E2202 v1

World Bank loan

Public Disclosure Authorized

Integrated Forestry Development Project

Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Public Disclosure Authorized

World Bank Loan Project Management Center

State Forestry Administration

May 2009 Public Disclosure Authorized Table of contents

1 INTRODUCTION...... 1

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ...... 1 1.2 PROJECT ORIGIN ...... 1 1.3 LESSONS LEARNT FROM PREVIOUS WORLD BANK LOAN FORESTRY PROJECTS IN ...... 2 1.4 PROJECT COMPLIANCE WITH RELATED POLICIES AND REGULATIONS ...... 5 1.5 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT AND INSTITUTES ...... 6 1.5.1 Assessment content ...... 6 1.5.2 Assessment Institutes ...... 6

2 POLICY, LAWS, AND REGULATIONS AND MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK ...... 7

2.1 POLICY, LAWS AND REGULATIONS AT NATIONAL AND LOCAL LEVELS...... 7 2.1.1 Policy, laws and regulations at national level...... 7 2.1.2 Policy, laws and regulations at local level ...... 7 2.2 WORLD BANK POLICY ...... 8 2.3 TECHNICAL NORMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ...... 8 2.4 CONSTRUCTION PROJECT DOCUMENTS ...... 8

3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 8

3.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVE...... 8 3.2 PROJECT COMPONENTS ...... 9 3.2.1 Establishment of new multifunction forest plantations...... 9 3.2.2 Improving existing plantation forests ...... 10 3.2.3 Institutional support, project management and M&E ...... 11 3.3 DISTRIBUTION OF PROJECT AREAS ...... 11

4 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF PROJECT AREAS...... 17

4.1 NATURAL CONDITIONS ...... 17 4.1.1 Topography...... 17 4.1.2 Soil...... 19 4.1.3 Climate ...... 21 4.1.4 Hydrological conditions ...... 23 4.2 ECOLOGICAL CONDITION ...... 24 4.2.1 Vegetation types...... 24 4.2.2 Current condition of forest resources...... 26 4.2.3 Fauna and flora resources...... 28 4.3 CURRENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT CONDITION ...... 29 4.3.1 Socio-economic condition...... 29 4.3.2 Land ownership condition ...... 30 4.3.3 Culture heritage and historical relics...... 30 4.3.4 Collectively owned forest contracting and forest land tenure reform ...... 30 4.4 CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY RELATED TO PROJECT OBJECTIVES ...... 31

5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES...... 34 1 5.1 METHODS OF ASSESSMENT ...... 34 5.1.1 Scope and time of assessment...... 34 5.1.2 Factors of assessment...... 35 5.1.3 Standards of assessment ...... 38 5.1.4 Category of assessment ...... 38 5.1.5 Priorities of assessment ...... 38 5.2 POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS ...... 39 5.2.1 Water retention, soil conservation and improvement ...... 39 5.2.2 Wind-breaking, sand-fixing forests and land sandification combating ...... 40 5.2.3 Increment of biodiversity ...... 40 5.2.4 Carbon sequestration and regulation of climate ...... 40 5.3 NEGATIVE IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 42 5.4 RISK ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION MEASURES...... 45 5.4.1 Risk analysis ...... 45 5.4.2 Risk reduction measures...... 46 5.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS...... 46 5.5.1 Social benefit ...... 46 5.5.2 Social risks...... 47 5.5.3 Mitigation measures ...... 48

6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 49

6.1 THE "ZERO SCHEME" ANALYSIS...... 49 6.2 COMPARISON BETWEEN IFDP AFFORESTATION AND OTHER AFFORESTATION SCHEMES...... 50 6.2.1 Afforestation site selection...... 50 6.2.2 Species selection...... 51 6.2.3 Afforestation model selection ...... 51 6.3 COMPARISON BETWEEN IFDP EXISTING PLANTATION FOREST IMPROVEMENT SCHEME AND THE TRADITIONAL SCHEME...... 53

7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 55

7.1 SPECIFIC PLANS OF IMPLEMENTING MITIGATION MEASURES...... 55 7.1.1 Preparation and execution of “Environmental Protection Guidelines” ...... 55 7.1.2 Preparation and execution of “Integrated Pest Management Plan” ...... 55 7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN...... 55 7.2.1 Topics and indicators of monitoring...... 55 7.2.2 Monitoring Site selection and distribution ...... 56 7.2.3 Methods of monitoring...... 59 7.2.4 Organization of monitoring execution and reporting...... 60 7.3 TRAINING PLAN ...... 61 7.3.1 Purpose of training...... 61 7.3.2 Topics of training...... 61 7.4 ORGANIZATION AND SUPERVISION ...... 64 7.4.1 Organization and implementation ...... 64 7.4.2 Inspection and supervision ...... 64 7.5 FUND SOURCE AND BUDGET ...... 65 2 8 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE ...... 67

8.1 PUBLIC SURVEY METHOD AND TOPICS ...... 67 8.1.1 Public consultation survey method...... 67 8.1.2 Public consultation survey topics ...... 68 8.2 ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF PUBLIC SURVEY RESULT...... 70 8.2.1 Analysis of survey result ...... 70 8.2.2 Comments and recommendations from the public...... 72 8.2.3 Comments and suggestions from experts...... 74 8.3 INFORMATION DISCLOSURE ...... 78 8.4 PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 81

9 CONCLUSIONS ...... 83

ANNEXES:...... 85

1. Environmental Protection Guidelines ...... 85 2. Integrated Pest Management Plan ...... 85 3. Public Survey Tables and Records ...... 85 4. List of Organizations and Persons of EIA Report Contributors...... 85

3 1 Introduction

1.1 Project background

Maintaining good environmental quality is critical to living conditions as well as economic and social development. Protection and improvement of ecological condition of the natural environment for sustainable development is a national policy of the Chinese government. The overall ecological condition of China is fragile especially with limited amount of forest resources, as indicated in wide-spread serious soil and water erosion, continuous desertification expansions, , low forest quality, etc. In January 1999, the State Council of the Chinese Government issued “Nation Ecological Construction Program” dividing the whole country into eight zones based on their distinct ecological types, each with different goals, tasks and construction manners. According to this program, the IFDP has selected 5 provinces from three zones to carry out afforestation and forest improvement based ecological construction. As the first selected zone, Shanxi Province is located at the zone of upper and middle reaches of . The main direction of ecological construction is to use biological and engineered measures in sub-watershed treatment units for soil and water erosion control as well as to expand and restore bushes, trees and grasses for integrated vegetation communities. As the second selected zone, Liaoning Province and Hebei Province are located at the project area of the "national three-north shelterbelt protection forest program" where comprehensive measures are being taken to resolve the dust storms and sandification harms. Under IFDP, the main objective of ecological construction is to increase forest and vegetation through establishing farmland protection forest shelterbelt and to control the tendency of desertification expansion at the desert fronts. As the third selected zone, Province and Province are located at the southern low hilly land areas of China, where the main objective of ecological construction is to establish water retention forest to reduce surface runoff and to prevent soil erosion. Meanwhile, the existing plantation will be protected and improved by enriching the forest structure, improving forest function and maximizing forest comprehensive/integrated benefits. 1.2 Project origin

To further develop forest resources, improve forest ecosystem structure, enhance the quality of forest resources, make full use of efficency and multiple functions, and ensure territory ecological safety, State Forestry Administration (SFA) put forward project application in 2003 to NDRC for use of a World Bank loan for“China Forest Plantations Resources Cultivation Project" (SFA official document [2003] No. 91). Since then, a series of investigation and field studies have been carried out in accordance NDRC Provisional Management Methods for International Financial 1 Organization and Foreign Government Loan Investment Projects (NDRC official document [2005] No.28). Based on the findings of these studies, SFA revised its project proposal and renamed the project as "Integrated Forestry Development Project (IFDP)". In 2006, IFDP was incorporated into the World Bank- China 2007-2009 project pipeline. Through the series studies and consultation with relevant government agencies, SFA confirmed the IFDP scope to be within Liaoning, Shanxi, Hebei, Anhui and Zhejiang provinces. 1.3 Lessons learnt from previous World Bank loan forestry projects in China

The World Bank has lent China a series loans in support of forest improvement in China, including "NAP","FRDPP","FDPA" and "SFDP". All forest projects have paid a high attention to environmental management through identification and implementation of mitigation measure to avoid or minimize potential negative impacts from project activities on nature reserves, forest land, natural habitats, and other ecosystems in the project areas. Measures have also been taken to conserve soil and water, reduce soil fertility decline, control pest and disease and promote plantation, forest ecosystem stability and sustainable development. (1) Major environmental measures adopted in previous World Bank forest projects ·Development and execution of “Environmental Protection Guidelines”which included explicit environmental protection measures regarding sites selection and layout, selection of planting species (varieties) and distribution, site slashing/preparation, young forest tending, pest and disease prevention and control, timber felling and forest regeneration, forest road construction, and other key field operational linkages. These measures have been carried out strictly in project field operation. ·Development and execution of “Pest and Disease Management Plan”FDPA and SFDPwhich includes specific stipulations for forest pest/disease prevention and control, monitoring as well as the chemical pesticide safety during project implementation. These management plans advocate physical and biological prevention and control methods, and the use of high-efficiency and low-toxicity for chemical pesticide for pest management. · For major planting species of project timber forest plantation, cash tree crops, bamboo forest as well as multi-function protection forests, environmental monitoring were conducted on soil and water conservation, soil fertility, pest and disease. A total of 236 environmental monitoring stations were established and observed for five continuous years to reveal the incidence regulations of project afforestation activities related soil and water conservation, soil fertility and project plantation forest pest and disease. ·The projects carried out training of project management and technical staff at all levels as well as project entities and households to promote their environmental protection awarenessunderstand and learn the proposed technologies and measures

2 stipulated in “Environmental Protection Guidelines” and “Pest and Disease Management Plan” for use in their implementation activities under the projects. ·Use compliance of the “Environmental Protection Guidelines” in field operations to judge the project implementation quality. The “environmental protection compliance rate” is adopted as afforestation sub-compartment acceptance checking indicator, to enhance environmental protection supervision and management. 2Environmental management performance of previous World Bank forestry projects ·The project implementation did not lead to negative impacts on local natural forest, nature reserves or wild animal habitats. ·The improper traditions of sites without careful preparation and “mountain burning” site preparation methods are changed. Alternatively, the project plantation forests are made to coexist with the rationally retained natural arbors, bushes to form forest ecological structures to add plantation forest ecological stability and to maintain plantation forest soil fertility. ·Such environmental protection measures of partial site preparation along contour line and “triangle” form planting hole layout, partial forest tending method, retention of under-forest vegetations were applied in the project afforestation and plantation forest management to reduce soil and water conservation, maintain soil fertility and plantation forest biodiversity. ·To make project plantation forests into multiple-variety, small-scale continuous forests which are more reasonable structure, by altering the traditional practice of unitary superior variety plantation forest in large continuous scales, to have reduced the risks of land degradation and pest and disease incidence of the artificial forest ecosystems. · The occurred pest and disease of project plantation forests were well managed, with limited pest and disease incidences on individual forest stands effectively controlled, prevented mainly with physical and biological measures, and used chemical pesticides minimized and if necessary, in accordance with applicable WHO requirements. ·The environment monitoring to different types of project plantation forests indicate the following conclusions. In the forest planting year and the followed year, most planting lands will have light soil and water conservationerosion modulus <2500t/a· km2as the result of site slashing, site preparation, intercropping, young forest tending; Only overall site preparation method or overall site forest tending method on slope lands are relevant with moderate rate or more serious soil and water erosion 2 erosion modulus >2500t/a·km ; The planting lands soil nutrient loss happen simultaneously with soil and water erosionThe new planting lands pest and disease incidence is low and there are no large areas with pest and disease incidences. ·The project implementation management as well as the technical staff, beneficiaries including local farmersgained increased environmental awareness as well as awareness for afforestation and plantation forest management. They have better understanding of necessary environmental protection methods and measures. Taking “FDPA” as the example, 98 person-days of environmental protection training were 3 conducted to different levels of the project provincial management and technical staff2461 person-days to county management and technical staff12878.6 person times to township level management and technical staff, 549800 person-days to afforestation entities and households. The training and extension of the environmental protection measures have ensured environmental protection compliance of project implementation, and for forests established locally for managed plantation forests out of the project. ·For the first time the projects adopted for plantation afforestation and management in china the “environmental protection compliance rate” as a quality control indicator. For the past four World Bank loan forestry projects implementation, the “environmental protection compliance rate” reached on average 95.0%indicating satisfactory execution of “Environmental Protection Guidelines” in project field operations. 3Comparison between “IFDP” and previous World Bank loan forestry projects in China Category IFDP Former WB forestry projects Establishment of intensive Establishment of multifunction managed plantation forest forest plantations, for dual project target mainly for economic benefit, environmental protection and but meanwhile for ecological economic benefits. improvement Timber forest plantation, Ecological economic tree crops Forest type economic tree crops ,ecological protection forest ,bamboo forest etc Better site condition areas ecologically fragile wastelands Sites selection suitable for development of and degraded lands commercial forest Afforestation Multiple planting species single species forest, single- model mixed forest, multi-layer forest layer forest Existing To upgrade existing single To transfer low quality, plantation forests species forest into multiple single species forest into improvement species mixed forest and multi- healthy, high production model layer forest single species forest The above comparison shows that "IFDP" pays higher attention to the ecological or environmental protection role of the new established forest plantations and improved existing plantation forests. Therefore, more strict and careful environmental management measures need to the taken in the project area layout, sites selection for forest planting or forest improvement as well as the specific field operations in order to guarantee the realization of project objectives. ( 4 ) Need for improvement in environmental management in "IFDP" By fully learning the environmental management lessons and practices of previous forestry projects, the following aspects will be strengthened for better performance of environmental management based on the characteristics of IFDP:

4 ·Selection standards will be made clear to project area and planting sites. It is suggested that priority will be given to ecological fragile areas and areas of urgent needs of soil and water conservation, wind-breaking and sand-fixing as well as farmland protection. ·Clearification of project selection standards of the existing plantation forest improvement. The priority will be given to plantation forests with declined ecological function, and forest stands with inferior health conditions, low increment, and low biodiversity. ·Selection standards of slope lands will be strict. The project will not allow afforestation on slopes over 35 degrees. At the same time, sites selection of new established forest plantation or improvement existing plantation forest will be done with priority scheme by considering the ecological protection role and effectiveness. ·Clearification of mixed afforestation with more strict requirements on ecological benefit facilitation. For example, the maximum plot area of single planting species will be much lower than that in previous afforestation projects. ·More strict, more extensive application of partial site preparation method and partial forest tending method. The original vegetations are as far as possible retained on planting lands, and the removed weeds are be retained on site. ·Intercropping activities in new afforestation sites will be controlled, by putting forward clearly the types of lands for intercropping crop to prevent irrational intercropping leading to soil and water erosion. ·More strict to selective cutting adopted and no clear cutting, to protect biodiversity and the protection function of the ecosystem of plantation forests.

Besides, IFDP will maintain the effective training program as done to personnel of different levels in previous World Bank projects, keep the practice of using environmental protection compliance rate for acceptance checking, environmental monitoring etc. to ensure the realization of the project environmental management targets. 1.4 Project compliance with related policies and regulations

The project has been designed to establish wind-breaking, sand-fixing forest at sand/wind-prone areas of Hebei, Liaoning; to establish soil and water conservation forest at soil and water erosion areas of Shanxi, Liaoning and Anhui; to establish farmland protection forest at plain cropping areas of Hebei, Shanxi; to establish ecological landscape forest at culture heritage surrounding areas of Anhui; and to improve the low quality/benefit forests in Anhui, Zhejiang. The main purpose of the project is to improve forest function and enhance its ability to resist natural disasters, provide full forest multiple benefits especially the ecological benefit, protect and improve ecological condition, ensure regional territory ecological security, promote grain high steady production, and raise local people’s income. These targets are in full compliance with “Decision by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Quickening Forestry Development”, “National Ecological Construction

5 Program”, “Outline of the 11th 5-Year National Economy and Social Development Plan”, “Forestry Development and the 11th 5-Year Mid and Long Term Plan”, and are consistent with the national policies of ecological construction.

1.5 Environment management assessment and institutes

1.5.1 Assessment content This environmental assessment includes identification and assessment of environmental benefit or positive impacts, adverse impacts, risk analysis, mitigation measures, analysis of alternative, environmental management plan, and public consultation. 1.5.2 Assessment Institutes The following institutions were involved in preparation of subproject EIAs. 1. Liaoning: Liaoning Investigation and Design Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Foreign Investment Project Office of Liaoning Provincial Forestry Department 2. Shanxi: EIA Center of Research Institute of Forest Ecology and Environment and Protection of Chinese Academy of Forestry Forestry Academy of Shanxi Province 3. Hebei: Institute of Hydrological and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geology Science Foreign Investment Management Center of Hebei Province 4. Anhui: Academy of Environmental Science of Anhui Province Foreign Investment Project Office of Anhui Province 5. Zhejiang: Forestry Academy of Zhejiang Province

Based on the individual EIA reports for each of the project provincial components, experts from Research Institute of Ecology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences and World Bank Loan Project Office of Chinese Academy of Forestry completed the consolidated EIA report.

6 2 Policy, Laws, and Regulations and Management Framework 2.1 Policy, laws and regulations at national and local levels

2.1.1 Policy, laws and regulations at national level 1Environmental Protection Law, P.R.China, 1989 2Environmental Impact Assessment Law, P.R.China, 2002 3Water law, P.R.China, 1988 4Water Pollutant Prevention and Control Law, P.R.China, 1996 5Soil and Water Conservation Law, P.R.China, 1991 6Forest Law, P.R.China, 1998 7Wild Animal Protection Law, P.R.China, 1988 8Nature Reserve Regulation, P.R.China, State Council order No 167, 1994 9Wild Plant Protection Regulation , P.R.China, State Council order No 204, 1996 10Notice of Further Strengthening the Administration of Nature Reserve, State Council order No. 111, 1998 11Construction Project Environmental Management Regulation, State Environmental Protection Administration, 1998 12Notice of Strengthening EIA Management of Projects Financed byLoan of International Financial Organizations, four ministries and commissions of State Environmental Protection Administration etc. SEPA official document [1993] No 324 13Construction Project Environmental Protection Classified Management List, State Environmental Protection Administration 2002 14Forest Pest and Diseases Prevention and Control Regulation , SFA 1989 15Forest Plantation Quality Management Provisional Methods, SFA 2001 2.1.2 Policy, laws and regulations at local level 1Environmental protection regulation of Shanxi provincerevised,1996 2Forest pest and diseases prevention and implementation methods of Shanxi Province , Shanxi Province people’ s government 1997 3Plant quarantine implementation methods of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Province people’s government 1997 4Implementation instructions of construction project environmental protection management regulation, Environmental protection bureau of Zhejiang Province 5Land wild animals protection regulation Zhejiang Province 7Forest management regulation of Zhejiang Province 8Environmental protection regulation of Hebei Province, 2005 9Hebei province environmental monitoring management method, Hebei province people’s government order [2001] No.20 10Forest pest and diseases prevention implementation method of Hebei Province 11Forest park management regulation of Anhui Province

7 2.2 World Bank policy

World Bank operational policy (OP) 4.01 environmental assessment, 4.09pest and diseases management, 4.36forestryand World Bank information disclosure policy 2.3 Technical norms of environmental assessment

1Environmental impact assessment technical guidelinesHJ/T2.1-2.3-93 2Environmental impact assessment technical guidelines for non-pollutant ecological impact HJ/T19-1997 3Soil and water conservation comprehensive treatment technology norms GB/T16453.1-16453.6-1996 4Development project soil and water conservation program technology normsSL204-98 5Soil and water conservation monitoring technology guidelinesSl277-2002 6Forestation technology guidelinesGB/T 15776-2006 7Forestation operational design guidelinesLY/T 1607-2003 2.4 Construction project documents

1World Bank loan financed IFDP feasibility study report 2IFDP Aide Memoires of World Bank of the project identification missionMarch, and September, 2008; preparation mission September and October, 2008; preparation supervision mission ( January, 2009); Pre-appraisal Mission (April, 2009)

3 Project Description

3.1 Project objective

The overall objective of the project is to demonstrate the establishment and management of sustainable multifunction forest plantations with significant public goods benefits, optimize forest stands structure, improve forest stands quality, increase biodiversity, improve forest ecological conditions, enhance world natural and cultural heritage sites neighboring to the project forest lands and protection function and increase forest farmers income. The project implementation shall support provision of different servicestechnical extension, marketing, establishment of cooperatives and associations, project beneficiaries in strengthening public institution capacity building, promoting implementation of collective forest land tenure reform.

8 The project will establish new multifunction forest plantations and improve existing plantation forests at ecological fragile areas to rehabilitate forest vegetation, increase forest coverage, improve forest ecosystem struction and function, provide ecological multifunction and comprehensive benefits of forest, guarantee territorial ecological safety, improve forest sustainable management level, increase forest management income, and demonstrate the extension of management of sustainable multifunction forest plantations to other areas. 3.2 Project components

3.2.1 Establishment of new multifunction forest plantations The project shall be on degraded or erosion prone lands establish multi-function forest plantations of wind-breaking/ sand-fixing forest, soil and water conservation forest and farmland protection forest, to mitigate soil erosion, improve degraded land to strengthen the general production capability of agricultural comprehensive production.

9 Table 3-1 New establishment of multifuntion forest plantations Acreageha Percenta Province Forest types . ge (%) Timber species mixed wind-breaking, sand-fixing 8186.9 32.9 forest Hebei Intercropped wind-breaking, sand-fixing forest 12674.0 50.9 Ecological-economic wind-breaking, sand-fixing 4038.3 16.2 forest Total 24899.2 Coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest 9823.0 62.2 Anhui broadleaved mixed species forest 3450.0 21.8 bamboo- broadleaved mixed forest 2530.0 16.0 Total 15803.0 Protection forest of Platycladus, larch, Chinese 19093.8 72.7 pine, poplar, black locust, etc . Shanxi Economic protection forest of walnut, Chinese 7178.9 27.3 date, apricot, prickly ash, persimmon etc Total 26272.7 Wind-breaking, sand-fixing forest 9499.0 34.8 Liaoning Soil and water conservation forest 17818.0 65.2 Total 27317.0 General total 94291.9 3.2.2 Improving existing plantation forests In Anhui, Zhejiang, improvement will be carried out to existing degraded forest plantations with poor growth and forest forms, single structure or single species, by measures of enrichment of broadleaved tree species and bamboo, strengthening forest tending management to upgrade the forest into well developed broadleaved forest, coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest or bamboo-broadleaved mixed forest that contain forest with uniform forest from, rich structure and tree species. Table 3-2 Improving Existing Plantation Forests Percentage Province Forest types Acreageha. (%) Coniferous single species forest 13385.00 87.3 improvement Anhui low benefit, broadleaved single species 1947.00 12.7 forest improvement Total 15332.00 Broadleaved, pine mixed species forest 10016.50 40.0 Zhejiang Broadleaved, pine, bamboo mixed 1219.22 4.9 species forest Broadleaved, Chinese fir mixed species 5991.05 24.0 forest Broadleaved, Chinese fir ,bamboo mixed 4636.84 18.5 species forest

10 Broadleaved, Chestnut mixed species 2238.67 9.0 forest Broadleaved, tea multiple layer mixed 908.15 3.6 species forest Total 25010.43 General total 40342.43 3.2.3 Institutional support, project management and M&E In total, 218,000 person-days of personnel training will be provided by forest, ecology and environmental specialists, both domestically and overseas. The trainees will be from different levels of forest management as well as project implementation agencies in five project provinces and central project management office. The project will include 3406 person-days of technical consulting services and 39,875 person days of practical technology extension training. The project is to issue a total of 94,292 forest management certificates to those successful establishment of new forest plantations, to support establishment of 22 farmer associations. The project is also to develop a demonstration forest management scheme with a total area of 400 ha including further 1320 person day training under this scheme. As part of the hardware support to forest environmental management organizations, the project is to provide various project management offices, forest stations, associations and coops at all levels a total of 629 sets of computers, fax machines and copiers and 90 vehicles. 3.3 Distribution of project areas

Table 3-4Table of distribution of project areas Administratio Numbe Provinces Project Administration Names n Region r Prefectures 4 Shenyang, Jinzhou, Fuxin, Tieling Liaoning Counties 6 Xinmin, Yixian,Fuxin, Zhangwu, Changtu, Xifeng Xinzhou, Jinzhong, Lvliang, Linfen, Yuncheng, Prefectures 9 Yangquan, Jincheng, Taiyuan, Datong Hunyuan, GuanglingBaode, Hequ, Pianguan, Counties Zhongyang, Lishi , Linxian, Jiaokou, city, 24 LiulinJinyuan, Yuxian , Taigu, Heshun, Shanxi district ZuoquanDaning, Yonghe, Wanrong, Linyi, Yanhu District, Wenxi, JiangGaoping, Jincheng Forest management 2 Wutai, Heitu bureau Prefectures 4 Handan, Xingtai, Henghui, Langfang Yongnian, Feixiang, Jize, , Qiuxian, Hebei Linzhang, Daming, Guantao, Guangzong, Linxi, Counties 17 Weixian, Wuyi, Jingxian, Yongqing, Guangyang, Wen’An, Dacheng Anhui Prefectures 5 Huangshan, , , Liu’An,

11 Qianxian, Qimen, , , , , Jingxian, Counties 15 Jingde, Yuexi, Huaining, Susong,Taihu, Huoshan, , Quanjiao Prefectures 2 , Zhejiang Counties 5 Anji, Deqing, Changxing, Lin’An,

12 Figure 3-1 Map of project areas

13 Figure 3-2 Map of five project provinces

Liaoning Province

Shanxi Province

14 Hebei Province

*Anhui Province

15 Zhejiang Province

16 4 Natural Environment and Socio-economic Condition of Project Areas

4.1 Natural conditions

4.1.1 Topography Table 4.1 shows the typographical conditions of the project areas of the five project provinces. Table 4-1: Typographical condition of project areas and project provinces Province Project Topographical condition of project area Provincial areas topography Liaoning Shenyang Located in the plains of middle and lower The whole province reaches of , open and plain inclines from north terrain, slightly higher in the north, to south, and from elevation at 60 -120m. east/west sides to the Jinzhou Low hilly area, Daling River alluviation central part. The plain, coastal low-lying area; General hill/mountain areas elevation at 50- 800 m asl. at east/west sides Fuxin Low hilly, sandy or plain areas. take approximately Tieling Low hilly, sandy/windy or plain areas, 2/3 area of the elevation at 120- 870 m. province while the central section wide Liao River plain approximately the remaining 1/3 area. Shanxi Xinzhou High at east and western parts but low at Located at the valley intermediate, inclining from east to west, area between fragmented typographical forms with Taihang Mountain gullies. and Yellow River Luliang Located in the western side of central middle reaches, and Shanxi, with Luliang mountain crossing at the loess plateau. from north to south the whole city, Two sides at east fragmented landforms with gullies and west are Linfen High in north and low in south, with four mountains of landforms of loess gullies, loess hilly Luliang and Taihang terraces, earth-stone mixed mountainous while the southern area and alluvial plains. and northern ends Yuncheng Zhongtia Mountain at southeast, Ermei are mountains of Mountain northwestward and between the Zhongtiao and Heng, two mountains is the Yuncheng basin, and central section is elevation at 350 - 500 m, a series of broken Yangquan Mountainous areas mainly, in addition to basins. some hilly and plain areas. Higher at the Typographically west and low at east. complicated with

17 Province Project Topographical condition of project area Provincial areas topography Taiyuan General elevation at 764 - 1866 m, mountainous areas mountainous with hill inside, various hills, tableland, landforms, gullies and mounds at 100-150 valleys, plains etc. m. The mountainous Datong Located east part of loess plateau with and hilly areas are gully cross-criss, extended mountains and the main landforms. gullies mixed, complicated typographical structure, major landforms of mountainous areas, hills, gullies, plains, basins, valleys. Divide into east mountainous region, the hills of central section and west plain;

Jinzhong Mountainous land at east, hilly land at middle and western part plains. With eastern part steep and west part plain, elevation at about 800 m . Jincheng Mainly hills although with mountainous areas at northeast part, generally high mountainous ridges with hills and basins at central section rising and falling, 2322m peak site and normally 600-1200 m elevation. Hebei Handan Old river course areas of Yellow River, Three landforms of alluviation and flooded plain, elevation at pla 34-70m. teau, mountainous Xingtai Old river course areas of Yellow River, areas and plains. alluviation and flooded plain, elevation at Plateau is located in 28-36m. the northern end of Hengshui Old river course areas of Yellow River, the province, with alluviation and flooded plain, elevation at north and northeast 14-23m parts taken over by Langfang Old yellow river and Yan Mountain. The alluviation and flooded plain, elevation at northwest is the 2-23m. ending of Heng Mountain, and western is Taihang Mountain. These 3 mountains form semicircle surrounding Hebei plain by inclined arch landform from north to south and west to east.

18 Province Project Topographical condition of project area Provincial areas topography Anhui Huangshan Aligned hills and mountain ranges, mixed Located at eastern with valleys, basins and plains. part of China, with Xuancheng Contains three mountains of Huangshan, River and Tianmu and Jiuhua that extended freely crossing forming south-high and north-low, the province from gradually inclining complex typography west to the east. The landform. province is divided Anqing Northwest lie the moderate and low into 5 natural areas: mountain area of Dabie Mountain, Huaihe north plain, southeast part is the beach land of the Yangtze-Huaige Yangtze River while at central section are hilly area, western rising and falling hills mixed among low Anhui Dabieshan mountains and lakes. mountainous area, Liu’an The southwest part is high while the Yangtze river plains northeast is low and flat. Trapezia - and southern shaped distribution of mountains, hills mountain area. and plains. Major mountains are Chuzhou Landforms include three types namely Dabie, Yellow hilly area, hillock area and plains, high in Mountain, Jiuhua the west and low in the east. The peak site Mountain, Tianmu. elevation is 399.2 m. The Huang Mountain summit (lotus peak) is 1860 m high. Huzhou Physically inclined from west to east, Zhejiang has narrow Zhejiang with the western part of the ending of land area with its Tianmu Mountain, eastern part of water plains used for abundant plains of canals and fish ponds. cropping. The The central section contains hills and cropland takes plains. 44.8% of total land acreage, and paddy Hangzhou Part of northern Zhejiang Plain, including rice cropland takes mountainous areas, hilly areas and plain 77.6% of cropland. areas. Typographically inclined from The hilly or southwest (ending of the Tianmu mountainous are for Mountain) to northeast (network of forestry mainly. waterways).

4.1.2 Soil Table 4-2 shows the soil conditions of the project provinces and project areas:

Table 4-2: Soil condition of the project provinces and project areas Province Project areas Soil conditions Liaoning Shenyang Meadow soil Jinzhou brown earth, Meadow soil

19 Province Project areas Soil conditions Fuxin Cinnamon soil, Brown earth and Aeolian soil Tieling brown forest soil, lowland brown soil and Aeolian, brown forest soil, Shanxi Xinzhou Grey-cinnamon soil and fixed Aeolian soil Luliang Brown loess soil mainly; for the over 1500 meters forest area, the soil of Lishi, Zhongyang, Jiaokou are sub-alpine meadow soil; Liulin and Linxian have mainly loess soil. Linfen The main soils are mountainous areas meadow soil, brown earth soil, drab soil, meadow soil, Bog soil, saline-alkali soil, such as the six major types of soil. Yuncheng Mainly cinnamon soil over 80% of the city area; other soils are brown earth, mountainous areas Meadow soil, Litho soil, Skeletol soil Yangquan Mainly Cinnamon soil type, and another Fluvo-aquic soil type, Skeletol soil type, Litho soil type. Taiyuan Soil can be divided into cinnamon soil ,Meadow soil ,Paddy soil. Datong Mainly cinnamon soil, Castano-cinnamon soil, Castanozems. Jinzhong Cinnamon soil, Mountainous areas meadow soil, Brown earth, Litho soil, Skeletol soil, Fluvo-aquic soil, solonchak, Paddy soil. Jincheng Mainly cinnamon soil, while mountainous areas Meadow soil, Brown earth, luvic cinnamon soil, etc.. Hebei Handan Aeolian soil, sandy Fluvo-aquic loam, medium cinnamon loam. Xingtai Sandy Fluvo-aquic loam, light Fluvo-aquic loam. Hengshui Sandy loam, Fluvo-aquic soil. Langfang Fluvo-aquic soil, cinnamon soil, Aeolian soil. Anhui Huangshan Red earth, Yellow earth, mountainous areas yellow Brown earth, Purplish soil, Sandy loam, alluvial soil. Xuancheng Red earth, Yellow earth, Yellow Brown earth, Purplish soil, black Limestone soil, Skeletol soil , Red clay soil, Fluvo- aquic soil, Paddy soil. Anqing Red earth, Yellow earth, Yellow Brown earth etc. Liu’an Yellow Brown earth, Paddy soil, Fluvo-aquic soil, Lime concretion black soil, mountainous Meadow soil. Chuzhou Yellow Brown earth, Paddy soil, Skeletol soil, Limestone soil, Purplish soil. Zhejiang Huzhou Red earth, Yellow earth, Yellow Brown earth, Fluvo-aquic soil bedrock soil Hangzhou Red earth with the most widely distributed, accounting for 58.94 percent of the total area, yellow earth accounted for 20.31%, accounting for 10.98 percent bedrock soil.

20 4.1.3 Climate The following table summarizes the climatic conditions of the project areas.

Table 4-3 Climate conditions of project areas P r o Climate conditions t A e e t h A t f p p A e A • t s A v e e e e r u x x v u e r 1 i o n m n m m n n n m e n n t t r a m 0 s n r n r n n n i c c p s p p p p e e t o u e u u i u u i h - o . . m m p d d f a a a a a i r r i i n l l l l l a e e t e t a e y t e d i t o

project i a a ( o % n y h c n c s areas m ) u m m a i a a a m r n e v v v v u m i m l e e e e m a l h r r r r a t a a a a i u i t g e g v g g g m h d e e e e e L i a Shenyang 7.8 -23 33 64 151 608 1660 3348.3 2753.1 o n

i Jinzhou 7.8 -29.9 41.6 50 149 528.3 1840 3401 2848.0 n g Fuxin 7.1 -30.4 37.4 55 150 450 2300 3450 2760

Tieling 6.5 -41 35.8 61 138 665 1780 2930 2890 S h

a Xinzhou 8.8 -26.9 38.2 51 130 387.8 1805.7 3367 2855.7 n x 133- 2534- 2351- i Luliang 8.9 -27 38.9 53 502 876 178 3870 2871 Linfen 12.2 -25.6 41.9 22 219 542 1800 4151 2400.2 11.8- Yuncheng -10 43 62 210 580 2010 4281 2250 13.7 Yangquan 9.7 -33 36.3 61 150 543.5 1662 2700 2759 1002- Taiyuan 12.1 -19 27 50 175 508.8 4090.8 2807 1336 Datong 6.5 -29.1 37.7 55 152 384 1979 2836 2811 Jinzhong 9.5 -22 37 60 170 520 1518 3160 2600 7.9- Jincheng -24 40.2 62 185 650 1857 4089 2563 11.7 H e

b Handan 13.5 -19 42.5 60 200 523 1757.5 4500 2557 e i Xingtai 12.8 -24.8 42.7 60 188 510 1100 4350 2152 Hengshui 12.7 -23 42.7 70 208 518 1321.9 4400 2590 Langfang 11.9 -4.7 42.6 70 183 554.9 1650 4240 2660 A n Huangsha 4700~500 h

u 16 -10 42 78 235 1700 1020 1800 i n 0 Xuanchen 4600~530 16 -6 41 75 240 1400 1500 2025 g 0 4600~530 An’qing 16 -6 38 76 240 1400 1537 1800 0 4663~479 Liu’an 15 -20 41 78 228 1380 1273 2339 2

21 P r o Climate conditions A t e t e t A h f p A p A e t • A s v e e e e r u x x v u e r 1 i o n n n n n m m m m e n n t t r a m 0 s n n n n n r r i c c s p p p p p t e e o u u u u u e i i h - o . . m m p d d f a a a a a i r r i i n l l l l l a e e t e t a e y t e d i t o

project i a a ( o % n y h c n c s areas m ) u m m a i a a a m r n e v v v v u m i m l e e e e m a l h r r r r a t a a a a i u t i g e g v g g g m h d e e e e e 4700~485 Chuzhou 15 -8 40 75 210 1040 1500 2073 0 Z h Huzhou 15.20 39.87 -13.9 83.90 233.6 1345.67 1079.15 4987.00 1793.3 e j i a n g Hangzhou 16.04 40.70 -13.7 81.56 241.0 1540.00 1235.00 5050.00 1919.5

22 4.1.4 Hydrological conditions Refer to Table 4-4 for hydrological conditions of the project areas. Table 4-4: Hydro conditions of project areas Province project Hydro conditions areas Surface water Groundwater Watershed Areakm2 Annual reserve runoff 100 million 100 million m3 m3 Liaoning Shenyang Liao River 3315 1.978 5.40 Jinzhou Daling River 5267 4.930 7.89 Fuxin Daling River 3559 1.864 6.11 Liao River Tieling Liao River 14161 5.475 5.44 Shanxi Xinzhou Yellow River 1326.5 0.2022 0.5645 Luliang Yellow River 21095 11.1 8.9 Linfen 11288 13.2 10.3 Yuncheng Sushui River 5548 2.17 8.85 Fen River 2873 25.1 Yellow River 8424 500 Yangquan 3608 1.4 0.9887 Taiyuan Fen River 287.4 2.04 0.5 Datong Sanggan 6417.2 2.28 9.3 River Jinzhong Nanyang 2427 0.72 1.36 River Jincheng Yellow River 48 4.78 5.61 Hebei Handan Zhang River 3624.8 5.41 17.3 Xingtai Fuyang River 2057.0 4.70 6.8 Hengshui Fuyang, 2005.0 3.04 13.7 Weiyun River Langfang Yongding, 2730.0 4.50 7.7 Anhui Huangshan Xinanjiang 5944 91.70 11.45 Qingyi 3863 (subsidery of Yangtze River) Yangtze 3863 River Xuancheng Qingyi, 11627 94.53 13.24 Shuiyangjiang

Xinanjiang 713 Anqing Yangtze 6700 106.51 19.79 River

23 Province project Hydro conditions areas Surface water Groundwater Watershed Areakm2 Annual reserve runoff 100 million 100 million m3 m3 Liu’an Huai River 14920 181.38 16.01 Yangtze 3054 River Chuzhou Huai River 3328 93.28 6.14 Yangtze 4412 River Huzhou Tiaoxi 4541 28.64 8.12 Zhejiang Hangzhou Qiantang 42000 134.10 29.39

4.2 Ecological condition

4.2.1 Vegetation types

Table 4-5: Vegetation types of project provinces and project areas Province Vegetation types of project provinces Main vegetation types of project areas Liaoning Belongs to Northeast China Plant Zonation. coniferous- Vegetations are of medium quality but many types, broadleaved mixed including warm coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest, deciduous forest, deciduous forests, temperate pine and oak forest, coastal/beach mixed forests, and oak forests. The vegetations are vegetations either of warm temperate zone/ temperate zone semi-humid agricultural vegetation types, or sea/river coastal vegetation types. The steppe of Liaoning province is in the eastern end of Euro-Asia steppe belt, provincial distribution have raw hay original, meadow steppe and bush thick grass 3 types of steppe. Shanxi Belongs to North China plant zonation of holarctic Broadleaved forest (i.e.,North China plants of China-Japan plant sub- ,coniferous forest region). Major vegetation types are cold temperate ,coniferous- coniferous forest, cold temperate evergreen broadleaved mixed coniferous forest, cold temperate evergreen, forest mixed species coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest, and cold forest, bush clump temperate coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest, grassland, and warm coniferous forest, oak forest, broadleaved meadow hardwood forest, mountainous poplar-birch forest, bush clump grassland, bush-grass clumps and meadows.

24 Province Vegetation types of project provinces Main vegetation types of project areas Hebei Belongs to North China plant zonation of holarctic Deciduous (i.e., North China plants of China-Japan plant sub- broadleaved forests region), and the North China Plain. According to of poplar, willow, typographies, western part of the plateau is dry elm, toona, pear, grassland while the eastern part is for forest steppe peach and apricot with larch, birch, coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest; The mountainous region has by vertical distribution the grass/bush clumps – deciduous broadleaved forest – coniferous and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest - coniferous forest - the low mountain meadow; Plain has the primitive vegetations of warm temperate broadleaved forest and meadow, but now replaced with poplar, willow, elm, toona, pear, peach and apricot and other artificial plantation. Anhui Belongs to eastern China plant zonation straddling Evergreen south edge of warm temperate zone and north edge broadleaved forest, of middle subtropical zone, and the transition area deciduous between northern species and southern species, with broadleaved forest complicated typography, rich species, numerous ,deciduous forest vegetations of deciduous broadleaved forest, broadleaved- deciduous evergreen mixed forest, evergreen coniferous mixed broadleaved forest, coniferous forest, coniferous- forest, coniferous broadleaved mixed forest, bamboo forest, economic forest tree crops, bush forest and bush clumps. Zhejiang Belongs to east China subtropical plant zonation, Broadleaved forest, straddling the south subtropical zone and north coniferous forest, subtropical zone. Local vegetations are evergreen coniferous- broadleaved forests, existent forest types of broadleaved mixed broadleaved forest, coniferous forest, coniferous- forest, highland low broadleaved mixed forest, highland low forest, bush forest, bush clumps clumps and mountain meadows. and mountain meadows.

25 4.2.2 Current condition of forest resources Current structure and distribution of the project provinces’ forest resources have the following features:

Table 4-6 Table of Forest Resources Status Province Forest Resources Status Liaoning All the forest vegetation has single-layer structure, mainly young and middle forest, limited amount of mature forest. The forest structure needs improvement. The forest vegetations are unevenly distributed more in the east and less in the west. Shanxi In the project areas, the forest resources are limited and unevenly distributed with poor quality and low benefits. There are no stable forest communities. The ecological protection system is underdeveloped unable to meet the ecological demands of soil and water conservation, water retention, wind-breaking, sand-fixing etc. The forest coverage is nearly 3% lower than the average level of the whole province. Hebei Due to lasting human intervention, there has been no virgin forest. The existing forests are plantations of poplar, willow, elm, black locust, toona, apple, pear, peach, apricot etc. Anhui The province straddles the southern edge of warm temperate zone and the north edge of subtropical zone, belonging to the transitional region between south and north species of the country. There are complicated typographies, rich species and forest vegetation types. Zhejiang Because of long term development and utilization in history, the indigenous vegetations have been replaced by forest plantations such as Masson pine, China fir, economic tree crops, bamboo etc.

26 Table 4-7: Arbor forest resources of project areasunit: ha., 10000 cubic meters

# Province Forest Total By forest origin By forest types cover% Forest plantations Natural forest Single species forest Mixed species forest Area Volume Area Volume Area Volume Area Volume Area Volume Total 1499816.1 6960.4 892082.2 4276.2 607733.9 2684.2 1337883.7 6092.4 161932.4 868.0 1 Liaoning 22.2 443692.5 2122.0 386382.2 1807.2 57310.3 314.8 440474.9 2106.4 3217.6 15.7 2 Shanxi 11.6 64635.0 142.6 41246.0 51.6 23389.0 91.0 58945.0 126.8 5690.0 15.8 3 Hebei 9.16 8674.9 9.1 8674.9 9.1 - - 8674.9 9.1 - - 4 Anhui 65.2 761510.0 3823.0 369016.7 1999.1 392493.3 1831.9 633213.3 3111.5 128296.7 719.5 5 Zhejiang 71.2 221303.7 855.7 86762.4 409.2 134541.3 446.5 196575.6 738.7 24728.1 117.1

27 4.2.3 Fauna and flora resources

Table 4-8: Brief of fauna and flora resources of project provinces Province Fauna and flora resources in brief Liaoning province has plants in 161 families and 2200 species, including nationally protected wild plants 12 species (4 species for Grade I protection,8 species for Grade II protection. Priority protected wild animals 100 species, including Grade I nationally protected wild animals 17 species and Grade II 83 speciesProvincial protected wild Liaoning animals 91 speciesBeneficiary or main economic/research valued wild animals 292 speciesSino-Japan Migratory Bird Protection Agreement includes 227 species of which 202 species are found in Liaoning, Sino-Australia Migratory Bird Protection Agreement includes 81 species of which 54 species are found in Liaoning. The wild plants totals in 177 families,762 genus,2683 species, of which 2 species are Grade I protected plants, 3 species are Grade II protected plants. There are land vertebrates in 439 species, Grade I protected Shanxi wild animals in 15 speciesGrade II protected wild animals in 56 speciesprovincial priority protected wild animals in 27 speciesSino-Japan Migratory Bird Protection Agreement contains 148 species in Shanxi. Hebei has plants of 156 families, 807 genus, 3000 species, of which woody plants in over 500 species. There are meanwhile land (inclusive of amphibian) vertebrates in 530 speciesreptile 19 species and amphibian 10 species, including 1 species of Grade I protectionThere Hebei are 440 bird species representing 46.0% of the national Grade I protected bird species. The province has national or provincial priority protected wild animals 137 species, and over 200 marine species.

Anhui has rich variety of wild animals and plants, with high plants in 4245 species including woody plants in 112 families, 334 genus and Anhui 1320 species, nationally protected wild plants in 31 species, province protected plants 44 species. Vertebrates in 44 orders, 121 families and 742 species including nationally protected animals 91 species .

Zhejiang has higher plant 4550 species, of which 53 ones are listed as national key protected plant, 88 listed as provincial protected plant. There are 689 species of vertebrate in 126 families of 35 genus. Of the 689 species, 117 ones are national key protected animals, 37 provincial Zhejiang level protected animals, including known beasts of 99 species in 33 families of 10 genus; There are birds of 464 species and subspecies, in 69 families of 19 genus; Reptile 82 species, in 47 genus, 15 families of 4 orders; There are amphibious of 44 species in 16 genus, 9 families and 2 orders.

28 4.3 Current socio-economic development condition

4.3.1 Socio-economic condition

The following table for the project area socio-economic conditions.

Table 4-9: Socio-economic survey of project areas

No. of Agri. 4 Total land Total hhs. Population Minority people Rural laborers (10 ) Province township Population area (ha) (104) (104) (farms) (104) hh Popula. Subt. Of which: woman Total 4,957,850.1 494 265.2 948.40 77,522 355,609 787.3 466.5 169.9 Liaoning 2,268,000.0 89 99.2 367.1 75,900 350,000 286.3 151.7 50.4 Shanxi 625,610.0 76 28.7 132.9 0 0 103.6 63.0 17.3 Hebei 106797.5 73 11.9 50.0 1,566 5,543 50.0 23.3 10.6 Anhui 1,408,966.3 206 71.8 266.9 56 66 254.9 162.2 73.4 Zhejiang 548,476.3 50 44.6 131.5 0 0 92.5 66.3 18.2 GDP10,000 RMB Forestry Farmer av. income (RMB/year) output Province 4 Total 1st industry 2nd industry 3rd industry value 10 RMB Total 12,908,021.6 21 43 36 873,578.3 4687.2 Liaoning 2,478,854.0 40 30 30 47,602.0 3,683.0 Shanxi 1,022,066.0 7 67 26 10,120.0 2,911.0 Hebei 372,914.0 20 60 20 4,280.0 3,339.7 Anhui 1,851,789.6 33 33 34 8,898.0 4,436.3 Zhejiang 7,182,398.0 7 55 38 802,678.0 9,066.0

29 4.3.2 Land ownership condition For the five provinces of the project, 80-95% of the land for afforestation of IFDP is collectively owned land (collective land) while about 5-20% belongs to state-run forest. In Zhejiang, Anhui, Hebei and Liaoning, 68-95% of the project afforestation land (collective land) have been contracted for management by the individual farmer households, and only 5-32% remains in collective management. In Shanxi province where the forest land tenure reform starts much lately, 31% of the project afforestation land has been contracted for management by farmer households while the remaining 53% is still managed in collective manner. 4.3.3 Culture heritage and historical relics The project area of Anhui contains Yellow Mountain (Huangshan), a world natural and cultural heritage site. However, the IFDP project construction sites are located 2 kilometers away from the external buffer zone of the above heritage site, and therefore the project does not relate with heritage protection issues directly. Regarding historical relics, each of the five provinces has scattered distribution of historical relics (see the project social assessment report). However, the natural and cultural heritage sites and historical relics are not involved in the selected afforestation sites. 4.3.4 Collectively owned forest contracting and forest land tenure reform During 2006-2007, the forest land tenure reform was conducted on pilot basis to the collectively owned forest land in southern . In the following year (2008), the forest land tenure reform was conducted in the whole country. According to the new forestland contacting policy, the contracting term is 70 years which can be further renewed at expiry. The contractor of forest land can further contract the land management right/ use right to the third party, or mortgage the forest land, or shareholders with the land as capital for cooperative investment operations. Such arrangements of property ownership relations entitle the contactors with more rights of management, so have aroused the enthusiasm of farmer households in using forest land resources.

30 4.4 Current environmental quality related to project objectives

Table 4-10 Current conditions of environmental quality related to project objectives I P n r d o Current condition i v c i a n t c o e r s L o

i 2 a i Liaoning has now soil erosion area of 51161 km ,or 35.1% of total area of the l o a n n province. The annual loss of soil from erosion reaches 131 million tons, i n d g

w annual soil loss depth 2.2mm.Liao River basin, the soil erosion area is a 17080.9 km2, or 24.6% of the total watershed area. In Daling River basin, the t e 2 r soil erosion area is 11835 km or 59.2% of the total watershed area (the e r o Liaoning part).Liaoning has serious soil and water erosion, especially the s i o wastelands and croplands. S n h

a The soil and water erosion acreage of the areas along the Yellow River n

x makes up over 80% of total land area.The average annual silt discharge is i 456 million tons, of which 367 million tons goes to Yellow River comprising nearly 1/4 of the silt inflow into Yellow River. The middle reaches of yellow River have most severe soil and water erosion. The soil and water erosion area for the whole province is 108000 km2,or 69% of the total land area. Luliang and Taihang mountains are serious soil and water erosion areas. Shanxi has the most severe soil and water erosion among of five IFDP project provinces. i H

e Hebei has its project areas wholly located at the plains. Therefore there is b e basically no risk of soil and water erosion. A

n Anhui has soil and water erosion mostly in form of hydraulic erosions and h u

i mainly surface erosion. Gully erosion and gravity erosion only occurs at partial local sites. The province has 3.42846 million ha of soil and water erosion acreage. Up to 2006, the province has totally treated 1.98363 million ha eroded land and the existing soil and water erosion acreage is 1.44483 ha, taking 10.4% of provincial territory area. Due to improper land use measures, some new erosion area appears by year along with the actively treated eroded acreages every year. Z

h Zhejiang possesses soil and water erosion area of 13654.13 square kilometers e j

i taking 12.95% of total provincial land territory acreage. The erosion exists a n

g mainly at mountainous area of northwestern part, hilly area of southwestern part, hill-basin mixed areas of the central part of the province

31 I P n r d o Current condition i v c i a n t c o e r S L u i a r Yearly average surface runoff of Liaoning measures 32.471 cubic meters, o f a n

c with the runoff coefficient of 0.32. Precipitation distribution and runoff i e n g

R distribution essentially overlaps. lower reaches Kuandian and u

n Dandong has annual runoff of 600-700 mm deep, which gradually becomes o f smaller northward and to the central section to reach 200-500 mm at Hun f River and upper reaches, and to reach 100 mm Liao River lower reaches at the center of the province. At the Liaodong Peninsula coastal area, the runoff depth decreases from east 600 mm to west around 200 mm. At western Liaoning, and the Liao River upper reaches (the Laoha River), the runoff depth is at 25-75 mm. At the border area of northern Liaoning province with Inner Mongolia, the annual runoff is below 25 mm deep. S h

a The yearly average runoff measures 9.79 billion cubic meters, average runoff n

x 62.6 mm deep. For annual runoff depth, the southeast part has deepest runoff, i to shallower runoff to the northwest and west; The runoff depth of the eastern and southeastern parts to the south of Heng mountain including Heng mountain, Wutai mountain, Taihang mountain (wind facing slope), Zhongtiaoshan mountain (south slope), the runoff is over 100 mm deep generally; The northwestern and north areas of Shanxi have runoff about 50 mm or 25 mm deep mostly; Runoff of the big basins is less than 25 mm deep in general. H

e Yearly average of runoff of Hebei province is at 5.74 billion cubic meters, b e

i with the high runoff value area (over 100mm deep, and annual runoff accumulated depth about 150-250mm) along the mountain ranges of Taihang and Yan Mountains at the range slope side facing the wind, Beyond this high runoff value area, the runoff declines gradually by two directions to the northwest and southeast, to have low runoff value areas at the inland river of Zhangjiakou north. Of these low runoff value areas, Jixian county, Xinji, Ningjin has lowest runoff depth, below 5 mm while runoff depth of other areas is at 10-150 mm. A

n The average runoff measures 66.9 billion cubic meter, concentrated mainly in h u

i Huai River, Yangtze River, and the basins of the southeastern rivers. Of the above, the major implementation area of IFDP of the Yangtze River basin has an annual runoff of 32.032 billion cubic meters, taking 47.9% of the total annual runoff of the province; Southeastern river basins has total runoff of 3.693 billion cubic meters, 5.5% of the annual runoff total. Z

h Yearly average river runoff of 92.37 billion cubic meters. The precipitation e j

i and the distribution of runoff depth isoline are of similar tendency. a n

g Specifically, the runoff depth in mountainous areas is larger than that of the plain areas; and at the same latitude, the inland area exceeds the islands. In the same year, the runoff distribution is uneven. In the project area of Qiantangjiang River basin, the annual runoff is 13.41 billion cubic meters, and in Tiaoxi brook the runoff is 2.864 billion cubic meters.

32 I P n r d o Current condition i v c i a n t c o e r W L i a a The Liao and Daling River surface water quality assessment of the province o t e n r areas: low water season river length 2,356.1 km with Grade I river 80 km i n q g u long taking 3.4%; Grade river 526.6 km long taking 22.4%; Grade river a l i 109 km long taking 4.6%; Grade river 275.5 km long taking 11.7%; Grade t y river 186 km long taking 7.9%; Inferior Grade river 1179 km long taking 50.0%. Water quality of 70% rivers is Grade or under Grade in low water season. For the ample season river length of 2,396.1 for the whole province , Grade river 225 km long taking 9.4%; Grade river 345.6 km long taking 14.4%; Grade river 406.5 km long taking 17.0%; Grade river 368 km long taking 15.3%; Grade river 500 km long taking 20.9%; Inferior Grade river 551 km long taking 23.0%. Water quality of over 50% rivers is still Grade or under Grade in ample water season. S h

a The results of surface water environment monitoring of 103 sections (16.5% n

x of the all sections) of Yellow River, in Shanxi comply with "the i standard of surface water of environmental quality (GB3838-2002)” by Grade I to Grade III. Meanwhile, Grade - water standard sections takes 21.4% and Grade and the inferior takes 62.1% H

e Langfang city has Grade V inferior river water quality at the lower reaches of b e

i Yongding river in accordance with “the standards of surface water environmental quality ( GB3838-2002 )” ; By going through the industrial enterprise pollution areas, the Fuyang river water city has worse water quality than Grade V in accordance with “the standards of surface water environmental quality ( GB3838-2002 )”; Zhang river of Handan city has better water quality, at Grade II in line with “the standard of surface water of environmental quality (GB3838-2002)”. A

n The Yangtze River, , Shuiyang river, Qingtong river, Qiupu river h u

i etc. are Grade II water standard or above, Hangfu river is of Grade water quality; The Mozitan reservoir of Liu’an city and the Taipinghu reservoir of Yellow Mountain city is of Grade II; The Chengxi reservoir and Fuziling reservoir of Chuzhou city are of Grade water quality. Therefore, the surface water environment and quality of the project on the whole is good. Z

h The water quality of the main streams of the rivers in the province is e j

i basically good, but some tributaries and local river sections that pass a n

g towns/cities have pollutions at different levels. The canals, rivers, waterways of the plains and the rivers inside cities are seriously polluted; The lake eutrophication phenomenon are at different levels. For the water environment and quality, , Ling River, Feiyun River, Xitiao Brook reach Grade II water standard; , Caoer River has maintained their Grade III water standard; Ao River has gone up from Grade V to Grade IV water standard; at its water-sampling site of the power plant has accorded with Grade I water quality standard.

33 I P n r d o Current condition i v c i a n t c o e r W L i a i The project areas are mainly at the northwest part of the province, belonging n o d n to southern edge of Ke’erqin Sandy Land, with sandified and desertificated i & n g s area of 875000 ha. which directly threatens cropland of 450000 ha. Pasture a n land of 8000 ha Ke’erqin Sandy Land is now extending southward at the d h speed of 10 m per year. The frequent weather of sandy dust reduces crop a r m output by about 30%. H

e The project areas are located at the Hebei Plain, lower reaches of old Yellow b e

i River course and Yongding River low reaches sandy land area. The desertificated land area is 2.404 million ha, taking 12.8% of the total land area of the province. Project areas of Handan, Xingtaiwan, hengshui and Langfang have desertificated land area of 525000 ha or 21.7% of desertificated area of the province, or 35.0% of the total land area of the four cities. For a long-term, the dust storms, high temperature and dry-hot spring wind do immense harms to the regional ecological condition, and local livelihood/ production with serious losses. Note: Environmental baseline data survey of project areas, including soil erosion modulus and surface runoff, will be conducted in the first year of implementation.

5 Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures

5.1 Methods of assessment

5.1.1 Scope and time of assessment 1Assessment scope The IFDP environmental impact assessment covers mainly the ecosystems that may be impacted by the project construction and implementation: 1EIA scope for afforestation at mountainous areas, hilly areas, will cover the assessment scope from the vertical limit of the side slopes ( ridges or and foot of the hills) of the forest plantation sites, to 200m of the upper reaches direction, and 1 km of the lower reaches direction; 2For the afforestation at plains, the environmental impact assessment will cover the areas 200-300m away from the border limits of the planted sites 3EIA scope for afforestation at mountainous areas, hilly areas, if relevant to downstream with environmental sensitive sitesdrinking water protected areas for example,the assessment will extends its scope to cover such sensitive venues 4 If the afforestation happens at the leeward direction of the local annual dominant wind force, the assessment will extends its scope accordingly. 2Assessment time

34 The environmental assessment will cover the different time phrases of the project: 1project design 2project field construction4 years 3post-completion project operations. 5.1.2 Factors of assessment The proposed IFDP is an ecological improvement prioritized project, with the components of establishment of multifunction forest plantations; existing plantation forests improvement; and institutional support, project management, M&E. The environmental impact interacts with project activities comprehensively. Therefore the environmental impact factor matrix table is used Table 5-1to identify the assessment factors .

35 Table 5-1: World Bank loan IFDP environmental impact factor identification

Project Environmental factors component/ activities Physical environment Ecological environment Social environment Hydrology quality Water erosion Soil wastes Solid Topography communities W Biodiversity fertility Soil species P diseases P Land use Village road condition S people Minority health Public Employment rotected rotected est ocio ildlife - economic and

Site slashing/ 1 preparation

Chemical -1 2 1 1 1 fertilizer use

Pesticide use -2 -1 -1 -2 1 -1 1

Young forest -1 -1 -2 -2 -1 1 tending management

Species selection 1 2 1 -1

Site selection 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1

Felling

Note: 1 for “slight impact”, 2 for “moderate impact”,“”for positive impact,“”for negative impact

36 37 5.1.3 Standards of assessment According to the environmental function categorization of the project areas by the environmental protection authority, the assessment adopts the following standards: quality standards and emission standards. For areas that are vulnerable to pollution, the environmental quality standard is adopted. And if there are emissions/discharges, corresponding emission/discharge standards will be followed at the related areas. If some emission standards do not exist, corresponding emission standard for the specific contaminant will be used. According to environmental features and the geographical distribution of project areas, the following standards are applied. (1) Standards of environmental quality 1) Environmental quality of surface water will follow“the Standard of Surface Water of Environmental Quality ( GB3838-2002 ) Grade III water quality standard, partial river sections may adopt Grade II standard. 2) The standards of soil and water erosion assessment, will refer to“Development and Construction Project Standard of Soil and Water Erosion Prevention and Treatment (GB50434-2008)” (2) Pollutant discharge standard 1) The“Pesticide Safety Use Standard (GB4285-1989)” 2) WHO pesticide classification according to pesticide harms and classification guidance, 2004-01 (WHO/PCS/01.4). 5.1.4 Category of assessment IFDP is an ecological construction project with multifunction forest plantations establishment and existing plantations improvement as major activities, so its overall environmental impact will be generally positive. IFDP is not be concerned with any natural forest conversion or significant site slashing of grassland, bushes or forest with high values; There is no long terms field construction. The negative environmental impact on population or important environmental sites is confined to the construction sites and the periphery areas, with virtually no reversible impacts, and mostly confined in the construction phase. Under the most project conditions, through design and implementation alleviation, mitigation measures, the negative impacts can be avoided or eliminated. Therefore according to World Bank operational policy (OP 4. 01) stipulations, environmental impact assessment of this project belong to Category B. 5.1.5 Priorities of assessment (1) Analysis and assessment of the social and ecological benefits of the construction of project, including analysis of project construction operations in terms of water retention, soil and water conservation, wind-breaking and sand-fixing forest, restraining desertification, soil improvement etc. and other ecological benefits from

38 the project. The social benefits are those in raising farmers’ income and living conditions, promoting economic and social sustainable development, etc. (2) Assessment of negative environmental impact in stages of project design, construction and operation, including site selection, tree species selection, site slashing, site preparation, young forest tending management, use of fertilizer and pesticide, timber felling and transportation, etc. At the same time, risk analysis on nature and ecological quality will be conducted. (3) Recommendations of various measures for avoiding, removing or alleviating negative impacts or natural/ecological risks, including mitigation measures to environmental negative impacts to guard against natural or ecological risks during the projected stages of design, construction and operation, especially by drawing up the “environmental management plan”. (4) In view of the characteristics of IFDP, public consultation is also one of the focal points of the assessment. 5.2 Positive environmental impact analysis

Implementation of the project is helpful for full play of the various functions and benefits of forest, especially by obvious expansion of areas forested, improvement of forest structure and forest quality, improving regional environmental condition. The project construction will facilitate water retention, soil and water conservation, soil improvement and mitigation and restrain of land desertification, addition of project area biodiversity along with other positive impacts. 5.2.1 Water retention, soil conservation and improvement After project completion, project areas will have an addition of forest coverage of 1.9 % (from current forest coverage 33.8% to the target of 35.7%). The forests of the project through the tree canopy layers, forest litter layer, the biological- physical role of the forest soil, will weaken rainfall erosion force, improve soil structure, rise the erosion-resistant capability of the soil, hold moisture seepage and evaporation, increase soil permeability, prolongs runoff formation process, reduce surface runoff volume and speed. With these, the project shall play the roles of regulating flood peaks, water retention, soil erosion prevention, soil conservation, and water purification.

The project forest and vegetation in Shanxi will emphasize water pretension and flood peak detention and regulation. The project operations in Shanxi will alleviate efficiently the scouring of concentrated rainfall on soil to reduce runoff of land surface as well as silt inflow into Yellow River, to contribute to assurance from floods of lower reaches of Yellow River and Hai River. Implementation of IFDP by the soil and water erosion function of loess plateau, reduction of silt inflow into Yellow River, alleviation of flood, contribute meanwhile to the safety of the locality and safety of people's life and properties.

39 In Anhui province, the project construction can restore and increase forest resources, improve local natural landscape and forest vegetation of degraded lands, improve local climatic environment Through improving and well managing periphery environment, the world natural and cultural heritage sites will not be threatened by ecological damages or degradation.

In Zhejiang, project construction will strengthen forest capability of retaining water, conserving soil, resisting the abnormal and increasing simulative capacity. At the same time, the improved forest will play very obvious role in improvement of health of degraded lands, prevention of occurrence and prevalence of pest and diseases, raising soil nutrition accumulation level and improving soil quality.

Liaoning will improve the natural condition, add the forest coverage, retain water and soil, and promote the development crop farming and animal husbandry of all project counties through the project construction.

5.2.2 Wind-breaking, sand-fixing forests and land sandification combating Forest reduces wind speed and efficiently holds back sandification. When the forest network exceeds 10% and sandy land vegetation cover exceeds 30%, the harms from sandstorm will decrease to the minimum. Liaoning and Hebei of IFDP fall into the project area of prevention and control of dust storms of the“National Three- North Shelterbelt Protection Project”which is a component (the wind and sandification prone zone) of the“National Ecological Construction Program ". The project construction adds forest and vegetations to protect farmland and to combat desertification. 5.2.3 Increment of biodiversity Following the project implementation, the original ecological condition of each project area will be improved to create better conditions for biological population and multiply so will add site plant species, vegetation coverage, which will attract some small-sized animals, birds for multiplication, bringing higher local biodiversity. 5.2.4 Carbon sequestration and regulation of climate Forest by the photosynthesis can fix carbon dioxide and release oxygen. therefore, it is important in atmospheric balance of the earth, especially in the mitigation of greenhouse effect. Studies show that one hectare forest in average releases annually 10.7 tons of oxygen, absorb 13 tons of carbon dioxide. IFDP will have plantation forest of 94291. 9 ha, by rough estimation, the oxygen release will reach 1.009 million tones and carbon dioxide fixation 12.2558 million tons every year. Forest has the function of regulating temperature, with the tree canopy sheltering against solar radiation, producing smaller temperature difference inside forest between day and night, and between winter and summer to alleviate the harm of frosts. At the same time, forest adds the moisture content of air by evaporation, making the humidity in

40 forest 5%-20% higher than non-forest land. Besides, forest has certain precipitation addition role.

41 5.3 Negative impact and mitigation measures

Table 5-2: Negative impact and mitigation measures

42 Project cycle Project Negative impacts Mitigation measures activities

Project Site selection 1. Inappropriate site selection Areas which are of geo-ecological importance, fragile in ecological conditions or have severe design stage for afforestation may ecological problems should be selected for both the new and the improved forest plantations. jeopardize natural Nevertheless, areas with valuable natural habitats, natural and cultural heritages can never be selected. vegetations at ecological The forbidden areas for new plantation establishment and existing plantation improvement include fragile area. areas less than 2000 m from the buffer zones of nature or cultural heritages, less than 100 m from the designated ecological public welfare forest, less than 50 m from the main river banks and 20 m from 2. Selection of slope area the subsidiary river banks. over 35 degrees for forest operations may cause serious The site selection of new forest plantations of IFDP will be paid attention to the following. soil and water erosion 1. The existing plantation with canopy closure over 0.2 should not be selected; 3. Irrational layout may affect 2. Slope lands over 35 degrees are not allowed for project afforestation. the habitat of wild animals and their multiplication, or 3. Efforts should be made to avoid, to the maximum extent possible, selection of plant communities of damage the passageway of bushes and secondary low density plantation woodland etc. as they might be used as the habitats for wild animals. local wild animal or as the refuges. Site selection for improvement of existing plantation forest will pay attention to the following: 1. Existing coniferous plantation forest with monoculture species structure, poor heath condition and low ecological function. 2. Existing economic tree crop forest with serious water and erosion problem, inferior growth of tree, monoculture structure and low ecological function.

Tree species 1. Tree species (variety) Afforestation species selection will pay attention to the following: selection if improper, may varieties 1. Priority on the indigenous tree species selection and lead to low ecological distribution adaptability and stability of 2 layout of multiple tree species (varieties), control of the scale of single species (varieties) large area forest plantations contiguous planting. Mono-species forest areas should not be larger than 2 ha in patch (afforestation areas in the sandy land in Liaoning should not exceed 5 ha). 2. Large area, unitary-species planting may aggravate risk For improving existing plantations by enrichment, the tree species selection will be paid attention to of pest and disease incidence. the following: 1.Give full consideration to diversity and adaptability of the species 2 The post-enrichment forest stands will form mixed plantations of multi species by integrating the enrichment trees with the original stands.

Site slashing Site slashing methods if not 1. Strictly forbid to mountain burning proper, may cause soil and 2. Bushes or grasses that hinder the afforestation activities should be removed in patch or strip forms. water erosion or damage the Removed bushes or grasses should be piled between such strips or planting holes for natural natural vegetation of fragile 43 decomposition. areas. 3. The original vegetation at hill top, hillside and foot of the hills are maintained. 4. When slashing, the planting sites at streamside areas, protection zone of sufficient size should be defined. 44 5.4 Risk analysis and prevention measures

5.4.1 Risk analysis The project risks include mainly fire, harmful low temperature, typhoon, pest and diseases, etc. The risk factors and severity analysis refer to Table 5-3.

Table 5-3 Risk analysis Risks Analysis Risk Environmental level risk level

Fire Project areas contain biological fireproof Medium Low forest belts, with professional fire-fighting team and infrastructure, forest fire prevention capability is notably raised. The possibility of devastating fires at large area is low for the project.

Harmful Cold harm that has major impact on tree Medium Medium low growth happens more regularly at one time temperature for every 10 years, and the level of victimizing of tree is not necessarily catastrophic. This project will select cold- resistant species to avoid such risk.

Freezing Freezing jeopardizes heavily the output of Medium Medium economic tree crops, especially walnut. But freezing occurs periodicity normally. The project will select resistant species to avoid the risk.

Typhoon Among project areas, Zhejiang has the natural Medium Medium calamity from tropical storms (typhoon) and the storm tides. In recent years, Zhejiang has increased the construction of coastal protection forest, so the wind-breaking capability has risen apparently. Typhoon has limited influence on the project.

45 Risks Analysis Risk Environmental level risk level

Drought In the project, droughts threaten the tree Medium Medium growth in Shanxi province in its arid project areas. The impact is especially obvious to the economic and protection forests. Through tree species selection, as well as measures of precipitation collection wells and water- saving irrigation and extension dryland cultivation technologies, the project can alleviate the risk.

Pest and The project forest may be harmed by pests Medium Fair diseases and diseases, but with the provinces’ established quarantine system of pest and diseases and the reporting/forecasting network, the project can forecast and promptly address the risk to ensure healthy project forests.

5.4.2 Risk reduction measures (1) Establishment and improvement of forest protection and forest fire fighting management organizations, by strengthening the capacity building. In line with the relevant laws and regulations, individual staff based work responsibility work plan will be developed to protect forest against. (2) Cold, freezing and typhoon risks will be addressed through forestation by cold/wind-resistant tree species. If necessary, lime whitening or smoking may be adopted to prevent or alleviate the harms from low temperature. (3) Selection of tree species for forestation that are drought-resistant. At planting, the fish scale pit, rainwater wells, or other precipitation collection measures may be adopted to make full use of the limited water resources. Extension of dryland forestation technologies will also help to reduce arid risk to minimum. (4) Use IPM advanced concept and methods into the project. The developed national/provincial network of pest and diseases monitoring is used to serve the project, especially by accurate forecasting. Vigorous extension of physical, biological methods of prevention and control, and uses of high-efficiency, low-toxicity pesticides are adopted. 5.5 Socio-economic impact analysis 5.5.1 Social benefit (1) Offer employment opportunities and raise farmer income The project will offer employment opportunities to the local residents and alleviates over supply of rural labors in the project areas. From the start of project implementation, the project will offer 10.8317 million work days within the project area. This is equivalent to employment of one year of 43000 laborers at 250 days per laborer. The project can drive the resources development, processing of forest 46 products, ecological tourism, which will further expand income opportunities for local farmers and improve their living conditions. (2) Improve technological and managerial levels Through domestic and international study tours and training, design and execution of project afforestation and existing forest improvement schemes, demonstration forest establishment, the project will help raise foresters’ quality and management capability in sustainable forest management. At the same time, the training to households will raise ability and knowledge of their afforestation and forest management operations. (3) Promote forest land tenure reform The project will combine the national forest land tenure reform policy which will issue forest certificates to the households, to help establish farmer associations. This will raise the ability of project area farmers' self organization level and strengthen their capability of self service, self management and self development. (4) Improve living environment and strengthen the environmental awareness The project construction will improve ecological condition so that local people can have better environment for production and life and better health. Implementation of the project is helpful for people to know the relationship between the environment and human survival raising their environmental ecological construction consciousness. 5.5.2 Social risks (1) Possible unequal opportunity in development between large land contractors and small land holders The unequal land holding between large and small land holding households is the consequence of the Collective Land Open Auction Policy implemented in 1990s. Now, the participation competence of large land holders in terms of technical, financial and scope of land resource is obviously higher than the small land holders. For IFDP project, there might be more chance to the holders with relative large contracted lands and less chance for the households with small sites. (2) Discrepancy between the ecological conservation objective and the economic benefit From scoring results of farmer’s group interview, it was concluded that farmers’ priority objective is to increase their financial income through participation in IFDP. The farmer’s objective is inconsistent sometimes from the objective of ecological conservation as public goods anticipated by the government. Particularly for ensuring the survival rate of new planted trees, the barren mountain and wastelands animal grazing and other kind of land use activities will be banned for certain years. This might negatively affect the livelihood of some households who are currently still using these lands for grazing their livestock. (3) Lack of participation competency of poor households and other vulnerable social groups Poor households and other vulnerable social groups in the village are normally small land holders, being lack of labors, lack of technical skills, lack of own investment capacity and lack of social capital, therefore their abilities of participating in the IFDP project are also weak. Due to lack of participation competency, poor and vulnerable social groups might be marginalized in the whole project life cycle of IFDP project. 47 5.5.3 Mitigation measures (1) In course of identification of project entities or households, the participatory consultation approach are to be adopted to ensure that the project target groups and beneficiaries will voluntarily and have eaual chance to participate in the project.

(2) For the restrictions brought to some households by the project, such as grazing ban and firewood collection, etc., countermeasures will be established for alternatives or compensation.

(3) In identification of project participating households, or in offering of technology training, or when establishing farmer associations, the project will pay special attention to and invite the vulnerable groups to provide them priority opportunities and ensure they have the opportunities to participate in the projects to the extent they can.

48 6 Analysis of Alternatives

6.1 The "zero scheme" analysis

"Zero scheme" means the no project scenario, i.e., the conditions without implementing the project. Comparison of having or not having the project is summarized in Table 6-1.

Table 6-1: "Zero schemes" analysis table of environmental impact Environmental impact If with the project If without the project

Direct 1Establish new plantations: 1Slope and sandified lands Environmental Establishment of new will further lose capability Impact multifunction forest plantations gradually to resist erosion. The with mixed species in project barren earth layer may be areas to increase forest area, hardened, along with serious reduce soil and water erosion, soil erosion, land improve soil quality, increase desertification, soil fertility wind breaking and sand-fixing, decline, and ecological function combating desertification; and decline. The natural disasters to increase biological diversity frequency may add. and carbon sequestration. But 2) Forested coverage rate if the site and tree species reduces year by year, with the selection improper or if the unitary forest structure, gradual afforestation technology or forest degradation, biological young forest tending diversity decreases, forest plant management measures diseases increases, ecological irrational, the ecological function weakening, forest condition may be subject to comprehensive benefits disadvantageous impact and successive decreases. The forest the risk. suitable management is faced 2) Improving existing with even more significant plantation forests. Improving challenges. existing degraded forest plantations into sustainable multifunction forests by thinning, enrichment and tending to increase their vegetative cover and canopy closure, improve forest quality, optimize forest structure and increase biodiversity. But if the site and enrichment tree species selection improper or if the tending measures irrational, the ecological disadvantageous impacts/ risk may appear.

49 Indirect 1) Increase forest cover, Wildlife resources decrease, environmental resume ecological landscape, disadvantageous to biological impact and improve wild animal diversity protection; The habitats by passageway degradation of environment is formation, helpful for neither restrained nor improved; biodiversity protection. Local community surrounding environmental quality drop, and 2) Helpful for regulating natural calamity defense climate and improving capability of farmlands ecological quality, offering decreased. people community recreation sites, promoting development of local tourism; 3) Protect of farmlands and improve the production conditions of farming, raise land utilization rate, increase farmer income, strengthen farmers’ consciousness of environmental protection.

Conclusion Recommended Not recommended

6.2 Comparison between IFDP afforestation and other afforestation schemes

This comparison indicates the differences of IFDP multifunction forest plantation scheme from traditional scheme including afforestation site selection, tree species selection, afforestation models, etc., and the results are presented in Tables 6-2, 6-3, 6-4. 6.2.1 Afforestation site selection Table 6-2: Afforestation site selection analysis IFDP scheme Traditional scheme

The afforestation sites are selected at Would usually locate afforestation government planned public welfare forest projects at areas traffic convenient, areas, commercial forest areas near timber natural condition superior, to facilitate processing enterprise counties (city and afforestation operations, plantation districts) in lacks of forest raw materials, forest productivity can reach higher important ecological zones or ecological level in order to get biggest economic fragile areas, including the areas of benefits; 2000m away from nature reserves and Aforestation land selection prioritizes cultural heritages, upper reaches water consideration harvested plantation sites, flow formation areas of large/ medium- converted cropland, landforms and sized reservoirs and the periphery areas wastelands of barren mountain with better serious stony desertification areas. soil conditions, for higher afforestation survival rate and preservation rate, higher Afforestation lands will afforestation suitable forest growth. wastelands or barren mountain; old harvested 50 wastelands or barren mountain; old harvested plantation sites; converted cropland; degraded forest land with exotic weed species, bush land and low-density plantation woodland; semi- fixed or fixed sandy lands; seriously, moderately and lightly desertified lands; The soil and water conservation plantation will firstly select higher slope barren mountains or wastelands and secondly river beach lands.

Conclusionrecommended Not recommended

6.2.2 Species selection Table 6-3: Species selection scheme analysis

IFDP scheme Traditional scheme

1 ) To select good ecological adaptability, 1To prioritize fast-growing, high- strong resistance species production, good quality afforestation tree 2) To prioritize indigenous tree species species or varieties. Under the prerequisite of ecological adaptability, 3) To advocate use of ecologically and priority selection are to well-known, economically satisfactory tree species special, superior, new ones with high 4) Multi-tree species (variety) layout quality/yield for plantation forests to arrangement; maximize economic benefits; 5) To control unitary species (variety), large- 2) Afforestation tree species (variety) scaled contiguous plantation. resistance and ecological stability are taken as secondarily important priorities, with high attention to the successfully introduced (from foreign or other national areas) species (varieties), and less consideration is given to local indigenous, genetically unimproved species. 3) Use unitary species for afforestation mainly with Larch pine, Masson pine, Chinese fir, Poplar, Eucalypt, Bamboo, Cash crop trees, etc.

Conclusionrecommended Not recommended

6.2.3 Afforestation model selection Table 6-4: Afforestation model environmental impact comparison

Measures IFDP scheme Traditional scheme

Site slashing To cut/remove the weeds in To adopt overall slashing patch or strip forms, strictly or mountain burning. forbidding mountain burning. Original site vegetations

51 Measures IFDP scheme Traditional scheme Maintainance of original are destroyed basically, vegetation to alleviate soil easy to cause soil erosion erosion and soil nutrient loss, and soil nutrient loss, which is helpful for disadvantageous to biodiversity protection. biodiversity protection.

Site Slope lands over 15 degrees, Overall or strip site preparation hole, strip and terrace types preparation types, with should be selected; for slope ground breaking area of over 25 degrees, hole type site 30-100%, vegetations preparation is a must; When destroyed completely or establishing cash crop trees on partially, soil erosion the slopes over 15 degrees, serious. terraced tpye must be adopted; raw grass protection belt should be retained; ground breaking areas as less as possible (preferably less than 25%), with effective soil/water conservation measures.

Planting Planting density is reduced by Density is high, forest density 30% than conventional canopy sunshine afforestation density, with penetration low, canopy improved forest sunshine closure early, which would penetration; better under-forest affect individual tree bush/grass growth helpful for growth. There are almost forest stands health and raising no under-forest bush/grass the forest resistance capability. vegetations in growth, and the forest has low resistance capability.

Young forest The partial tending methods To adopt mostly all-sided tending with operations of enlarging forest tending to remove all planting holds, loosening the weeds of the afforestation soil, weeding and retaining land which is not natural vegetation as far as facilitative to soil and possible around the young water conservation. trees, using removed weeds/vegetation residues for site mulches, is helpful to site conservation and increasing soil fertility.

Fertilization Prioritize application of organic The fertilization is not well fertilizer; When using chemical targeted using chemical fertilizer, hole or trenches type fertilizer mostly, which are applied, strictly forbidding would harden the soil. 52 Measures IFDP scheme Traditional scheme broadcast method; After Sometimes, broadcast fertilizing, earth applied on method is used, reducing surface. the fertilizer efficiency.

Conclusion Recommended not recommended

6.3 Comparison between IFDP existing plantation forest improvement scheme and the traditional scheme

This comparison is for the IFDP existing plantation forest improvement scheme with the traditional scheme, with key analysis on target forest stands selection, difference of improvement or tending measures. The analysis results are shown in Table 6-5.

Table 6-5: Comparison between IFDP forest improvement scheme and the traditional scheme IFDP scheme Traditional scheme

Target forest To select at ecological fragile Target forests are selected at stands area the following two types of sites with convenient traffic and selection forest rehabilitation good site conditions, for timber improvement: forests that the too high forest density is affecting the normal 1) Existing coniferous plantation growth; or the economic tree forest with monoculture species crops with outdated varieties and structure, poor heath condition reducing production. and low ecological function. 2) Existing economic tree crop forest with serious water and erosion problem, inferior growth of tree, monoculture structure and low ecological function.

Single- 1)To fell the individual trees Through pruning, thinning, and species with weak growth tendency, or other forest land management coniferous with incidence of pests/diseases measures, the target forest is forest or those that have reached changed into forests with improvement harvest maturity. After the rational forest structure, healthy felling, at sites of the "forest individual trees, vigorous windows" formed thereby and growth, high-quality and high- previously existent empty yield for achieving the purpose spaces, broadleaved trees with of high production and high dual ecological and economic quality timber. uses are to be enrichment to form coniferous-broadleaved mixed forests;

53 2) to reserve the previously existing arbor trees in the forest; 3) to adopt necessary forest tending measures to ensure survival and healthy growth of the enrichment broadleaf trees.

Economic For existing economic tree To adopt pruning, changing tree crops crops, thinning or enrichment canopy and land management improvement with broadleaved tree, etc. are measures to strengthen tree conducted to form group-form or growth tendency, promote fruit- scatter-form multi-layer mixed bearing, improve general forest, for raising forest quality, for reaching steady and ecological stability. high yield production purpose.

Conclusion Recommended not recommended

54 7 Environmental Management Plan

The project Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been developed and the detailed institutional arrangements, technical requirements, training plan and monitoring plan to implement the EMP have been incorporated in the project technical design, training program and monitoring plans, as well as budget allocation, as an integrated parts of Project Implementation Plan. 7.1 Specific plans of implementing mitigation measures

7.1.1 Preparation and execution of “Environmental Protection Guidelines” To materialize the mitigation measures of Chapter 5 into project, design, field construction and operations to strengthen ecological benefit and reduce, eliminate possible negative impacts on natural environment to minimum level, this paper has aimed the major linkages of project implementation afforestation/forest improvement site selection, tree species (variety) selection and layout, site slashing/preparation, young forest tending management, fire management, timber felling/yarding, etc., to establish much detailed " Environmental Protection Guidelines”. The guidelines are used for multifunction forest plantations and degraded plantation etc so as to ensure realization of the expected environmental objectives of the project. Refer to Annex 1 of“Environmental Protection Guidelines”. 7.1.2 Preparation and execution of “Integrated Pest Management Plan” The IPM plan has been developed for IFDP according to the national policy of“prevention first, scientific control, treatment by law and health promotion" and related requirement of World Bank. The IPM plan makes detailed stipulations regarding present situation, principle and objective of prevention and control, monitoring and forecasting, types of pests/diseases of major tree species and the control measures, safety pesticide recommended and use methods as well as technology and management training of the project personnel beneficiaries at different levels. The IPM plan by execution of the definite stipulations in project implementation, will promote the application of physical and biological methods of prevention and control, decrease the reliance of chemical methods, for ecological chemical pesticide management and avoiding of environmental pollution. Refer to Annex 2“Integrated Pest Management Plan” 7.2 Environmental monitoring plan

7.2.1 Topics and indicators of monitoring To the new establishment of multifunction forest plantations and the existing plantation forests improvement, environmental monitoring will be conducted to evaluate impacts of the project on soil and water conservation, water retention, wind- breaking and sand-fixing forest, farmland protection and forest pest/diseases. The monitoring topics/indicators are as follows: 1Soil and water erosion monitoring: -- Soil erosion -- Land surface runoff 55 2Wind-breaking, sand-fixing forest monitoring -- Plantation forests and natural vegetation for the total coverage -- wind erosion depth or sand burial thickness 3Farmland protection monitoring -- Forest belt growth monitoring for height of tree, DBH, tree canopy; -- Wind erosion depth or sand burial thickness at winter and spring time; -- The protected farmland monitoring: degree and percentage of seed exposure as result of wind after seed broadcasting, crop production level 4Reduction or removal of pest and disease harms -- Pest and diseases incidence and the types -- Incidence frequency, damage degree and change of times of launching treatment measures 5Plant biodiversity monitoring: -- Types/species and number of arbors. -- Types/species of cover degree of bushes. -- Types/species of cover degree of herbaceous plants. 7.2.2 Monitoring Site selection and distribution To the types of new forest plantations of soil and water conservation, wind-breaking/ sand-fixing, farmland protection as well as the existing degraded plantations under the project, fixed site monitoring will be conducted by selecting main afforestation/forest improvement models of the project provinces. The monitoring sites will of at representative site conditions. Refer to the following table 7-1 for the environmental monitoring site locations for the above-mentioned environmental factors.

56 Table 7-1: Monitoring site selection and distribution Monitoring Province Afforestation Number of Monitoring plot types model monitoring sitescounties plots

Soil and water Liaoning Hazelnut soil and 1 Changtu erosion water conservation forest; Apricot soil and 1 Yixian water conservation forest. Shanxi Walnut 1 Linxina Chinese pine 1 Platycladus 1 Black locust 1 Sorbifolia 1

Anhui Coniferous- 1 Northern Yangtze broadleaved mixed and Dabieshan forest; mountainous area Broadleaved forest 1 Southern Anhui ecological recovery mountainous area

Broadleaved and 2 Deqing Zhejiang pine mixed forest; Broadleaved, pine, 2 Changxing bamboo mixed forest; Broadleaved, 2 Lin’an Chinese fire mixed forest; Broadleaved, 2 Fuyang Chinese fir, bamboo mixed forest; Broadleaved, 2 Anji chestnut mixed forest; Broadleaved, tea 2 Anji multi-layer mixed forest Wind- Liaoning Poplar and 1 Changtu breaking and Mongolian pine sand-fixing sand-fixing forest;

57 Poplar, 1 Zhangwu Seabuckthorn sand- fixing forest Hebei Mixed wind- 1 Yongqing breaking, sand- fixing forest; Intercropping type 1 Wuyi wind-breaking, sand-fixing forest; Economic wind- 1 Guantao breaking, sand- fixing forest Shanxi Chinese pine 1 Pianguan Caragana 1 Farmland Hebei Mixed wind- 1 Dacheng protection breaking, sand- fixing forest; Intercropped wind- 1 Feixiang breaking, sand- fixing forest; Economic wind- 1 Linxi breaking, sand- fixing forest Pest and Zhejiang Broadleaved, pine 3 Deqing diseases mixed forest; Broadleaved, pine, 3 Changxing bamboo mixed forest; Broadleaved, 3 Lin’an Chinese fir mixed forest; Broadleaved, 3 Fuyang Chinese fir, bamboo mixed forest; Broadleaved, 3 Anji Chestnut mixed forest; Broadleaved, tea 3 Anji multi-layer mixed forest

Plant Anhui Broadleaf forest 1 Southern Anhui diversity ecological mountainous areas improvement Zhejiang Broadleaf, pine 2 Deqing mixed forest;

58 Broadleaf, pine , 2 Changxing bamboo mixed forest; Broadleaf, Chinese 2 Lin’an fir mixed forest; Broadleaf, Chinese 2 Fuyang fir, bamboo mixed forest; Broadleaf, chestnut 2 Anji mixed forest; Broadleaf, tea 2 Anji multi-layer mixed forest

7.2.3 Methods of monitoring All the environmental monitoring activities will be conducted in the first year, the third year, and the fifth year of the project construction phase, as well as the third year and sixth year of the project operation phase. 1Method of soil and water erosion monitoring At every monitoring site of soil and water erosion, the project will select sites of slope with plain surface, and of representative condition section, to establish 3 runoff districts (runoff blocks). Of these, 2 districts will be built on afforestation lands as repetitions; 1 district built on no-afforestation land, as control. The structure of runoff districts will follow unified standard design and include boundary wall, water collection groove, flow groove, pool as well as drain ditch next to the upper edge of runoff district, protection belts at two sides of the runoff district. The monitoring will cover rainfall, rainfall lasting time, rainfall intensity; land surface runoff; Soil runoff. The monitoring will start from the beginning of project field construction, and be carried out after rainfall of the monitoring years.. 2Method of wind-breaking and sand-fixing forest monitoring For monitoring methods of wind-breaking and sand-fixing forests in the project, sample monitoring plots for afforestation land and non-afforestation land will be installed, for the following observations. 1) Plantation forests and natural vegetation coverage. This is done by two sets of randomly obtained sample plots (one set as X axle - - for instance, in south-north direction, and another set Y axle in east-west direction). Every plot size is 20 x20 m, with observation content of afforestation preservation rate, height of established arbor and bush, canopy, coverage of each of natural vegetation layer and regeneration condition. From the starting of afforestation, two observations for one year are conducted, in mid-August and mid-January of the monitoring years respectively. 2) Methods of wind erosion and sand burial monitoring This is done by inserting testing prop to monitor wind erosion and sand burial levels. Specifically, along sites 2-3 meters of the leeward direction edge of project forest, place sample line, for which for every 5-10 meters an iron prop is inserted to measure 59 wind erosion/ sand burial thickness by use rules that has size graduation. From starting of the afforestation, observation is carried out every year at the wind season beginning time (mid January) wind season later stage time (early April) of the monitoring years respectively. 3Methods of farmland protection monitoring This is done by installing sample observation plots at the project forestation lands and non-forestation lands, to carry out following observations. 1) Forest belt growth monitoring: afforestation preservation rate, tree height, DBH, canopy will be measured. From beginning of afforestation, every year the observation is done in January and in August of the monitoring years respectively. 2) Wind erosion depth or sand burial thickness monitoring: from afforestation beginning, measuring is done every year in mid January in mid-April of the monitoring years with methods ditto. 3) Protected farmland monitoring: seed grain exposure proportion and intensity after the seed is sown, crop output. From afforestation beginning, measuring is done annually at sow seed time and crop harvesting season of the monitoring years. (4) Methods of pest and diseases monitoring. Fixed observation plots are installed for the project locations with forest restores measures with forest land with do not restoration measures and the control without such measures for survey. Suitable mechanical sampling methods are used to identify 20- 30 standard trees for being marked and for observation. For each of the monitoring years, regular observations are conducted to the pest and disease condition to the standard trees, on such survey topics of incidence types and rates, damage level recording the frequency and adopted measures of prevention and control. (5) Methods of plant biodiversity monitoring By selecting representative forest stands and land sections, three fixed monitoring plots are established respectively for IFDP existing plantations improvement and the control. The area of each monitoring plot is 30x30 cubic meters, laid at upper, middle and lower parts of the slopes. In June to August of the monitoring years, survey observations are done to the arbor, bush and herbaceous plant at the plots. 1) Arbor. Each of the arbor tree surveyed to investigate the tree species/types of the arbor, and number, height of trees 1 m and 1 m. 2) Bush. Five 5x5 m2 samples are established at the four corners and the center of the monitoring plots to investigate the bush species/types and cover degree. 3) Herbaceous plant. Five 5x5 m2 samples are established near the mongering plot to investigate the cover degree and plant species/types. 7.2.4 Organization of monitoring execution and reporting Each provincial PMO is responsible for the implementation and organization of the monitoring plan. The PMO will organize relevant technological personnel to set up special monitoring group for related work of environmental monitoring. It is to allocate necessary equipments and tools to every location of environmental monitoring to ensure monitoring quality and efficiency.

60 At the end of each of the monitoring years, each provincial PMO will organize promptly the collection and consolidation of the monitoring results and data, with analysis and reports on soil and water erosion, wind-breaking, sand-fixing forests, farmland protection and pest and diseases. The related summaries and assessment results are submitted to PMC of SFA together with annual project implementation progress report. 7.3 Training plan

7.3.1 Purpose of training The project will carry out training for environmental management knowledge and skills to relevant management staff of different levels and project beneficiaries (especially project farmer and households). The main purposes of the training are: (1) To provide project management staff at levels of province, county and township with full understanding and firm grip of the national/local legal regulations and rules, guidelines, project positive/negative environmental impacts, environmental management schemes and enforcement. With these, they will be enabled to seriously and concisely conduct the IFDP "Environmental Protection Guidelines" , "IPM Plan ", "Environmental Monitoring Plan" etc. (2) To ensure that the project beneficiaries including the entities and households participating the project understand and learn the schemes and related IFDP operating technologies, measures so that they can follow "Environmental Protection Guidelines" , "IPM Plan " when carrying out the field operations. The environmental management training of the project will be provided at the national, provincial and county levels, to ensure training coverage and achieve training purposes. 7.3.2 Topics of training (1) World Bank safeguards policies and Chinese national/ local environmental protection laws and regulations; (2) Project environmental impact, environmental protection guidelines, and related organization management/supervision.; (3) IFDP IPM plan; (4) IFDP environmental monitoring plan and implementation methods. For the detailed training topics/content, trainee number, training person days and budget at different levels, see Table 7-2.

61 Table 7-2: Table of Training Plan Number training Training budget Training topics trainer trainees of person time 10,000 trainee days (Year) RMB A National level 20 40 1. project environmental management and environmental protection PMC Pm, Pt 10 20 2010 guidelines 2. project pest and diseases management PMC Pm, Pt 10 20 2010

B Provincial level 739 1,707 68.28 1. Environmental management and environmental protection guidelines, including project implementation positive/negative environmental impacts, environmental protection guidelines, project environmental management PMO Cm, Ct 152 330 2010 13.20 organization, implementation and supervision and environmental monitoring plan and implementation. 2. Pest and diseases integrated management plan and implementation, PMO Cm, Ct 587 1,377 2010 55.08 pesticide procurement and safe use methods.

C County level 73,695 83,339 666.71 1.Main environmental protection measures of environmental protection CMO Tt, Ft, 742 1,120 2010-2013 8.96 guidelines and project implementation. Fm 31,500 15,750 2010-2013 126.00 2. Project main pest and diseases identification, prevention and control CMO Tt, Ft, 9,953 18,319 2010-2013 146.55 measures, pesticide safe use methods. Fm 31,500 48,150 2010-2013 385.20 Note: PMC-SFA PMCPMO-provincial project mgt officeCMO-county project mgt officePm-provincial project management staffPt- provincial technological personnelCm-county project management staffCt- county technology personnelTt-township technological

62 personnelFt-county ,township forest farm technological personnelFm- project village leaders, farmer household cooperatives or key farmers, household representatives

63 7.4 Organization and supervision

7.4.1 Organization and implementation The "environmental management plan" will be implemented as the important part of IFDP. The provincial PMOs will organize experts of forestry, ecology, environmental protection etc. to set up "project environmental management expert supporting group" to offer technological supporting service for environmental management training and the environmental monitoring work of the project. Each PMO of the project provinces and counties have designate special staff in charge of the environmental management work with clear responsibilities. Each county PMO, in course of the project participatory design, will propagate and publicize the measures and environmental management requirements of the project. And in the contracts with the project entities or households, there will be clear terms regarding strict conduction of "environmental protection guidelines". Each county PMO will organize project entities and household representative for training and on-the-spot consultancy, to let them gave practical grip of the related technical knowledge such as the measures of environmental protection, plant pest/disease prevention and control, so as to materialize the project environmental management into implementation operations. 7.4.2 Inspection and supervision Inspection and supervision of the project environmental management work will be conducted through the following mechanism: (1) Internal inspection and supervision PMC of SFA will take the responsibility for inspecting and supervising for each project province for their environmental management work. Through examining and approving the each province’s project progress report, on-the-spot inspection etc. the effectiveness and progress of environmental management work in the provinces will be understood and evaluated. For the identified difficulties and problems, assistance will be offered for resolution on timely basis. Each PMO will take the execution performance of "the environmental protection guidelines" as one key project implementation quality indicator, and as part of the project checking and acceptance requirement. At the same time, each province and county project PMO will in their half-year and annual project progress reports, report specially on the environmental management work. Provincial PMO will carry out summaries of environmental monitoring results of the monitoring year and report to PMC. Besides, the PMOs of the project provinces and counties will visit frequently the project construction sites for on-the-spot supervision, to identify any arisen problems, issues or difficulties in project construction operations. (2)External inspection and supervision The relevant departments of State Environmental Protection Administration and SFA, based on needs, will carry out inspections at any time to progress report and design files, as well as management and technical rules. These departments, according to the environmental management requirements of SFA national forestry construction projects, examine and evaluate project environmental protection, to identify problems and offer suggestions for improvement. The responsible departments of environmental protection of every project province and county, will also based on needs, inspect and supervise at any time the project 64 progress report and design files, management and technical rules. They at the same time, will conduct implementation site random examination and supervision, to discover problems and give improvement suggestions.

7.5 Fund source and budget

Enforcement funding needed by implementation of the plan will come from the project monitoring and evaluation plan and no extra budget, by incorporating into the budgets of project training, monitoring/evaluation and management. According to the work activity and quantity planned, the estimated need of fund is RMB17.9764 million, including training for RMB 7.3498 million, monitoring for RMB 9.4766 million and management for RMB 1.15 million. Budget details, please see Table 7-3. Table 7-3: Implementation budget of Environmental Management Plan (unit: 10,000 RMB)

Fund type Use explanations amount subtotal

Provincial-level training 68.28

County-level training; 155.50 Training 734.98 Township level technical people and afforestation entities representatives, village leaders, farmer 511.20 household associations, household representatives

Soil and water erosion monitoring; 273.54

Wind breaking and sand fixing 180.42 monitoring; Project Monitoring construction Farmland protection monitoring; 77.32 period Plant pests and diseases 39.71 monitoring;

Plant biodiversity monitoring 89.71 947.66 Soil and water erosion monitoring; 127.12

Wind breaking and sand fixing 37.8 Project monitoring; operation period Farmland protection monitoring; 16.2

Plant pests and diseases 76.42 monitoring;

Plant biodiversity monitoring 29.42

65 10% of the budget of the project management fee Management of the project construction units will be used for 115 115 environmental management.

Total 1797.64

Note: the budget of post-completion project operation is for planning only, not incorporated into project total budget and will only be financed by domestic funding.

66 8 Public Consultation and Information Disclosure

8.1 Public survey method and topics

8.1.1 Public consultation survey method Public consultation is to learn from the project affected individuals or groups of their comments on project preparation, construction and operation, so that the project implementation will reflect interests and the affected public and address their concerns by optimizing project design and carefully conducting project activities. At the same time, public consultation is helpful to ensure EIA quality and to guarantee transparency of related assessment, results, mitigation measures, implementation plans and other decision making for the project. According to related policies of World Bank and the requirements of "Environmental Impact Assessment Law of the PRC", and to reflect the comments of the public in the project areas, IFDP public consultation adopts the methods of posters, publishing in local newspapers, TV, convening villager meetings, collective interview, informal discussions. Some household investigations at the project areas were done on the uses of their existing land/forest lands, pesticide and fertilizer, and go to understanding of their living standards, health as well as their understanding for this project. The investigation of public consultation was helped by the project social assessment team who has carried out thorough social surveys to the social impact of the project.

.

67 8.1.2 Public consultation survey topics Table 8-1: Public consultation survey topics Surveyee Provinces surveyed Liaoning Shanxi Hebei Anhui Zhejiang Households 7 counties, 13 townships, Focal interviews to 2 cities, 4 5 counties, 10 2 cities, 5 counties, 8 key 24 villages,312 households 63 households of 14 townships,139 township (towns), townshipstowns, forest villages of 8 households 10 villages, 206 farms, 213 households township of 5 households; counties. Peoples NGO Provincial Forestry Shanxi provincial Provincial Anhui Provincial None at Societies and Shengyang, forestry society, Forestry Society Forestry Society, different Jinzhou, Fuxin, and ecological society and the level Tieling Ecological Society Government project areas: 7 Provincial forestry Prefecture Project areas: project areas: 5 county institutions county/prefectural forestry academy, plan/design /county project township (towns) prefectureforestry bureaus academy, project offices forestry station, bureau county forestry afforestation bureaus entities etc Related Experts of sadification Experts of provincial Experts of Provincial experts Experts of provincial experts management, soil and forestry academy provincial of forestry, forestry department water conservation, ,plan/design forestry forestation technology extension, academy, nature department ,seeding, afforestation, pest and reserve management inventory and diseases. station design, environmental protection etc

68 The public County/township (town) Governmental County/township The project has County/township (town) leaders, technicians, officials, (town) leaders, direct influence leaders, technicians, village village chief, farmers and technological technicians, on natural persons chief and villagers other socio-economic personnel, farmers village chief and or legal persons organization personnel villagers that live in or nearby the project areas, other interested individuals Number of 454 295 103 87 100 participant

Time June- August, 2008 June to September, November, 2008 July to December, October to December, 2008 2008 2008

Note: The public consultation adopts the methods of posters, publishing in local newspapers, convening villager meetings, collective interview, informal discussionsfilling in survey tables, individual/household visits, discussion meetings. Refer to Annex 3 for detailed survey time and locations.;

69 8.2 Analysis and recommendations of public survey result

8.2.1 Analysis of survey result Table 8-2: Analysis of project knowledge survey results Survey topics Comments Provinces survey Conclusion about Liaoning Shanxi Hebei Anhui Zhejiang Project Know 60% 75.3% 100% 62% 100% Most people know or know Origin about Project origin Partially 35% 23.9% 0% 37% 0 know Do not know 5% 0.8% 0% 1% 0 Project Know 70% 73.4% 100% 62% 99% Most people know or know Objective about Project objectives Partially 26% 25.6% 0% 37% 1% know Do not know 4% 1% 0% 1% 0 Project tasks Know 50% 76.3% 98% 62% 99% Most people know or know about Project tasks Partially 44% 20.5% 2% 37% 1% know Do not know 6% 3.2% 0% 1% 0 Project activities Know 54% 77.4% 99% 62% 95% Most people know or know about project activities Partially 40% 19% 1% 37% 5% know Do not know 6% 3.6% 0% 1% 0 Project measures Know 61% 71.9% 99% 62% 90% Most people know or know about the project measures Partially 33% 26% 1% 37% 10% know Do not know 6% 2.1% 0% 1% 1%

70 Table 8-3: Analysis of project recognition survey results Survey Feedback Province surveyed Conclusion and remarks s about comments Liaoning Shanxi Hebei Anhui Zhejiang Project Agree 99% 95% 100% 98% 99% Most people agrees with the project with high expectations constru ction Disagree ------Do not know 1% 5% --- 2% 1% project Agree 100% 90% 100% 98% 85% Most people think the project location selection is site Disagree ------5% reasonable selecti Do not know --- 10% --- 2% 10% on Are the Yes 84% 98% 99% 98% 80% The project can improve ecological condition, add plants project to restrain soil and water erosion, good for water retention activiti and protection of original raw vegetations, biodiversity. es reason No 14% ------5% Some soil and water erosion, addition of pest and diseases able? and environmental pollution, life rubbish from IFDP. But these are of small scope and severity low, and so are acceptable Do not know 2% 2% 1% 2% 15% benefit Addition 99% 100% 98% 100% 95% Most people believe that the project will add farmer s income, and the projects benefit are immense or Reduction ------2% considerable Do not know 1% --- 2% --- 3%

71 8.2.2 Comments and recommendations from the public

Table 8-4: Comments and recommendations from the public Province Comments and recommendations from the public

On environmental protection measures On project construction

Liaoning Forestry work by law, vigorous reinforced management to protection, strengthened management, guarantee fund availability timely solution to the problems strengthen farmer technology establishment of mixed species forest training, support farmer and development of diverse households developing economy management patterns consider all project aspects for slope over 15 degrees of reasonably by diversifying the afforestation sites, overall type of site field operation patterns preparation method is not plant as much as possible native recommended to avoid serious soil and tree species water erosion and negative impact on biodiversity guarantee timely regeneration of forest the propaganda intensity will be increased for environmental protection use less harmful pesticides and extend fertilizers good for environmental protection

Shanxi to rationalize as far as possible develop vigorously income project layout such as the proportion of activities of planting and animal ecological protection forest and keeping, carry out technology economic protection forest, project training, support farmer household location distribution etc. in developing economy; Forestry work by law, vigorous considers reasonably all project protection, strengthened management, aspects by diversified operational timely solution to the problems models ecological protection forest will be feasibility of the project will mixed species forest with low planting weigh meanwhile the gain and loss density of economic benefit, ecological overall type of site preparation benefit and social benefit. method are not encouraged for not to introduce blindly exotic forestation, to avoid soil and water species; the ecological protection erosion and disturbance to biodiversity. tree species to be local species considering the characteristic of deep mainly; ecological-economic tree soil layer at loess area, the species to be those suitable tree specifications of site preparation species fit for local development. holes(pits) will be bigger specifications The project can plan some new on existing terraced lands to promote varieties suitable for local extension. 72 the tree growth for high output and extension. profit; On hillside fields, the adverse- reinforce the release of forest slope terraces, fish-scale pits (holes) land tenure certificates, make clear can be adopted to collect surface runoff the property rights, promote forest the propaganda intensity of land use right transfer, with higher environmental protection will increase, subsidy of forest ecological benefit the rubbish produced will be treated in granted. time use less harmful pesticides and extend fertilizers good for environmental protection

Hebei project management by law, good Offer regular farmer technology management for the local people training, support farmer households in developing establish mixed species forest ,and in economy diverse mgt patterns more environmental protection publicity, and higher environmental protection awareness extension of environmental protection fertilizers water-saving irrigation methods

73 Anhui Change the traditional mountain- hope that relevant project burning way of site preparation, to management can offer advanced adopt strip or patch form methods practical technologies, and carry according to site typographies to reduce out training and on-the-spot soil and water erosion; demonstration to better conduct increase the proportion of mixed the project for better benefits. species forest, for raising biodiversity more fund support, lower loan of project areas; interest level, extension of vigorous extension of organic repayment period and grace fertilizers, biological pesticides and period. reduction of chemical fertilizers, tree species selection will pesticides for less damages of consider those of higher economy environment; value. Suitable land selection for tree species selection focused on economy tree species. Between indigenous species, partial introduced ecological benefit and economic species places will undergo quarantine benefit of the project, a balance is and inspection measures strictly to possible. prevent the spread of exotic pests and hope that the project can start diseases and ensure planting stock implementation as soon as quality; possible. the project infrastructure will be based on the existing trails/paths of project areas, and in combination with fire fighting roads, to reduce the damage to environment.

intensify supervision, development hope the project Zhejiang and protection happens simultaneously; implementations start as soon as reinforced propaganda to rise local possible people participation level; farmer technology training increase the scale of loan offers plenty of employment opportunities strengthen farmers technology training, and support farmer household the project can rise the developing economic activities. economic benefit, ecological benefit as well as living environment and economy condition of farmer households

8.2.3 Comments and suggestions from experts Table 8-5: Comments of experts

Province Comments and suggestions of experts

74 Implementation of the project accords with the strategy of Liaoning of "ecological province". The project will add construction activities and expand loan funding scale. The project design, implementation will embody scientific spirit and multi-function principle to guarantee realization of expected objectives of the project. Liaoning The project will emphasize biodiversity protection. Project construction will reinforce environmental protection, pesticide/chemical fertilizer uses, reducing soil and water erosion and adding biodiversity. The project will put forward feasible, operable environmental protection measures to reduce the project negative impact on environment to the minimum. The project construction will fit into Shanxi Forestry Develop Program. Using World Bank loan for afforestation will promote for forestry comprehensive development of Shanxi, but strengthening environmental protection management is a must, especially by putting negative ecological impact to minimum. The construction of project will be good. In IFDP, there will be a reasonable proportion between ecological protection forest and economic protection forest by considering both income of ecological benefit of local farmers. At the same time, the project will emphasize biodiversity protection. It is necessary to analyze the suitability of each project land site, by listing land use types. Natural forests, ecological forest of public welfare, protected areas, special-purpose forests are not to be developed for use. The layout planning will be explicit, by proving the reasonability of the project from micro region. The fast-growing and high-yielding forest plantations in large acreage will weaken biodiversity, therefore their scale and proportion be controlled. Additionally the thin-earth stony mountainous areas with high slope are not suitable for developing forest Shanxi plantations, but for mountain closure for rehabilitation forest mainly. There is need to clarify for the project that in the project areas and periphery there will not be nature ecological function areas. In other words, site assessment will focus on screening selection of project areas, to make clear what are places suitable for planting and what are not. The planting area of one tree species will not be too large. That is, the plot patch will not be too big, and there will be linkage between the patches. Maintenance original vegetations are highly recommended. It is suggested to grow certain quantity of mixed species forest and in protected zones there will be not fast-growing and high-yielding tree species to avoid "isolated island’ of the protected area. The project will reserve the biological passageway with certain width. The project development will avoid constructive damages, forest damages, pesticide/chemical fertilizer pollution as well as soil and water erosion, and damages of biodiversity. The project will put forward feasible, operable environmental protection measures to reduce the project influence to environment to minimum. 8. The project construction will be scientifically done, without ecological 75 protection forest site preparation method of overall type for planting. It is necessary to reserve the original vegetation of certain width along contour line. 9.Develop scientific researches under the project, especially on the sustainable management issues such as multi-function use of ecological protection forest,the protection function of economic protection forest, as well as patch area control etc.

The project implementation will select scientific planting models to balance between ecological protection, economic profit, social profit. The project construction management will be reinforced to guarantee Hebei timely fund availability, environmental protection, and to mitigate soil and water erosion, damages to biodiversity. Intensify environmental protection by less use of harmful pesticides.

Project implementation design has changed the past mountain burning site preparation mode, by adopting belt/patch form methods according to site typographies to reduce soil and water erosion. Increase the proportion of mixed species forest to raise local biodiversity. Vigorous extension use of organic fertilizer, biological pesticide by reducing use of chemical fertilizer, pesticides that may damage the Anhui environment. Selected tree species will be local species first and partial introduced species will undergo quarantine and inspection measures strictly to prevent the spread of external pest and diseases and to ensure seedling quality. The construction of suggested infrastructure will be based on original trails or paths of project areas, or combine fire fighting road to reduce the damages to environment.

Implementation of project coincides with Zhejiang governmental strategy/spirit of " the ecological province", the project will add construction activities and the scale that uses foreign funds. The project design and implementation will embody scientific and multifunction spirits to guarantee realization of objectives of the project. Biodiversity protection. Zhejiang The project construction will reinforce management of environmental protection, especially on pesticide, chemical fertilizer use, soil and water erosion, biodiversity. These aspects will have feasible, operable environmental protection measures for execution to reduce the project impact on environmental to the minimum.

76 The consultation results and comments of the public and experts are reflected in project environmental management plan, and project feasibility study, design and implementation plans through PMC of SFA.

77 8.3 Information disclosure

Table 8-6: Information disclosure and the feedback Province Disclosure Disclosure manners Feedback and comments time

Liaoning June 2008 Local news program Farmer households that broadcast of 2-5 times about get forest land in the the project for 3 minutes for national forest land tenure each time during June 20-25 reform hope to attend the At project, and willing to carry countyprefectureforestry out forestry activities. bureau, hope the project offers townshiptowngovernment, good fund support project villages, project hope that the project posters are put up starts implementation as early as possible

Shanxi Dec The project is publicized in hope the project can be 6,2008 form of “Yellow River arranged the interviewee ecological restoration forestry that is willing to develop project environmental impact forestry. assessment”by internet hope that the planting website of Shanxi Forestry. proportion of tree species with economic benefit be increased, so as to add income of local farmers. hope the PMO can give fund to support household forest farms. hope that implementation of the project provide good technology training.

Hebei Nov The province used posters, Hope that project starts 7,2008 radio broadcasting etc to implementation as soon as introduce project objectives, possible and that more fund activities, scale, and positive support be given to the impacts of the project on project. environment ,etc.;

78 Province Disclosure Disclosure manners Feedback and comments time

Anhui Nov 20 to All project townships (towns) the localities are all Dec 20, put up public posters, enthusiastic about IFDP to 2008 announcements to introduce develop forestry activities. the project purpose/objective, All think it is good to construction activities, scale publicize the project and project environmental information, and the project impacts. management is properly estimating the risks and potential negative environmental impacts of the project. The public support the deed to follow environmental measures to reduce soil and water erosion, etc. the local people (including some forestry department staff) think if in project implementation the announced environmental measures are followed, the negative impacts will be completely put under control, so not to harm the environment. some people suggest shortening the time for site preparation. One week after site preparation the planting can be completed. It is also possible to do planting and site preparation at the same time if labor condition is ok, because this will shorten raw earth exposure time to reduce damages to environment. The public hope that the project considers both ecological benefit and other factors such as price level. Hope that more preferable conditions are give in loan interest, and with increased national finances to support 79 the project. forest farmers do not know what are low-toxicity, low-residue pesticides, biological technology for prevention and control Province Disclosure Disclosure manners Feedback and comments time

Oct-Dec, The province in project areas Be willing to participate Zhejiang 2008 adopts project propaganda in the project. Hope that materials, villager meetings, more funds, and technology/ collective visit discussions, policy support are given; informal discussion meetings, For other forests with individual consultation and proper conditions in the internet to publicize the province, if conditions project. comply, the project scale cane be enlarged to cover them; Hope the project implementation starts as soon as possible.

80 8.4 Public consultation

Table 8-7: Public consultation discussion analysis Province Positive factors Negative worries Conclusion

Liaoning Hope that the project could Some people do not Tree species with be launched to add forest know about the project better market vegetation acreage, and and have certain potentials will be improve local environment. worries about the future selected for the project can improve market of forest afforestation. people’s life and local products environmental and economic conditions. The citizens of project areas hope to get technology training and employment opportunity from the project

Shanxi hope the project can kick Local project design Project design will off soon to add Shanxi forest aims mainly at give full vegetation cover and improve ecological tree species, consideration to the the environment. from which farmers concerns of the benefit little so their public. The tree The project can improve participation species with local people’s living enthusiasm of project economic benefits environment and the will be affected; will be selected as economic conditions, and that far as possible for the negative impacts from the Local ecological- the ecological construction period can be economic tree species economic forest. addressed. arrangement may affect The stands by proper the play of soil and Technology training and space layout will be water conservation employment opportunity in different function of the forest. arrangements of strip, patches, mixed species to have the ecological economic forest species produce soil and water conservation benefit.

Hebei Add forest resources Protection forest The ecological Improve living ecological tree species benefit and environment and local has low economic importance from the economy. benefit, so the farmers project forestation activity is low. are explained to Get employment farmers who opportunity Farmers are not capable of well appreciated and approved; 81 Province Positive factors Negative worries Conclusion managing economic approved; tree species, so the Technology worry exist for fully training let farmers achieving the expected grasp improved benefit technology for production operations of economic tree crops.

Anhui The public thinks that this Some people expressed The ecological project is helpful for worries about species benefit and optimizing forest stands selection and the scale importance are quality and improving local of the project. Some explained to ecological environment, think that the local farmers, and raising forest water retention project design will increase farmers’ capability, promoting farmer adopt ecological tree income and income and local economy. If species mainly, so the enthusiasm by related environmental economic benefits to different ways. protection measures are made farmers are not available, the unfavorable obvious, which will impacts from the construction affect participation could be put up with. enthusiasm of the project.

The project will start None None Zhejiang execution soon to improve ecological condition and forest multiple benefits project areas people can get technology training and employment opportunities.

82 9 Conclusions

(1) The "National Ecological Construction Program”, divides China into eight ecological construction regions according to the district ecological types. IFDP has selected three of the above regions in five provinces, to carry out forest ecological construction through two main measures: establishment of new multifunction forest plantations and improving existing plantation forests. The wind and sandification prone areas of Hebei, Liaoning, Shanxi will establish wind-breaking and sand-fixing forest; the soil and water erosion prone areas in Shanxi, Liaoning and Anhui will establish soil and water conservation forest; the Hebei plain farmland area will build up farmland protection forest; Anhui will at its world natural and cultural heritage periphery construct ecological landscape forests; and Anhui and Zhejiang will conduct degraded forest improvement to resist natural disasters. The site and location selection of the project complies with the national ecological construction direction, and the local provincial overall land use plan. Therefore project location selection is reasonable.

(2) The main purpose of project is to raise the forest capability against calamities/disasters, fully utilizing the forest comprehensive benefits especially ecological benefits, to ensure regional territory ecological safety, promotes steady high grain production, and add local people income. These are in strict compliance with strategic targets of "CPC and State Council Decision on Quickening Forestry Development", "National Ecological Construction Program", "the 11th 5-year Plan of National Economy and Social Development Program Outlines", "the 11th 5-year and Intermediate, Long Term Forestry Development Plan" etc. as well as national policies about ecological construction.

(3) IFDP implementation is helpful to the play of the various functions and benefits of forest, especially by obviously adding project area forested acreage, improving forest structure and forest quality, and improving regional ecological condition. The project will meanwhile add project area biodiversity; restrain land degradation, soil and water erosion; restore wetland ecosystem function at degraded forest area, so playing significant positive impact. The implementation of IFDP can generate income to local people.

(4) Part of the project activities may produce certain negative impacts on the environment, and these include site slashing, planting, young forest tending, pesticide/fertilizer use, timber felling, transportation. However, with various mitigation measures incorporated during project design for execution in implementation during project construction and operation stages, and with measures to guard against risks according to project features, the above negative impacts the project produces to environment can be effectively controlled. At the same time, the project has drawn up detailed "Environmental Protection Guidelines", "IMP Plan" and "Environmental Monitoring Plan”which will combine to minimize the potential negative impacts of the project on environment. 83 (5) On basis of related policies of World Bank and the requirement of "Environmental Impact Assessment Law, P.R. China", the public consultation have been carried out by posters, publishing in local newspapers, convening villager meetings, collective interview, workshopsfilling in survey forms, individual interviews. The statistical analysis of the consultation/survey results indicates that the great majority of local residents support IFDP project construction and show very high expectation for it.

84 Annexes:

1. Environmental Protection Guidelines 2. Integrated Pest Management Plan 3. Public Survey Tables and Records

Province Number of Tables and Records Liaoning Questionary Table 312 Records of meeting 55 Shanxi Questionary Table 63 Records of meeting 6 Hebei Questionary Table 139 Records of meeting 5 Anhui Questionary Table 206 Records of meeting 10 Zhejiang Questionary Table 213 Records of meeting 10 4. List of Organizations and Persons of EIA Report Contributors Organization Name of Participant National Research Institute of Ecology, Chinese Research Su De Level Academy of Environmental Sciences Research Institute of Ecology, Chinese Research Yang Wei Academy of Environmental Sciences World Bank Loan Project Office of Chinese Lan Zaiping Academy of Forestry World Bank Loan Project Office of Chinese Hu Haizi Academy of Forestry Liaoning Liaoning Investigation and Design Institute of Xu Wude Water Resources and Hydropower Liaoning Investigation and Design Institute of Yu Hui Water Resources and Hydropower Liaoning Investigation and Design Institute of Liu Sujun Water Resources and Hydropower Liaoning Investigation and Design Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Guo Zhiquan Liaoning Investigation and Design Institute of Chen Yanli Water Resources and Hydropower Liaoning Investigation and Design Institute of Feng Shanshan Water Resources and Hydropower Liaoning Investigation and Design Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Zhao Wenping Foreign Investment Project Office of Liaoning Li Guozhong Provincial Forestry Department Foreign Investment Project Office of Liaoning Dong Tieshi Provincial Forestry Department

85 Shanxi EIA Center of Research Institute of Forest Ecology and Environment and Protection of Chinese Academy of Li Yu Forestry Forestry Academy of Shanxi Province Sun Tuohuan Forestry Academy of Shanxi Province Liang Shoulun Forestry Academy of Shanxi Province Liu Suicun Forestry Academy of Shanxi Province Gao Jie Forestry Academy of Shanxi Province Yang Jing Forestry Academy of Shanxi Province Zheng Zhili Hebei Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Hua Wenwu Geology, Chinese Academy of Geography Science Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Zhao Wenhuan Geology, Chinese Academy of Geography Science Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Zhao Shenghuan Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Science Foreign Investment Management Center of Hebei Province Ma Rongze Foreign Investment Management Center of Hebei Province Song Xilong Anhui Academy of Environmental Sciences of Anhui Wang Xiaohui Province Academy of Environmental Sciences of Anhui He Xiangliang Province Academy of Forest Inventory and planning of Xu Kebiao Anhui Province Foreign Investment Project Office of Anhui Qian Teng Province Foreign Investment Project Office of Anhui Zhang Jun Province Foreign Investment Project Office of Anhui Zhang Ming Province Zhejiang Forestry Academy of Zhejiang Province Jiang Bo Forestry Academy of Zhejiang Province Yuan Weigao Forestry Academy of Zhejiang Province Zhu Jinru Forestry Academy of Zhejiang Province Shen Aihua Forestry Academy of Zhejiang Province Zhang Jun

wb178592 L:\PMC Integrated Forestry Project\PAD Safeguard reveiw\Package send to Peter for Reveiw Meeitng\Final received documents\WB-IFDP-final EIA Report-053009--final.doc 06/03/2009 11:12:00 AM

86 87