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L'aire Paysagère De Wulingyuan (Hunan, Chine): À La Recherche D'un

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L'aire Paysagère De Wulingyuan (Hunan, Chine): À La Recherche D'un L’aire Paysagère de Wulingyuan (Hunan, Chine) : à la recherche d’un équilibre entre protection et développement local. Wei Xiang To cite this version: Wei Xiang. L’aire Paysagère de Wulingyuan (Hunan, Chine) : à la recherche d’un équilibre entre protection et développement local.. Géographie. Université de Grenoble, 2011. Français. NNT : 2011GRENH021. tel-00751458 HAL Id: tel-00751458 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00751458 Submitted on 13 Nov 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 TABLE DES MATIERES REMERCIEMENTS ............................................................................................... 6 SIGLES EMPLOYES ............................................................................................. 8 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 10 Présentation du sujet et de la problématique de thèse ............................................................. 11 Pourquoi ce terrain et ce sujet ................................................................................................. 14 Le plan de la thèse ................................................................................................................... 15 Méthodologie de recherche ..................................................................................................... 16 1ère PARTIE : Description de terrain – l’Aire Paysagère de Wulingyuan (Hunan, Chine) ..................................................................................................................... 18 Chapitre 1 : Présentation de l‟Aire Paysagère de Wulingyuan................................................ 19 1. Situation géographique et caractéristiques .................................................................. 19 1.1 Situation géographique...................................................................................... 19 1.2 Caractéristiques ................................................................................................. 21 1.3 Le domaine ........................................................................................................ 25 2. Les sites de Wulingyuan et ses aspects paysagers ....................................................... 27 2.1 Le parc national de Zhangjiajie ......................................................................... 27 2.2 La région de la vallée Suoxi .............................................................................. 29 2.3 La réserve du Mont Tianzi ................................................................................ 29 2.4 Le Yangjiajie ..................................................................................................... 30 2.5 Les sites culturels existants dans la région du Wulingyuan .............................. 31 3. La fréquentation touristique ........................................................................................ 35 4. La capacité de charge .................................................................................................. 39 4.1 Notion de la capacité de charge ................................................................. 39 4.2 Les études de la capacité de charge dans l‟APW .............................................. 41 5. Les jeux d‟acteurs ....................................................................................................... 42 5.1 Les acteurs publics ............................................................................................ 42 5.2 Les acteurs institutionnels ................................................................................. 44 5.3 Les acteurs privés .............................................................................................. 45 5.4 Les touristes ...................................................................................................... 46 5.4-1 Les touristes chinois ............................................................................... 46 5.4-2 Le marché des touristes étrangers .......................................................... 52 5.5 Les habitants de la région .................................................................................. 53 6. Les itinéraires de l‟Aire Paysagère de Wulingyuan .................................................... 55 6.1 Itinéraires .......................................................................................................... 55 6.2 Les chemins de randonnées et leurs caractéristiques ........................................ 57 6.3 Les transports spécifiques ................................................................................. 59 6.4 Les billets d‟entrée du site ................................................................................. 60 7. Les périodes de visite de Wulingyuan ......................................................................... 63 Chapitre 2 : Le fonctionnement in situ .................................................................................... 65 1. Image et promotions de l‟APW ................................................................................... 65 2. Le fonctionnement du projet touristique ..................................................................... 70 2 3. Le déroulement de la visite ......................................................................................... 74 4. La protection de l‟environnement ............................................................................... 77 4.1 Protection de l‟eau............................................................................................. 77 4.2 Limitation et traitement des déchets .................................................................. 79 4.3 Prévention des incendies de forêt ...................................................................... 79 4.4 Sensibilisation du public ................................................................................... 80 Conclusion de la 1ère partie ..................................................................................................... 83 2ème PARTIE : Explication et analyse de terrain .................................................. 84 Chapitre 1 : Contexte extérieur ............................................................................................... 85 1. La création des parcs naturels ..................................................................................... 85 1.1 L‟émergence du concept de parc naturel ........................................................... 85 1.2 UICN (Union Internationale de la Conservation de la Nature) ......................... 87 2. Développement durable et le tourisme durable ........................................................... 89 2.1 L‟approche mondiale du tourisme durable (entre les PD et les PVD) et les acteurs concernés : .................................................................................................. 89 2.1-1 Les Organisations Internationales Gouvernementales comme acteurs mondiaux du tourisme durable (O.I.G) : ......................................................... 92 2.1-2 Les Organisations Internationales Non Gouvernementales comme acteurs mondiaux du tourisme durable (O.I.N.G) : ......................................... 94 2.2 Le développement durable et son application au tourisme................................ 94 3. Les politiques européennes sur le tourisme dans les espaces protégés ....................... 98 4. Evolution de la protection de la nature en Chine .................................................... 99 4.1 protection de la nature : modalité ...................................................................... 99 4.2 Evolution de la vision de la nature pour les Chinois ....................................... 101 4.2-1 Nature, paysage et esthétisme : la longue tradition chinoise ................ 101 4.2-2 Typologie de l‟aire paysagère .............................................................. 108 4.2-3 Evolution de la relation homme-nature en Chine ................................ 109 4.2-4 Les typologies de la protection de la nature en Chine actuelle ............ 112 Chapitre 2: Contexte interne ................................................................................................. 117 1. Création de l‟Aire Paysagère de Wulingyuan (APW) ............................................... 117 1.1 La création du Parc National de Zhangjiajie (PNZ) et son développement initial ............................................................................................................................... 118 1.2 La création du site de Suo Xi et son développement initial ............................ 118 1.3 La création du site du Mont Tianzi et son développement initial .................... 119 1.4 La création de l‟Aire Paysagère de Wu Lingyuan ........................................... 120 2. Consolidation de l‟Aire Paysagère de Wulingyuan ................................................... 121 2.1 Développement du site ...................................................................................
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