Hungarian History
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Hungary (Magyarország)
CLASSROOM COUNTRY PROFILES Hungary (Magyarország) The name “Hungary” is adapted from Hungaria, the Medieval Latin term derived by writers from the name of the people (H) ungari or ungri. Hungarians call their country Magyarország, derived from Magyars which likely refers to the most promi- nent Hungarian tribe known as the “Megyer “. King Stephen I (997-1038), defeated various tribes, implementing Christiani- ty, and ultimately founding the Hungarian state. After WWII, Hungary fell into the Soviet sphere. In 1956, Hungarians tried to put an end to Soviet control. Although their attempt was QUICK FACTS unsuccessful, the communist government made some con- Population: 10 million cessions and eventually collapsed in 1989. Area: slightly smaller than Indiana RELIGION Capital: Budapest (1.74 million) The majority (60%) of the population identifies with the Roman Catholic Languages: Hungarian (official) 90%, German 2.5 Church, 20% with the Reformed Church, and 3% belongs to the Evan- %, Serbian 2 %, Romani (Gypsy) 4 %, Slovak 0.8 gelical-Lutheran Church. Much of the country’s Jewish population was %, Romanian 0.7%. driven off or killed during the WWII Holocaust. A small Jewish communi- ty lives in Budapest and is religiously active. Many Hungarians are not religiously affiliated. EDUCATION Hungary has a free and compulsory 10-grade edu- ETHNICITY cation system for ages 6-16. Most continue to 18, Magyar or Hungarian implies a nationality, ethnicity or language alt- graduating high school with a diploma. After gym- hough not all citizens are ethnic Hungarians. While Hungarians make up 8.4 million of the population, there is a sizeable Roma minority. -
1000-1100 Years Ago… Hungary in the Carpathian Basin
1000-1100 years ago… Hungary in the Carpathian Basin 1000-1100 years ago… Hungary in the Carpathian Basin Edited by Lajos Gubcsi PhD Budapest, 2011 Published by MoD Zrínyi Média Ltd, Budapest The MoD Zrínyi Média Ltd is a company wholly owned ontents by the Hungarian Ministry of Defence. C Edited by Lajos Gubcsi PhD The text draws on a historical analysis by Lajos Négyesi and László Veszprémy. Árpád, Father of all the Hungarians. The Hungarian Conquest in 896 9 The conquest in 895–896 16 Translated by Alan Campbell The Battle at Pressburg in 907 33 Typeset by Katalin Gáspár The Military and Political Background to the Battle 35 Designed by Attila László Dani The Battle of Pressburg and the Hungarian military 43 The war of 907: a textbook example of early Hungarian warfare 48 The outcome on the Hungarian side 59 European Expeditions of Hungarian Army in Tenth Century 63 St Stephen 79 Wars of consolidation 83 German–Hungarian war 86 ISBN 978-963-327-515-3 © MoD Zrínyi Média Ltd, 2011 General manager: Lajos Gubcsi PhD © Alan Campbell, 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. The jacket illustration shows Sándor Györfi’s bronze equestrian statue of Attila, King of the Huns – Etele page 3: Sword of Attila – Hungarian metalwork, 11th century, Museum of Fine Arts, Vienna page 4: The Seven Tribal Chiefs, Viennese Illuminated Chronicle here are few European states which have been in existence and constantly Tmaintained their statehood for 1100 years. -
Hungary Since 1989
C:/ITOOLS/WMS/CUP/578174/WORKINGFOLDER/RME/9780521888103C10.3D 204 [204–232] 10.10.2009 6:02PM 10 Hungary since 1989 ANDRÁS BOZÓKI AND ESZTER SIMON Located in East-Central Europe, Hungary has often found itself at a crossroads of political influences of greater powers as well as of different cultures. Although Hungary enjoyed independence for centuries in its early history, the experience of foreign domination over the last five centuries is one of the defining features of Hungarian public consciousness. Most notably, Hungary was under the control of the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth century, the Habsburgs in the eighteenth, nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, and the Soviet Union from 1945 until the regime change in 1989. Therefore, Hungarians had to master the techniques of survival under foreign domination.1 They learned how to operate informally, under and within formal, rigid rules, which represented the interests of the dominant foreign power. Nonetheless, during its twentieth-century history, Hungary made some genuine albeit short-lived attempts to achieve democracy. First, there was the brief liberal-democratic government of Count Mihály Károlyi in late 1918. A second attempt was made during the semi-democratic coalition government between 1945 and 1947. Finally, Hungary operated as a democracy for twelve remarkable days during the anti-totalitarian revolution of October 1956. The Hungarian revolution was internally successful but was crushed by the inter- vention of the Soviet Red Army. These shining moments of recent Hungarian history cannot hide the fact that throughout the twentieth century Hungary enjoyed democracy for one decade only, the 1990s. -
The Lacus Pelso in the Roman Age the Lake Balaton and the Hydrography of the Balaton-Highland
The Lacus Pelso in the Roman Age The Lake Balaton and the Hydrography of the Balaton-Highland Anett Firnigl Corvinus University of Budapest, Department of Garden Art 29-43 Villányi Street H-1118 Hungary [email protected] Abstract. The protection of the monuments of the Roman Age is the object of the safeguarding of the highest importance, after all they could be account the first ancient civilization, which enroached consciously to the central european landscape, and basically changed that. They built cities, villages, villas, stone-houses, road network, and in several places high-leaded water-conduits, and they also felled forests, and drained moorlands for example at the Lake Balaton. The Roman villa The Roman legions appeared in the Hungarian Transdanubia at the beginning of the 1st century A.D. They organized Pannonia Province, which became a very important borderland of the Roman Empire. They built cities, villages, villas, roads, and in several places high- leaded water-conduits (so-called aquaeductus), and they also felled forests, and drained moorlands. The Production of the Roman villas gave the great mass of the agricultural and commercial background of the Province. The Roman villa was a cultivation and stock-raising adapted farm unit: it was a collection of farming- and dwelling-houses, which included the several farm buildings, the houses of the land-livings and the owner’s house often as comfortable as an urban one. Estates (named fundus) always belonged to the villas. The traces of the villa are hardly visible on the surface, but then under the surface bears not only small finds, but also the tarces of so a new agricultural technologies, which were established from the Roman Empire. -
Prague Papers on International Relations
The Thököly Uprising in Hungary and the Timing of the Nine Years’ War and the Glorious Revolution1 György Borus2 ABSTRACT The Glorious Revolution of 1688–89 has been regarded primarily as an episode in English domestic politics and has rarely been considered as a European event. Since the tercentenary of the Revolu- tion, a lot has been done to correct this picture. Now it is clear, for example, that without Prince Wil- liam’s powerful military intervention, which was carried out with the full support of the States Gen- eral of the United Provinces, the Revolution would have been impossible. It should also be pointed out, however, that if William had succeeded in organising a powerful anti-French alliance during the early 1680s, he may not have intervened in England at the end of the decade. The timing and cir- cumstances of William’s intervention can only be understood within the context of European events, which should not be confined to Western Europe. This article seeks to explain the interrelationships between the parallel events of the 1680s in the eastern and western parts of the Continent. It argues that the Thököly Uprising played a major part in frustrating William’s plans of organising a power- ful anti-French coalition and delayed the Nine Years’ War (King William’s War) against France un- til 1688. KEYWORDS 1680s; Louis XIV; William of Orange; Count Imre Thököly; Ottoman Empire; Nine Years’ War; Glo- rious Revolution INTRODUCTION The Glorious Revolution of 1688–89 was one of the greatest turning-points in world history. The dethroning of the Catholic James II (1685–88) by his own nephew and son-in-law, William of Orange, the leading political figure of the United Provinces, was to have far-reaching consequences not only for Britain but the whole of West- ern Europe as well. -
The Crusade of Andrew II, King of Hungary, 1217-1218
IACOBVS REVIST A DE ESTUDIOS JACOBEOS Y MEDIEVALES C@/llOj. ~1)OI I 1 ' I'0 ' cerrcrzo I~n esrrrotos r~i corrnrro n I santiago I ' s a t'1 Cl fJ r1 n 13-14 SAHACiVN (LEON) - 2002 CENTRO DE ESTVDIOS DEL CAMINO DE SANTIACiO The Crusade of Andrew II, King of Hungary, 1217-1218 Laszlo VESZPREMY Instituto Historico Militar de Hungria Resumen: Las relaciones entre los cruzados y el Reino de Hungria en el siglo XIII son tratadas en la presente investigacion desde la perspectiva de los hungaros, Igualmente se analiza la politica del rey cruzado magiar Andres Il en et contexto de los Balcanes y del Imperio de Oriente. Este parece haber pretendido al propio trono bizantino, debido a su matrimonio con la hija del Emperador latino de Constantinopla. Ello fue uno de los moviles de la Quinta Cruzada que dirigio rey Andres con el beneplacito del Papado. El trabajo ofre- ce una vision de conjunto de esta Cruzada y del itinerario del rey Andres, quien volvio desengafiado a su Reino. Summary: The main subject matter of this research is an appro- ach to Hungary, during the reign of Andrew Il, and its participation in the Fifth Crusade. To achieve such a goal a well supported study of king Andrew's ambitions in the Balkan region as in the Bizantine Empire is depicted. His marriage with a daughter of the Latin Emperor of Constantinople seems to indicate the origin of his pre- tensions. It also explains the support of the Roman Catholic Church to this Crusade, as well as it offers a detailed description of king Andrew's itinerary in Holy Land. -
The Lexicon of Buda. a Glimpse Into the Beginnings of Mainstream Romanian Lexicography
The Lexicon of Buda. A Glimpse into the Beginnings of Mainstream Romanian Lexicography Bogdan Harhata, Maria Aldea, Lilla Marta Vremir & Daniel-Corneliu Leucuta Keywords: Romanian lexicography, Transylvania, academic, tradition. Abstract This paper is the result of a project aimed to e-ready a dictionary dating back to 1825, namely the Lexicon of Buda (1825) that is often referred to as the starting point of Romanian modern lexicography. The expressed aim of this paper is to illustrate that The Lexicon of Buda anticipates a log tradition in the academic Romanian lexicography. In order to provide a better understanding of why this lexicon holds its place among lexicographers and linguists, there is a brief description of the status of Romanian lexicography previous to 1800, followed by a short historical development. The second part illustrates the technical novelties inherited by Romanian Academy's lexicographic works, and shows that what this lexicon and the academic dictionaries have in common are the central position in the Romanian cultural establishment and the fact that they are normative and aim to unify the linguistic norm of Romanian. 1. Why the Lexicon? This paper is the result of a project that attempts to e-ready a Romanian dictionary dating back to 1825, namely the Lesicon românesc-lătinesc-unguresc-nemțesc care de mai mulți autori, în cursul a trizeci și mai multor ani s-au lucrat seu Lexicon Valachico-Latino- Hungarico-Germanicum, quod a pluribus auctoribus decursu triginta et amplius annorum elaboratum est [Romanian-Latin-Hungarian-German Lexicon, elaborated by thirty authors over more than thirty years] (LB). According to Romanian linguist and philologist Lazăr 2 Șăineanu, author himself of a dictionary of Romanian language largely disseminated (ȘDU), this lexicon marks the birth of modern Romanian lexicography; see Șăineanu (1982: 184). -
Villas of Wealth: a Historical Perspective on New Residences in Post-Socialist Hungary
ANDRE P. CZEGLEDY University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Villas of Wealth: A Historical Perspective on New Residences in Post-Socialist Hungary THE CONTEMPORARY INTEREST in large-scale residential villas has found new favor among the economic elite of Hungary. Having chosen to express their social position in the material and aesthetic terms of their existence, do the architectural conventions of the elite now reflect indigenous or foreign tastes and traditions? This paper investigates how the construction of such sumptuous residences draws on a variety of sources for inspiration mirroring both the new potentials and the new disparities generated in post-socialist, central eastern Europe today. [Architecture, urban history, elite, post- socialist, Hungary] OMING UNDER THE COLLOQUIAL term of villa, the new luxury residences along Strawberry Street, Quince Street and C many of the other thoroughfares in District XI of Budapest are a stark contrast to the houses and residential complexes beside them. From their private, off-road parking spaces to their manicured lawns and neat mansard roofs, from the expensive, foreign materials used in their construction to the impressive size of their lots and frontage, no passerby can mistake the wealth and prestige which they proclaim from behind a variety of discrete half-wall fences and immaculately clipped topiary. Situated in the quiet suburb of Gazdagret off the western bank of the Danube river, these houses resemble neither the modest bungalow homes of the original neighborhood nor the eleven-story concrete apartment buildings of the Soviet-inspired housing estate built directly to the south. In a way which finds recurrent parallel throughout nearby urban districts nestled amidst the Buda hills of the capital city, the construction of such sumptuous residences side-by-side with their neighbors mirrors both the new potentials and the new disparities being generated in post- socialist central eastern Europe today. -
Hungarian Prehistory Series
Hungarian Prehistory Series The Hungarians moved to their later homeland, the Carpathian basin at the end of the ninth century. Prior to this period they lived in the western part of the southern Russian steppe as vassals of the Khazar Kaghanate. The ethnic envi- ronment of the Kaghanate had a great impact on the ethnogenesis of the Hun- garians as testified by the numerous Turkic and Iranian loan words as well as the art, the military and the political structure of the Hungarians in the period of the conquest. Therefore, from the point of view of Hungarian prehistory, it is crucial to be familiar with the history of the nomadic peoples, that is, with the "oriental background." The Hungarian Prehistory Series, launched in 1990, aimed to pub- lish source editions, collected papers and monographs in connection with the history of the Eurasian steppe. It includes historical, linguistical and archaeologi- cal studies. The Department of Medieval World History (University of Szeged) has played an active role in the publication of the series since 1994. The published volumes of the series until 2000 are the following: Vol. 1. Őstörténet és nemzettudat 1919-1931. [Prehistory and the National Con- sciousness.] Ed. Eva Kineses Nagy, Szeged 1991. Vol. 2. Sándor, Klára, A Bolognai Rovásemlék. [The Runic Inscription of Bologna.] Szeged 1991. Vol. 3. Szűcs, Jenő, A magyar nemzeti tudat kialakulása. [The Formation of Hungar- ian National Consciousness.] Ed. István Zimonyi, Szeged 1992. Vol. 4. Rovásírás a Kárpát-medencében. [Runic Scripts in the Carpathian Basin.] Ed. Klára Sándor, Szeged 1992. Vol. 5. Szádeczky-Kardoss, Samu, Az avar történelem forrásai. -
Explaining Irredentism: the Case of Hungary and Its Transborder Minorities in Romania and Slovakia
Explaining irredentism: the case of Hungary and its transborder minorities in Romania and Slovakia by Julianna Christa Elisabeth Fuzesi A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in Government London School of Economics and Political Science University of London 2006 1 UMI Number: U615886 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615886 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the work presented in this thesis is entirely my own. Signature Date ....... 2 UNIVERSITY OF LONDON Abstract of Thesis Author (full names) ..Julianna Christa Elisabeth Fiizesi...................................................................... Title of thesis ..Explaining irredentism: the case of Hungary and its transborder minorities in Romania and Slovakia............................................................................................................................. ....................................................................................... Degree..PhD in Government............... This thesis seeks to explain irredentism by identifying the set of variables that determine its occurrence. To do so it provides the necessary definition and comparative analytical framework, both lacking so far, and thus establishes irredentism as a field of study in its own right. The thesis develops a multi-variate explanatory model that is generalisable yet succinct. -
Princes and Dignitaries in the Ninth-Tenth-Century Magyar Tribal Federation
Princes and dignitaries in the ninth-tenth-century Magyar tribal federation SÁNDOR LÁSZLÓ TÓTH This study analyzes the leadership of the Hungarians in the age of their conquest, i.e. their conquest and settlement in the mid-Danubian basin (or Carpathian ba- sin) in the ninth-tenth centuries. It deals with the titles and functions of the princes and dignitaries, the structure of leadership and the persons, who held these ranks. The Hungarians, who called themselves Magyars (or Seven Magyars - 'Hetii- mogyer') appearing in written sources under different names (Turks, Ungri, Huns, Savartoi Asfaloi etc.) lived from the 830s north of the Black Sea, between the Da- nube and Don rivers. Their huge dwelling places were called Levedia and Etel- kóz by Byzantine Emperor Constantine Vll (945-959) in his famous work, De Ad- ministrando imperio (cited as DAI).1 The Hungarians formed a tribal federation, which consisted of seven tribes (Nyék, Megyer, Kürtgyarmat, Tarján, Jeno, Kér and Keszi).2 A dissident Khazar group, consisted of three tribes and called Kavars (Qabars) revolting against the ruling Khazar government joined the Hungarian tribal federation before 881, probably in the 860-870s.3 The Hungarians - apart 1 For Levedia (Lebedia) in chapter 38 and Etelköz (Atelkouzou) in chapter 38 and 40 of DAI, see Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De administrando imperio. Vol. 1. Greek text ed. Gy. Moravcsik, English trans. R. J. H. Jenkins. Washington 1967. (henceforth: DAI) 170- 173, 176-177; for the different hypotheses concerning these ancient homelands of the Hungarians cf. Constantine Pophyrogenitus, De administrando imperio. Vol. 2, Com- mentary. ed. -
Ethnic Residential Segregation in Three Cities of Northwest Romania1
Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 60 (2) (2011) 189–216. Ethnic residential segregation in three cities of Northwest Romania1 Patrik TÁTRAI2 Abstract While ethnic residential segregation research is still current in Western Europe and in North America, there are only few studies about urban ethnic patt erns of the former state socialist countries. This article is an att empt to contribute with an analysis of three cities (Oradea, Satu Mare, Baia Mare) in Northwest Romania. As no census data are available below the sett lement level, there were used the results of the Hungarian ethnic party achieved at Romanian parliamentary elections. Based on this method the spatial posi- tion of the Hungarian inhabitants could be drawn, while fi eld work helped to map the distribution of the Roma population. The result is a ‘quasi-segregated’ situation: there exist parts of the cities, where the otherwise minority ethnic group Hungarians live as local majority, but their distribution is rather uniform. The residential segregation of Roma is spectacular, but due to the lack of data it cannot be quantifi ed. Keywords: Romania, segregation, ethnic geography, electoral geography, urban space Introduction Study on the spatial position of ethnic groups is one of the main targets of ethnic geography. In East Central Europe the still existing ethnic diversity creates an opportunity to study the ethnic issues from diff erent perspectives: from national/regional level down to local/sett lement level. Until presenty most of this research related to ethnic geography focused on the regional level, independently of the size of the territorial unit. While in Western Europe and in the Anglo-Saxon countries, studies on the ethnic patt erns of the urban space 1 The research was supported by the Pro Renovanda Cultura Hungariae Fund, the ‘SefoNe – Searching for Neighbours’ EU FP6 project, the 77973 OTKA project and the ‘Szülőföld Alap’.