÕmÕ bir süreklilik arz eder (Frankfort, 1936, 106; Bisi, 1965, 21-40; Flagge, 1975, 9-11). Girit’te Yeni Saraylar Dönemi’nde (Zouzoula, 2007, 150), Orta Minos III B evresine tarihlenen minyatür fresklerde ve Zakro mühürlerinde karúÕmÕza çÕkan (Frankfort, 1936, 113; Dessenne, 1957, 208; Bisi, 1965, 167; Delplace, 1967, 49-50) figüre Myken sanatÕ içerisinde M.Ö. XIV. yüzyÕldan itibaren rastlarÕz. Figür, Anadolu’ya ilk kez Asur ticaret kolonileri döneminden sonra, Mezopotamya sanatÕ aracÕlÕ÷Õyla geçmiútir (Bisi, 1965, 110-114; Erkanal, 1993, 131). Hellen sanatÕna özellikle M.Ö. VIII. yüzyÕldan sonra do÷u malÕ nesnelerle zanaatkârlarÕn girmesinden (Burkert, 2012, 24-31) itibaren bu co÷rafyadan aktarÕldÕ÷Õ konusunda görüú birli÷i olan figürün esas kayna÷ÕnÕn neresi oldu÷u ise tartÕúmalÕdÕr (Dierichs, 1981, 275). økonografik aktarÕmlar dÕúÕnda etimolojik izlekler de do÷udan köklenme savÕnÕ do÷rular. Hellence’de “kÕvrÕk”, “kancalÕ” anlamÕndaki “grypos” kelimesiyle iliúkilendirilen gryps (ȖȡȪȥ) Lâtince’ye “gryphi/gryphes” biçimiyle geçmiútir ki bu da bizi “kavramak”, “yakalamak” anlamÕndaki eski bir Hint–Avrupaî fiil olan “grabh”a ve Asur sanatÕnda tÕpkÕ grifon gibi muhafÕz rolü üstlenen fantastik bir yaratÕk olan “KurƯbu/KarƗbu”ya götürür (Chantraine, 1968, 239; Durrbach, 1896, 1668; Wiggerman, 1993, 243; Green, 1993, 257). Ön Asya mitolojisinde grifonun benzeri/atasÕ olan tüm fantastik figürler–Ningizzida ve Keruv, Apkallu yahut Sahure TapÕna÷Õ’ndaki figür gibi–apotropeik bir iúlev görmüúler veya GÕlgamÕú’taki Irkalla gibi ruhgöçüren olarak karúÕmÕza çÕkmÕúlardÕr. Bu rollerin hepsi Hellen/ Roma sanatÕna ve mitografisine de aktarÕlmÕútÕr (Frankfort, 1936, 107-108, 122; Flagge, 1975, 85-86, Fig. 90; Delplace, 1990, 89-90; Temür, 2009, 42-43). MÕsÕr’da Menthu, Suriye’de Malakbel (Frankfort, 1936, 110-112; Goldman, 1960, 327; Delplace, 1980, 328), Hindistan’da Helios’la (Philostr. VI. 1.) ba÷ÕntÕlÕ olan figür, hepsi de güneúle ilgili bu tanrÕlardan sonra Hellenlerde Apollon Hyperbore ile iliúkilendirilmiútir (Delplace, 1980, 365-385). Hellen dünya- sÕnda grifon’la ilgili en eski kayÕt da bu kültle ba÷ÕntÕlÕdÕr. Bu kaydÕn sahibi, M.Ö. VII. yüzyÕlda yaúadÕ÷Õ varsayÕlan ve kayÕp yapÕtÕ Arimaspea’dan Herodotos sayesinde (Hdt. IV. 13, 14, 15, 27) haberdar oldu÷umuz, Apollon Hyperboreia kültünün ortaya çÕktÕ÷Õ bölgelere yolculuk yapmÕú yarÕ efsânevî úâir Aristeas’tÕr (Mayor, & Haeney, 1993, 41-42). Hellen ve Roma uyarla- malarÕnda figür Apollon dÕúÕnda Athena (Lenger, 2009, 215-222), Dionysos (Delplace, 1980, 365-385), Artemis, Kybele ve Nemesis’le (Delplace, 1980, 398-413) veya Isis (Flagge, 1975, 106) gibi kimi senkretik kültlerle de ba÷lantÕlÕdÕr. Grifon tasvirlerine Hellen sanatÕnda Attika, Lakonia, Kyklades, Korinthos, Girit ve BatÕ Anadolu vazoculu÷unda, mühür, bronz ve altÕn iúçiliklerinde, lahitlerde, terrakotta ve mermer levhalarda, kÕsacasÕ sanatÕn her dalÕnda rastlanÕr (Dierichs, 1981, 8-242; köken, mitoloji ve betimsel yayÕlÕm konusunda genel bir derleme olarak bkz. ÇakÕr 2012a, 50-68; ÇakÕr 2013, 75- 80). Benzer çeúitlilik Roma sanatÕ için de geçerlidir (Simon, 1962, 749-780). Çok daha zengin bir betimleme gelene÷ini ise sikkeler üzerinde görürüz. Küçük Asya dÕúÕndaki en bilinen örnekler Abdera (Abdera sikkelerinde M.Ö. VI. yüzyÕldan Roma ømparatorluk Ça÷Õ’na kadar grifon betimlemeleri yer almÕútÕr. Roma Dönemi’nde ise Maroneia ve Thasos’ta eski ikonogra- fiye sadÕk kalÕnmÕú olmasÕna ra÷men pseudo-otonom sikkelerinin olmadÕ÷Õ ve grifonun hiçbir úekilde kullanÕlmadÕ÷Õ anlaúÕlmaktadÕr (bk. Chryssanthaki-Nagle, 2007, 327-329), Pantikapeion ve Taurik Khersonesos’unda darp edilen sikkelerdir. Akdeniz dünyasÕnda ve hatta bu dünyanÕn periferisinde kalan birbirinden uzak pek çok bölgede M.Ö. V. yüzyÕldan M.S. III. yüzyÕla kadar grifon tasvirli sikkeler darp edilmiútir. Kara- deniz’in kuzeyindeki Maeotis’in kÕyÕsÕnda yer alan Sinde’nin (Deplace, 1980, 423) M.Ö. IV. yüzyÕl sikkelerinde, Hellas’ta Leukas (M.Ö. V. yüzyÕl, BMC Corinth, 131 no. 76), Korinthos Küçük Asya Sikkeleri’nde Grifon Tipleri 33 (M.Ö. IV. yüzyÕl, BMC Corinth, 15 no. 154), Locris (M.Ö. IV. yüzyÕl, BMC Central Greece, 4 no. 27-34), Ambracia’da (M.Ö. III.-II. yüzyÕl, BMC Thessaly, 96 no. 29) ve Atina’nÕn yeni stil sikkelerinde (M.Ö. II.-I. YüzyÕl, Head 1887, 317, 322; BMC Attica, 37 no. 326; Delplace, 1980, 220) fantastik figürü görürüz. øtalya’nÕn Bruttium (M.Ö. IV. yüzyÕl, Bruttium’da Pandosia: Head, 1887, 90) bölgesinde Hera ve Pan betimleriyle birlikte karúÕmÕza çÕkar. Hellenistik krallarÕn sikkelerinde de grifon’a rastlarÕz. øskender’in do÷u darphanelerinde basÕlan sikkelerinde (Hill, 1923, 159-160) veya øskender’den sonraki krallarÕn –örne÷in Make- donya’da V. Philippos, Perseus ve VI. Philippos (Delplace, 1980, 220-221), Suriye’de I. Demetrios (M.Ö. II. yüzyÕl, BMC Syria, 49 no. 58)– darplarÕnda bu karÕúÕk yaratÕk kulla- nÕlmÕútÕr. Salt Hellen dünyasÕnda de÷il, M.Ö. III. yüzyÕlda Latium’daki Alba Fucentis’te (Latium’da Alba Fucentis: Head 1887, 23; BMC Italy, 44 no. 2) ön yüzünde Hermes’in yer aldÕ÷Õ sikkelerde, M.Ö. I. yüzyÕlda Roma’da darp edilmiú denarius’larda Diana (Gruber, 1970, 239 no. 1765) veya Iuno Sospita’yla (Gruber, 1970, 378 no. 3060; Delplace, 1980, 329) birlikte yer alÕr. Britanya’nÕn güneydo÷usunda Geç Demir Ça÷Õ’na tarihlenen ve Augustus’la iliúkilen- dirilen bir Romanizasyonu yansÕtan sikke imajlarÕnda bile grifon’a rastlarÕz (Creighton, 2000, 101, 112-113, fig. 4.9. AyrÕca bkz. Evans 1860, 4, 5, 16). Sonraki dönemlerde, Nemesis’in sembolü olan tekerlekle birlikte Roma imparatorlarÕ Domitianus (BMC Alexandria, 39 no. 323), Hadrianus (BMC Alexandria, 96 no. 823-825) ve Antoninus Pius’un (BMC Alexandria, 140 no. 1181) øskenderiye’de darp edilen sikkelerinde, Gallienus’un ise Roma darplÕ bronz Antoninia- nus’larÕnÕn arka yüzünde (RIC vol. 5.1, 145 no. 165-166), yürür veya oturur vaziyette resme- dilmiútir. Di÷er yandan Parth krallarÕ IV. Phraates’in M.Ö. I yüzyÕlÕn ikinci yarÕsÕnda darp edilen tetradrahmi’lerinde (BMC Parthia, 99 no. 2-7), Gotarzes’in M.S. I. yüzyÕlÕn ilk yarÕsÕna ait bronz sikkeleriyle (BMC Parthia, 175 no. 138) Osroes’in M.S. II. yüzyÕl bronzlarÕnda (BMC Parthia, 208 no. 25) grifon’la karúÕlaúÕrÕz (Delplace, 1980, 331). Bu çeúitlilik, konumuzun öznesi olan Küçük Asya sikkelerindeki sembolik ve ikonografik zenginli÷e, süreklili÷e ulaúmamÕútÕr (bkz. Tablo 1-2). Küçük Asya’nÕn pek çok kentinde grifon betimli sikkelere en erken sikke örneklerinden M.S. III. yüzyÕla kadar olan süreç içerisinde rastlamaktayÕz. Bu kentler: Lesbos (Mytilene) (M.Ö. V. yüzyÕlda, Bodenstedt, 1981 60.1, 65), Myrina (M.Ö. IV.-III. yüzyÕlda, SNG Cop. Aeolis–Lesbos, 213, 216; SNG TanrÕkulu, 456–471; BMC Troas, 137 no.
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