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Deep Space Craft an Overview of Interplanetary Flight Dave Doody Deep Space Craft an Overview of Interplanetary Flight

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Deep Space Craft an Overview of Interplanetary Flight Dave Doody Deep Space Craft an Overview of Interplanetary Flight Deep Space Craft An Overview of Interplanetary Flight Dave Doody Deep Space Craft An Overview of Interplanetary Flight Published in association with PPraxisraxis PPublishiublishingng Chichester, UK Dave Doody NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Caltech) Pasadena California USA Front cover illustrations: (Upper) Artist's rendition of the Dawn spacecraft operating its ion propulsion system upon arrival at the main-belt asteroid Vesta in 2011. Image courtesy McRel, Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning. (Next lower) Artist's concept of the Phoenix lander operating in the Martian Arctic, as it did from May to November 2008. Image courtesy University of Arizona. (Lower left) Artist's concept of the Cassini spacecraft as it operates in Saturn orbit July 2004 through the present day. Back cover illustrations: (Left) A near-duplicate of the Mars Phoenix lander used in developing command sequences before being sent to the spacecraft. Here, members of the Robotic Arm Engineering Team test the arm's motorized raft in the Payload Interoperability Testbed at the University of Arizona, Tucson in July 2008. Image courtesy University of Arizona. (Right) Rob Manning, Chief Engineer of NASA's Mars Exploration Program, cheers along with other team members as the ®rst images from rover Spirit come back from Mars. Courtesy NASA/Bill Ingalls. SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN ASTRONAUTICAL ENGINEERING SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: John Mason M.B.E., B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. ISBN 978-3-540-89509-1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer is part of Springer-Science + Business Media (springer.com) Library of Congress Control Number: 2008943657 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. # Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2009 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci®c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project copy editor: Michael McMurtrey, Carrollton, Texas, USA Author-generated LaTex, processed by EDV-Beratung, Germany Printed in Germany on acid-free paper Table of Contents Introduction ...................................................... XV Author’s Preface .................................................XVII Acknowledgements ............................................... XIX Foreword ......................................................... XXI 1 Telepresence .................................................. 1 1.1 On Location . ............................................. 1 1.1.1 A Busy Realtime Night . ............................ 4 1.1.2 Realtime as Middle Ground . ........................ 5 1.1.3 Wake-up Calls ...................................... 6 1.1.4 Resolution .......................................... 9 1.2 The Link With Earth . .................................... 10 1.2.1 Spacecraft and the Deep Space Network . ............... 10 1.2.2 Microwaves . ...................................... 11 1.2.3 Antenna Gain . .................................... 13 1.2.4 Power in the Link . ................................ 15 1.2.5 All Things Considered . .............................. 15 1.2.6 Signal-to-Noise Ratio: SNR . ......................... 19 1.2.7 Amplification ....................................... 21 1.2.8 The HEMT Low-Noise Amplifier . ..................... 24 1.2.9 The Maser Low-Noise Amplifier ....................... 24 1.2.10 LNA Bandwidth .................................... 26 1.2.11 Microwave Signals To Go . ........................... 26 1.2.12 The Closed-Loop Receiver ............................ 26 1.2.13 The Open-Loop Receiver ............................. 28 1.2.14 Transporting Information . .......................... 28 1.2.15 Modulation Schemes . ............................... 29 1.2.16 Power in the Data . .................................. 30 1.2.17 Error Detection and Correction . ...................... 31 1.2.18 Telemetry in Lock ................................... 34 1.2.19 Data Compression . ................................. 35 1.2.20 Pushing the Shannon Limit . ........................ 36 1.2.21 Data Structure ...................................... 37 VI Table of Contents 1.2.22 Channelized Engineering data and Science data ......... 38 1.2.23 CCSDS . ......................................... 40 1.2.24 Remote Control . .................................. 41 1.2.25 Beacons in Space .................................... 43 1.3 More than Telepresence ..................................... 45 Notes . ......................................................... 45 References ..................................................... 47 2 Navigating the Depths ........................................ 49 2.1 Martian Miscalculation . ..................................... 49 2.2 Choice of Flight Path . ..................................... 51 2.3 Orbit Determination and Guidance ........................... 53 2.3.1 Kepler; Newton and his Principia ..................... 53 2.3.2 Models and Observables . ............................. 55 2.3.3 Optical Navigation . ................................ 56 2.3.4 Autonomous Navigation . ........................... 57 2.4 Making Measurements ...................................... 58 2.4.1 Coordinate Systems . ................................ 59 2.4.2 Measuring the Doppler Shift .......................... 62 2.4.3 One, Two, Three Way ............................... 64 2.4.4 Measuring Range . ................................. 66 2.4.5 VLBI — Very Long Baseline Interferometry . .......... 67 2.4.6 Putting it all together ............................... 70 2.5 Correction and Trim Maneuvers .............................. 71 2.5.1 The Target Plane ................................... 72 2.5.2 Maneuver Execution . .............................. 75 2.6 Gravity Assist ............................................. 78 2.6.1 A Grand Tour . ..................................... 79 2.6.2 How it works . ...................................... 80 2.7 A Familiar Connection Severed ............................... 81 Notes . ......................................................... 82 References ..................................................... 84 3 Spacecraft Attitude Control .................................. 87 3.1 A Distant Rocking . ....................................... 87 3.2 The Attitude Control System . ............................... 89 3.3 Intersecting Disciplines . .................................... 93 3.4 Stability . ................................................ 96 3.4.1 Going for a Spin . ................................... 96 3.4.2 Three-axis control . .................................. 99 3.4.3 Hybrids ............................................ 100 3.5 Attitude Control Peripherals . .............................. 101 3.5.1 AACS Input Devices................................. 101 3.5.2 AACS Output Devices . ............................ 106 3.6 Scientific Experiments with AACS ............................ 114 3.7 AACS Faults and Protection . ................................ 116 Table of Contents VII Notes . ......................................................... 117 References ..................................................... 118 4 Propulsion .................................................... 119 4.1 Liftoff ..................................................... 119 4.2 Newton’s Third Law ........................................ 121 4.2.1 Water as Reaction Mass . ............................. 121 4.2.2 Rocket Science . .................................... 122 4.2.3 A Solid Rocket Example . ............................ 123 4.2.4 Making Comparisons . ............................... 124 4.3 Interplanetary Travel Becomes Possible........................ 125 4.3.1 Nozzles . ......................................... 126 4.4 Propulsion System Designs . ................................ 127 4.4.1 Solid Rocket Motors . ............................... 127 4.4.2 Liquid Monopropellant Systems . ..................... 129 4.4.3 Liquid Bipropellant Systems . ......................... 132 4.4.4 Tanks in Free-fall . ................................. 135 4.4.5 Dual Modes and Hybrids ............................. 136 4.4.6 Electrical Propulsion . ............................... 136 4.5 Basic Systems .............................................. 139 Notes . ......................................................... 139 References ..................................................... 141 5 More Subsystems Onboard ................................... 143 5.0.1 Hierarchy . ....................................... 143 5.0.2 Spacecraft Bus ...................................... 143 5.1 Electrical Power Subsystem .................................. 144 5.1.1 Voltage and Current . .............................. 144 5.1.2 Solar Panels ........................................ 145 5.1.3 Batteries ........................................... 148 5.1.4 RTGs . ........................................... 150 5.1.5 Power Conditioning
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