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The Australian Women's Liberation Movement and the Communist Party of Australia, 1965-1975

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The Australian Women's Liberation Movement and the Communist Party of Australia, 1965-1975 TITLE,...PAQE^ SCARLET MOONS: The Australian Women's Liberation Movement and the Communist Party of Australia, 1965-1975. by Margaret Penson, M.A., Dip.Ed., Dip.Lib. A Dissertation submitted to the fulfilments of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of History, Philosophy and Politics, Macquarie University. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. This thesis has relied on the time and encouraging support of the following people who spoke to me and discussed their Communist Party memories; Laurie Aarons, Jean Bailey, Derek Beechey, Sally Bowen, Janet Copley, Barbara Curthoys, Geoff Curthoys, Eileen Dalwood, Jean Davidson, Joan Goodwin, Ina Jones, Winifred Mitchell, Judy Mundey, Mavis Roberston, Paula Rix, Joyce Stevens and Reg Wilding. I am grateful to Jean Bailey who took much time in introducing me to a number of people in the Newcastle area with whom I could discuss the thesis; to Mavis Robertson and Joyce Stevens who spent time editing the transcripts of their interviews and to Reg Wilding with whom I had a number of pleasant discussions over a beer. I am indebted to Professor Duncan Waterson and Dr. Jim Gillespie for their supervision of my work, especially for their positive support, ideas and editorial assistance, and to Dr. Meredith Burgmann whose enthusiastic support helped me put pen to paper. My thanks to: Danny Blackman for supporting the project of cataloguing the Communist Party of Australia records held at the Mitchell Library, Sydney, and to Jim Andrighetti for undertaking the project and thereby making access to these records possible; Staff at the Mitchell Library for their pleasant and efficient help; Brian Aarons and members of the National Executive of the Communist Party of Australia for giving me permission to use the Party's records; Phillipa Hall and Shirley Woodland for their enthusiastic support and assistance. An especial thanks to Suzanne who has lived through drafts, re-drafts, reviews and chapters and whose comments (especially the unsolicited ones) have encouraged me to complete the task. ABBREVIATIONS. ALP; Australian Labor Party. CP and CPA: Conununist Party of Australia. CPSU: Communist Party of the Soviet Union. FIA: Federated Ironworkers' Association. IWD; International Women's Day. MWG; Militant Women's Group. NCC: National Civic Council. WLM; Women's Liberation Movement. TABLE QF CQNTENTg Pages Introduction.................... i - xxxii Chapter 1: Heritage and Legacy . 1-68 Chapter 2: Crossroads and Cracked P a t h w a y s ........................ 69 - 132 Chapter 3: Liberating Communism . 133 - 215 Chapter 4: Definitions and Dialectical D i l e m m a s ............ 216 - 257 Chapter 5: Why is it that only Women are Behind the Typewriters? . .258-289 Chapter 6: Social Structures and Hierophantic C u l t u r e ............ 290 - 317 Chapter 7: The Parallax View . 318 - 347 Chapter 8: From the Vertical to the H o r i z o n t a l ...................... 348 - 392 Chapter 9: Testing Times . 393 - 420 Chapter 10: Red Renaissance .... 421 - 435 Conclusion: Pe^ephone's Return . 436 - 459 Appendix: About the Interviews . 460 - 461 Bibliography .................... .462-477 This work has not been submitted for a higher degree at any other university or institution. Signed Date: SYNOPSIS. This thesis analyses the intersection of the Communist Party of Australia and the women's liberation movement during the late 1960s and early 1970s. It examines a number of theoretical issues and contradictions which arose, and also looks at some of the practical experiences and outcomes for Communist women which resulted from this conjunction. It is argued that the women's liberation movement was a major influence on the Party, assisting in changing some of its political, theoretical and social perspectives. In particular. Party women raised some of the contradictions and theoretical dilemmas which existed in the Party's inherited view of 'the woman question'. The thesis maintains that at the time of the emerging women's liberation movement in Australia, the Communist Party was successfully attempting to analyse its political and ideological heritage. In particular its Stalinist heritage, its relationship to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and to the Communist International were deeply dissected. The thesis analyses the influence of the Soviet Union on the Australian Party, especially the theory and practice of 'work among women'. It also argues that the Communist Party was influenced by traditional labourist definitions and political views of the working class and the labour movement in Australia. The thesis suggests that the impact of the women's liberation movement can be seen in all areas of Party work and life, including its agendas, political programs, ideology and theory, cultural activities, and in the personal lives of some of its members. It is argued that Communist women assisted in the development of feminist critiques, particularly on issues of the family, sexuality , gender and class, patriarchy, the gender division of labour, and the state. Such critiques have been central to the development of socialist feminist theoretical perspectives. The development of such critiques has assisted in the re-definition of many aspects of the socialist project and of the socialist vision. The thesis examines the historical and political threads from the 1970s which assist in explaining the current concerns and problems confronting socialism and socialist feminism. One of the continuing issues has been how to develop a unified theory of socialist feminism. The thesis rejects feminist critiques which deny the relevance of Marxism and class analysis to women's oppression, and argues that the theory of class struggle is essential to analyses of capitalism and provides a unifying theory which links all oppression. INTRODUCTION; But the CPA and the Women's Movement are dead, aren't they? In the 1990s, analysing and writing about the Communist Party of Australia and the Women's Liberation Movement is accompanied by some social, political and historical tensions. The main challenge is a strongly held social and political view that Communism is dead, both as a domestic and international political process and force. In 1989, Francis Fukuyama, deputy director of the United States State Department's policy planning staff, suggested that we had now reached a point which is "the end of history".^. In 1990 P.P. McGuinness maintained that socialism arose in response to early capitalism, but assured us that as capitalism has now been "civilized and liberal democracy and the rule of law have, however imperfectly, asserted their sway, socialism as a creed has become increasingly irrelevant.".^ Writing constructively and optimistically about Communism in the 1990s is a difficult task. We also are told that Communism is dead particularly because the U.S. State Department and Boris Yeltsin continue to be emphatic about its demise. In Australia a number of media sources are also clear that Communism and the Communist Party will not and cannot be \ Francis Fukuyama in Brian Aarons, "Farewell to 1917”, Australian Left Review, (February 1990), p.19. P.P. McGuinness, "The Grand March Routed", Australian Left Review. (February, 1990), p.15. ii revived. In 1987 the Good Weekend Supplement ran an article on the demise of the Communist Party;^ in 1990 Geraldine Doogue docximented the fact that "The Party's Over";^ and more recently, the article "Goodbye Red Brick Road" in which Bernie Taft was interviewed, the demise of the Communist Party was once again explored.^ The political reality of the 1990s is that Communism is in decline and the Left, including socialist feminism, is fighting a rear-guard battle against the consolidated political and socio-economic rhetoric of 1980s New Right liberalism. This ideology is firmly based on the religion of the market place. Within this polemical arena, the Left has endeavoured to battle the lions of individuality and international monopoly capital, with very little evidence of winning even a skirmish. The 1980s and 1990s will not be historically remembered in Western capitalist countries for heroic working class victories, but rather for defeats and rear-guard actions. When the Communist Party was established in Australia in the 1920s, it supported the socialist principles of state ownership of the means of production and distribution, and the Marxist theory of class struggle, whereby the working class 3 The Good Weekend Supplement, 24th July 1987. Geraldine Doogue, "The Party's Over", an Australian Broadcasting Corporation edition of Hindsight# 29th July 1990. Peter Ellingsen, "Goodbye Red Brick Road", The Aae« 2nd May 1992, Extra 5. i i i would transform capitalism into socialism. Additionally, the Communist Party endorsed a number of specific Communist principles including support for the Bolshevik and Leninist model of party organisation, the dictatorship of the proletariat, and the development of strong political and ideological links with the Communist International and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Those who currently support the view that Communism is dead are convinced that Communism as a political ideology, and the Communist Party as the political organisation which advocated that ideology have ceased to exist and will not be resurrected again. For them the Communist experiment, represented by the Bolshevik revolution of 1917, has failed. In addition to these views on Communism, there are other views which maintain that Marxism itself can no longer provide an adequate theoretical perspective.Some argue that the new social movements which have arisen over the last two decades around issues dealing with the environment, peace, racism and feminism, for example, demand that a new theoretical perspective is an imperative. "Marxism involves a centred and global view of the world; inevitably, the development of radical movements based on new concerns and new political subjects has led to dissatisfaction with the place iv allotted to them within its frame".® For some on the Left, Marxism has to be abandoned because it represents an economist theoretical analysis which reduces concepts of politics and ideology to a "notion of 'economic' or 'class' determination".’.
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