A TAXONOMIC SURVEY OF ECHINOPS L. TRIBE ECHINOPEAE (ASTERACEAE) IN : 14 NEW SPECIES AND DIAGNOSTIC KEYS

V. Mozaffarian Mozaffarian, V. 2006 01 01: A taxonomic survey of Echinops L. Tribe Echinopeae (Asteraceae) in Iran: 14 new species and diagnostic keys. -Iran. Journ. Bot. 11 (2): 197-239. Tehran.

Fourteen new species of Echinops (viz. Echinops abazariae, E. austro- iranicus, E. avajensis, E. delicatus, E. kazerunensis, E. kermanshahnicus, E. khansaricus, E. khuzistanicus, E. laricus, E. leiopolyceroides, E. psammophilus, E. sabzevarensis, E. shulabadensis and E. viscidulus) are described and illustrated. Notes on the taxonomic characteristics of the genus, and a revised diagnostic key to the species of Echinops L. are given. The new described species belong to Sect. Oligolepis Bunge, and Sect. Rytrodes Bunge, and are endemic to Iran.

Valiollah Mozaffarian, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, P. O. Box 13185-116, Tehran, Iran.

Key words. Echinops, Asteraceae description, geographical distribution, diagnostic key, Sect. Oligolepis, Bunge, Sect. Rytrodes Bunge, taxonomy, Iran.

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Echinops abazariae Mozaff., E. austro-iranicus Mozaff., E. avajensis Mozaff., E. delicatus Mozaff., E. kazerunensis Mozaff., E. kermanshahanicus Mozaff., E. khansaricus Mozaff., E. khuzistanicus Mozaff., E. laricus Mozaff., E. leiopolyceroides Mozaff., E. psammophilus Mozaff., E. sabzevarensis Mozaff., E. shulabadensis Mozaff., E. viscidulus Mozaff.

در ﺿﻤﻦ ﻳﺎدآوري ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻬﺎر ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از اﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ در ﻣﺠﻼت ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﭽﺎب رﺳﻴﺪه ﻛﻪ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ در اﻳﺮان را ﺑﻪ 70 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ارﺗﻘﺎء ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ، ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻬﺎي آﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﺴﺖ از: E. longipenicillatus Mozaff. & Ghahr., E. procerus Mozaff., E. shahrudensis Mozaff. & Ghahr., E. taftanicus Mozaff. & Ghahr.

در ﺿﻤﻦ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه در ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻬﻤﺮاه ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪه در ﻓﻠﻮر اﻳﺮان ﺑﻪ زﺑﺎن

ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﻗﺒﻴﻠﻪ Echinopeae اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.

IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 Echinops in Iran 199 INTRODUCTION addition to the characters previously Echinops L. (Asteraceae) is one of the most considered by taxonomists some new features problematic genera of the Iranian flora. It have been taken into consideration. shows a predominantly Irano-Turanian and It was attempted to collect most of the Sudano-Zambezian distribution which species from the already known and recorded penetrate into the Mediterranean and Euro- localities. Many of the critical groups were Siberian regions. Most species are prevalent in examined during field studies. A total of 2000 secondary plant communities as ruderal specimens have been collected and studied. A species along roads and degraded lands, and large part of these collections is currently rarely do they occur in climax natural preserved in TARI. According to this study a vegetation. The genus was reviewed by von total of 70 species of Echinops growing in Bunge (1863), Boissier (1875), and Iran, which are belonging to 3 different Bornmüller (1918). According to Rechinger sections; 40 species of them belong to Sect. (1979) a total of 74 species have been recorded Oligolepis Bunge, of which 27 species were from the Flora Iranica area, of which 54 already accounted for in the Flora Iranica, and species including 35 endemics were known 17 species belong to Sect. Rytrodes Bunge of from Iran. The Iranian species are classified which 14 species were already accounted for in into three sections: Echinops, Oligolepis the Flora Iranica, 13 species belong to Sect. Bunge and Rytrodes Bunge, among which Echinops of which were already accounted for Sect. Oligolepis with 27 species is the largest in the Flora Iranica. Previously species have one in Iran. already been described by the author As pointed out by Rechinger there are great (Mozaffarian & Ghahreman 2002a, 2002b). difficulties in identifying most species because This paper completes the survey of Echinops, of variability in morphological characters and including an identification key to all species, due to the prickliness of the species. Usually and further describes 14 new species. most botanists avoid to collect such very spiny and tall-growing plants. Many herbarium NOTES ON THE TAXONOMIC specimens are only fragmentary or are young CHARACTERS AND THEIR specimens lacking most of the important VARIATION taxonomic features. Also the fully grown plants are extremely difficult to handle, Life form because the heads readily break down. All members of Echinops are perennial, but Rechinger (1979) remarks that many some species, including E. delicatus Mozaff., specimens gathered by early collectors lack E. polygamus Bunge, E. ecbatanus Bornm. ex capitula. Rech. f. and E. khuzistanicus Mozaff., may In order to do a taxonomic survey of bear flowers in the first year, and so they may Echinops L. in Iran all specimens deposited in look like pseudo-annuals. herbaria of Research Institute of Forests and Habit Rangelands (TARI) and of Plant Pests and Most Echinops species have erect, ascending Diseases Research Institute (IRAN) in Tehran stems with divaricate branches which arise were examined. Because of poor collections of from the base or from the upper part of the the genus Echinops there, a comprehensive stem. Some many-stemmed species such as E. plant collection was undertaken for 90 days in ritrodes Bunge, E. macrophyllus Boiss. & 1998-99. In order to provide a better Hausskn. and E. procerus Mozaff., or prostrate knowledge of the taxonomy of the genus, in ones such as E. cephalotes DC. are also known in this genus. 200 V. Mozaffarian IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 Due to the variability of habits and are mostly 2-4 pinnatisect or pinnatipartite branching systems there are no good leaves, with impressed nerves on the upper taxonomically important differences between surface and prominent on the lower. Some the species. species, such as E. ilicifolius Bunge, E. lasiolepis Bunge, E. laricus Mozaff., E. Indumentum iranshahri Rech. f., E. shulabadensis Mozaff. The type and abundance of indumentum on have sinuate-dentate leaves. stems, leaves and phyllaries are among the most important taxonomic charatcters in the Inflorescence genus. Most Echinops species have various Single-flowered capitula are congested into kinds of hairy stems, such as arachnoid- globose heads (synflorescence) around a tomentose, arachnoid-setose, glandulose- globose receptacle subtended by small villose, glandulose-araneose, glandulose- membranaceous bracts which are called papillose, arachnoid-eglandulose and crisped- ‘common involucre’. These heads may be glandulose hairs; exceptions are E. homomorphous (i. e., consisting of lower and heteromorphus Bunge, E. shahrudensis upper homogamous, hermaphrodite, non Mozaff. & Ghahr., E. procerus Mozaff. and E. cornigerous or equally cornigerous capitula), taftanicus Mozaff. & Ghahr. with stems heteromorphous and heterogamous (consiting glabrous below and hairy in upper parts, or of lower hermaphrodite fertile flowers and wholly glabrous as in E. ilicifolius Bunge. sterile cornigerous flowers in the upper part of The indument of the upper surface of leaves the heads). provides a taxonomically useful character. Having a cornigerous or non-cornigerous Whereas in many species the indument of the capitulum is taxonomically important for upper and lower surfaces are quite different including different species into distinct groups. and the leaves seem to be bicolour, various (plate 1. C, D) kinds of hairs can be observed on the upper surface such as arachnoid, arachnoid- Capitulum tomentose, glandulose-setose, glandulose- Each capitulum consists of only one flower punctate and arachnoid-floccose, on the subtended by 4 series of phyllaries. The contrary, the lower surface may be dense white outermost ones are changed into a brushes, and tomentose, and without great taxonomic the innermost series of brushes becomes wider relevance. There are some distinct species with and coloured at the top called ˝intermediate dense white indument around nerves on the pappus (pseudopappus)˝ (plate 1. A, it is upper surface, so called ‘marmorate hairy’ neither really brushes nor phyllaries); the outer such as E. shahrudensis Mozaff. & Ghahr., E. and middle series of phyllaries have different lalesarensis Bornm., E. austro-iranicus shapes, which may be linear, lanceolate, ovate, Mozaff., E. jesdianus Boiss. & Buhse, E. elliptic, etc., membranaceous or not. In villissimus Bunge, E. leucograpuhs Bunge; cornigerous species the middle series of exceptions are E. ilicifolius Bunge and E. phyllaries is well developed and changed into cyanocephalus Boiss. & Hausskn. with a horns (plate 1. B). The 5 innermost layers of single colour and mostly glabrous leaves on phyllaries are connected to each other and the upper and lower surfaces. cover the achenes in Sect. Oligolepis (plate 1. Leaves E). The position of different kinds of capitulum as to their indumentum (the upper The shape and size of leaves can be used for one hairy, the lower glabrous, or vice-versa, or specific distinction in several species. There IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 Echinops in Iran 201 wholly glabrous) is a very important - Heads consisting of lower and upper taxonomic factor in dintinguishing the cornigerous capitula or only upper capitula different groups and species of Echinops. cornigerous 12 2- Phyllaries of lower and upper capitula of a Receptacle head lanate 3 The globose receptacle is concealed by the - Phyllaries of lower and upper capitula of a capitulum, which after falling, remains the head glabrous or only upper ones lanate 6 scars of fallen capitulum on the receptacle. The 3- Leaves arachnoid above and distinctly shape of receptacle and scars are not marbled 30. E. leucographus Bunge taxonomically important (plate 1. F). - Leaves arachnoid or subglabrous above, not Flowers marbled 4 They are hermaphrodite or sterile, tubular blue 4- Outer and median phyllaries of a capitula to white, similar in most species, thus lanate 31. E. hebelepis DC. taxonomically unimportant. - All phyllaries of a capitula lanate 5 Achenes 5- Upper surface of leaves sparsely arachnoid, densely setose-glandulose The achenes are oblong-cylindrical, denesly 33. E. khuzistanicus Mozaff. villous, with coroniform short pappus which - Upper surface of leaves arachnoid-tomentose, are more or less connate or free scale-like. 32. E. shulabadensis Mozaff. Achenes are taxonomically relevant for 6- Phyllaries of Lower capitula of a head separating the sections, but not important for glabrous, upper ones lanate 7 separating the rank of different species. - Phyllaries of Lower and upper capitula of a head glabrous 8 DIAGNOSTIC KEY TO THE 7- Upper surface of leaves greenish-yellow, SECTIONS OF ECHINOPS L. IN densely setose and stipitate glandulose IRAN 34. E. delicatus Mozaff. 1- Phyllaries (12-)13-16 (-20); five inner - Upper surface of leaves arachnoid and setose, phyllaries connate, making a prominent five sparsely glandulose-villose angled tube Sect. Oligolepis Bunge 35. E. polygamus Bunge -Phyllaries 15-30; five inner phyllaries entirely 8- Lower and upper surface of leaves rarely free or slightly connate, then producing a somewhat concolour. Lower capitula of a head cylindrical membranaceous tube 2 thick, ± 30 mm long, deeply blue to violet; upper 2- Phyllaries 15-28; five inner phyllaries free capitulum in young heads with long phyllaries, Sect. Echinops very rarely cornigerous - Phyllaries 16-30; five inner phyllaries 39. E. cyanocephalus Boiss. & Hausskn. connate at base or to the middle, forming a - Lower and upper surface of leaves distinctly membranaceous tube Sect. Rytrodes Bunge discolour; lower capitulum of a head less than 30 mm long; heads non cornigerous 9 DIAGNOSTIC KEYS AND NEW 9- Plant 10-40 cm high; all leaves olive green SPECIES or yellowish-green above, arachnoid- Sect. Oligolepis Bunge, Bull. Acad. Scienc. tomentose and sparsely setose Petersbg 6: 403 (1863). 36. E. ecbatanus Bornm. ex Rech. f. Type section: E. leucographus Bunge - Plants more than 30 cm high; leaves sparsely 1- Heads non cornigerous 2 arachnoid to marbled above or not 10

202 V. Mozaffarian IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006

Intermediate phyllaries

C Heteromorphous head

A E Capitulum Phyllaries

D Homomorphous head Scars

Receptacle

Brush

F B Common involucre Cornigerous capitulum

Plate 1, A, B. Single non cornigerous and cornigerous capitulum; C, D. Heteromorphous and Homomorphous heads; E. Phyllaries in a cappitulum of Echinops Sect. Oligolepis; F. Receptacle, scars and common involucre. IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 Echinops in Iran 203 10- Leaves appressed greyish-green tomentose - Horn of cornigerous capitula lanate; 5 inner and brownish glandulose punctate above and connate phyllaries lanate 19 marbled 18- Leaves greyish-green above, wholly 40. E. glanduloso-punctatus Rech. f. arachnoid-tomentose; 5 inner connate - Leaves not glandulose punctate above 11 phyllaries glabrous 11- Leaves yellowish green to dark green 8. E. khansaricus Mozaff. above, setose-glandulose to arachnoid-setose- - Leaves greenish above, densely glandulose – glandulose; brush longer than half of the papillose; 5 inner connate phyllaries lanate capitulum 37. E. haussknechtii Boiss. 9. E. iranshahri Rech. f. - Leaves yellowish-green above, very sparsely 19- Leaves brownish-green above, loosely arachnoid, glandulose-setose; brush ± equal to glandulose-villose; stem 50-60 cm high, much capitulum 38. E. chorassanicus Bunge branched above. Horn of cornigerous 12- Phyllaries of lower and upper capitula of a capitulum lanate throughout head lanate 13 6. E. erioceras Bornm. - Phyllaries of lower capitula of a head - Leaves loosely arachnoid-tomentose and glabrous, in upper cornigerous capitula lanate, densely glandulose-setose above. Horn of lanatulate or glabrous 20 cornigerous capitulum yellowish-white and 13- Heads consisting of lower and upper glabrous at apex 7. E. elymaiticus Bornm. capitula equally cornigerous 14 20- Phyllaries of cornigerous capitula lanate, - Heads consisting of lower non cornigerous (rarely glabrous in E. gedrosiacus var. glabrus and upper cornigerous capitula 16 Mozaff.) 21 14- Heads hardly dehiscent; lower and upper - Phyllaries of non cornigerous and surface of leaves bicolour 15 cornigerous capitula glabrous 33 - Heads easily dehiscent, upper and lower 21- Leaves arachnoid or glandulose setose surface of leaves concolour; brush with few above, but not marbled along nerves 22 setae, often remaining on the receptacle - Leaves arachnoid above or glandulose- 3. E. lasiolepis Bunge papillose, prominently marbled along nerves 24 15- Plant ascendent; lower and upper cauline 22- Stem and leaves glandulose or setose- leaves amplexicaul 2. E. robustus Bunge glutinose-viscid 12. E. viscidulus Mozaff. - Plant usually prostrate on the ground; lower - Stem and leaves loosely arachnoid or leaves narrowing towards the base and glandulose-setose, but not viscid 23 auriculate, upper ones amplexicaul 23- Leaves dark green above, rather loosely 1. E. cephalotes DC. arachnoid, and shortly spreading setose, with ± 16- Leaves yellowish green, glandulose-pilose glabrous nerves 11. E. keredjensis Rech. f. above or sparsely arachnoid to ± marbled - Leaves yellowish-green above, loosely along nerves; outer phyllaries of lower and arachnoid, and with ± yellowish setose nerves upper capitula of a head lanulate 10. E. kazerunensis Mozaff. 21. E. lalesarensis Bornm. 24- Stems glabrous at least below 25 - Leaves arachnoid, or glandulose setose, or - Stems arachnoid, glandulose-papillose or glandulose above, but not marbled; outer arachnoid floccose 26 phyllaries of lower and upper capitula of a 25- Leaves green, glandulose-papillose above, head lanate 17 rarely along nerves marbled then loosely 17- Horn of cornigerous capitula glabrous; 5 arachnoid above; phyllaries of sterile inner connate phyllaries glabrous or lanate 18 cornigerous and delicate capitula of a head lanate 13. E. heteromorphus Bunge 204 V. Mozaffarian IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 - Leaves grayish, wholly arachnoid above, 33- Lower and upper capitula of a head equally marbled along nerves; phyllaries of sterile short cornigerous 34 cornigerous capitula arachnoid - Only upper capitula of a head cornigerous 35 14. E. shahrudensis Mozaff. & Ghahr. 34- Upper and lower surfaces of leaves 26- Brush equal to or longer than capitulum bicolour 4. E. sabsevarensis Mozaff. 24. E. villosissimus Bunge - Upper and lower surfaces of leaves - Brush shorter than capitulum 27 concolour. Brush with few seta, often 27- Lower cauline leaves large simple remaining on the receptacle lanceolate, sessile, ± amplexicaul, or with few 5. E. ilicifolius Bunge lobes or coarsely dentate 28 35- Stems at least in lower part glabrous 36 - Lower cauline leaves pinnatisect to - Stems with various shape of indumentum 37 bipinnatisect 30 36- Leaves yellowish-green above, mainly 28- Stem glandulose; phyllaries of upper glabrous or loosely glandulose above, then capitula of a head lanate 29 along nerves whitish marbled - Stem without glandular hairs, arachnoid- 16. E. taftanicus Mozaff. & Ghahr. floccose or whitish tomentose; phyllaries of - Leaves yellowish green above, glabrous or upper capitula of a head lanate to glabrous loosely arachnoid, but not marbled along the 17. E. gedrosiacus Bornm. nerves 15. E. procerus Mozaff. 29- Lower cauline leaves large simple 37- Brush longer than capitulum lanceolate with few teeth 25. E. longipenicillatus Mozaff. & Ghahr. 19. E. laricus Mozaff. - Brush shorter than capitulum 38 - Lower cauline leaves lanceolate with 38- Leaves entire or obscurely to broadly numerous teeth sinuate-dentate 29. E. pabotii Rech. f. 18. E. austro-iranicus Mozaff. - Leaves 1-2 pinnatisect, arachnoid glandulose 30- Leaves glandulose or setose above, to setose above 39 arachnoid or marbled along nerves 31 39- Stem up to 40 cm high; leaves arachnoid- - Leaves arachnoid above, conspicuously glandulose and glandulose-villose above marbled along nerves, without glandulose 26. E. avajensis Mozaff. hairs, setose or non-setose 32 - Stem more than 50 cm tall 40 31- Basal leaves narrowly long-lanceolate, 40- Leaves sparsely arachnoid and long pinnatisect, all leaves yellowish setose above, glandulose setose above, deeply and narrowly just along nerves loosely arachnoid to marbled dissected 27. E. leiopolyceras Bornm. 20. E. ceratophorus Boiss. - Leaves very sparsely arachnoid to non - Basal leaves lanceolate in outline, pinnatisect arachnoid above, densely glandulose setose, or bipinnatifid, all leaves glandulose above, shallowly dissected and yellowish nerved somewhat loosely arachnoid, along nerves 28. E. leiopolyceroides Mozaff. arachnoid or marbled 21. E. lalesarensis Bornm. New species of Echinops L. Sect. 32- Horn of cornigerous capitulum deep blue. Oligolepis Bunge Upper cauline leaves pinnatisect, with small Echinops austro-iranicus Mozaff., sp. lanceolate-triangular segments nov.; (Fig. 1) 22. E. farsicus Rech. f. Planta perennis. Caulis erectus, usque ad 80 - Horn of cornigerous capitulum yellowish cm altus, plus minusve sulcatus, dense white or pale blue. Upper cauline leaves araneoso-glandulosus, supra medium amplexicaul and with remote long spiny paniculato-ramosus, tota longitudine copiose segments 23. E. jazdianus Boiss. & Buhse IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 Echinops in Iran 205

Fig. 1. Echinops austro-iranicus. A, flowering branch; B, lower cauline leaf; C, upper cauline leaf; D, phyllaries (from outer to inner, right to left); (Mozaffarian 79373). 206 V. Mozaffarian IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 foliatus. Folia omnia herbaceo-coriacea, supra Typus. Iran: Fars, ca. 3 km from Ghier to dense araneosa et flavescenti-setosa, secus Firuzabad, 880 m, 22. V. 1999, Mozaffarian nervos appresse araneoso-lanata et albo- 79373 (holotypus TARI). marmorata, subtus dense albo-araneoso-lanata; Other specimens seen: Fars: ca. 40 km from folia basalia ignota; caulina basalia ambitu Ghier to Firuzabad, 1240 m, Mozaffarian lanceolata, 20-28 cm longa et 4-5 cm lata, 79377 (TARI); Jahrum, ca. 5 km from pinnatisecta; segmenta majora 5 juga, plus Ghotbabad to Khafr 1050 m, V. Mozaffarian minusve inter se remota; rhachis anguste alata; 79342 (TARI); Estahbanat to Darab, Eij, 1460 segmenta inferiora interdum plus minusve m, V. Mozaffarian 79308 (TARI); ca. 15 km libera, ad spinas reducta; folia caulina inferiora from Jahrum to Juium, 1320 m, V. sessilia, ambitu lanceolata, pinnatisecta; Mozaffarian 79344 (TARI); Jahrum, 1050 m, segmenta plus minusve triangularia, crebre V. Mozaffarian 79343 (TARI); 12 km from flavescenti-spinosa; folia caulina superiora et Ewaz to Khunj to Jahrum, 1050 m, V. ramos fulcrantia foliis inferioribus similia sed Mozaffarian 79363 (TARI); 25 km from Ewaz minora, amplexicaulia, plus minusve to Khunj to Jahrum, 800 m, V. Mozaffarian auriculata, auriculis plus minusve dense 79367 (TARI); Lar, Ewaz, 1000 m, V. spinosis; folia ramealia diminuta, lanceolato- Mozaffarian 79359 (TARI); Darab, ca. 10 km triangularia, longe et laxe spinosa, Glomerulus from Darab to Hajiabad, 1200 m, V. plus minusve 5-6 cm diametro, e capitulis Mozaffarian 79305 (TARI); Darab, Furk, 100 inferioribus glabris non cornigeris et capitulis km from Gahkum to Darab, 950 m, superioribus lanatis et cornigeris compositus; Mozaffarian 79296 (TARI); Darab, Furk to receptaculum globosum, 6-8 mm diametro, Darab, 1280 m, Mozaffarian 79298, 79895 albo-flavescens, cicatricibus albidis (TARI); Jahrum, ca. 60 km from Khunj to polygonalibus; involucrum commune 10-12 Ghier, after Saeifabad, 650 m, Mozaffarian mm longum, e phyllis membranaceis antice 79370 (TARI); Jahrum to Juium, Gardane paulo dilatatis, spinoso-acuminatis et Bezan, 1100 m, Mozaffarian 79352 (TARI). paucidentatis, apicem versus virentibus glabris Plant perennial. Stem erect, up to 80 cm high, compositum. Capitula inferiora usque ad 20-26 ± sulcate, densely arachnoid-glandulose, mm longa; penicillum usque ad 10-18 mm paniculately branched above the middle, longum, multiradiatum, albidum. Phylla 13-16, densely leafy throughout. All leaves omnia glabra, nigra, exteriora plus minusve e herbaceous-coriaceous, densely arachnoid and basi lineari apicem versus cuneato-elliptica, yellowish setose above, along the nerves mucronata, membranaceo-marginata; phylla whitish-marbled, densely whitish araneose- intermedia plus minusve navicularia, anguste woolly below. Basal leaves unknown; basal elliptica, longe spinosa; phylla intima 5, supra cauline leaves lanceolate in outline, medium in tubum pentagonum nigrum pinnatisect, with 5 pairs or large distant concreta, parte libera lanceolata, albo-caerulea, segments; rachis narrowly winged; lower 8-10 mm longa, spinosa, marginibus plus segments ± far from each other, diminishing to minusve integera; capitula superiora phyllis spines; lower cauline leaves sessile, lanceolate intermedis in cornubus rigidis laevibus albo- in outline, pinnatisect, with ± triangular flavescentibus ad 2-3.5 cm longis segments, with densely yellowish spines; transformatis, e phyllis plus minusve lanatulis upper cauline and subtending leaves of composita; penicillum valde abbreviatum. branches similar to lower cauline leaves, but Corolla 22 mm longa, laciniis 8 mm longis, smaller, amplexicaul, ± auriculate; auricles caerulea. ± densely spiny; leaves of branches

IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 Echinops in Iran 207 diminished, lanceolate-triangular, long and utrinque plus minusve 3-4, plus minusve loosely spiny, towards the tips reduced. Heads remotis, triangulari-lanceolatis, in spinas flavas ± 5-6 cm in diameter, cornigerous, consisting 10-25 mm longas excurrentibus, segmentis of lower glabrous non cornigerous and upper basalibus brevius spinuliferis divisis, ad basin lanate cornigerous capitula; receptacle capitate, dilatata, crebre spinosa; folia caulina inferiora 6-8 mm in diameter, whitish-yellow, with basalibus similia sed segmentis majoribus 20 many angeld whitish scares; common cm longa et 8 cm lata, e basi auriculato- involucre 10-12 mm long; involucral bracts amplexicaulia plus minusve plurispinosa, membranaceous with a little broadened spiny- rhachide late alata; folia ramealia ambitu acuminate and few toothed tips, towards the tip lanceolato-triangularia, nervis crasse greenish, glabrous. Lower capitulum of a head prominenibus, non-profundo-lobata; folia up to 20-26 mm long; brush up to 10-18 mm ramealia superiora diminuta, sessilia plus long, many rayed, whitish; phyllaries 13-16, minusve auriculato-amplexicaulia, longe wholly glabrous, black, outer linear at base, spinosa. Glomerulus cornigerus, absque towards the tip cuneate-elliptic, mucronate, cornibus 5-8 cm diametro; e capitulis with membranaceous margin; median inferioribus glabris non cornigeris et capitulis ± canaliculate, narrowly elliptic, long spiny; superioribus glabris et cornigeris compositus; innermost 5, upper than the middle connate to receptaculum globosum, orbiculato- a five angled black tube, in free part favealosum; involucrum commune ca. 10-12 lanceolate, whitish blue, 8-10 mm long, spiny, mm longum, e phyllis membranaceis pallidis, with entire margins. Upper capitulum of a head uniseriatis, apice triangulatis plus minusve with median phyllaries changed to rigid denticulatis et mucronulatis compositum. smooth whitish yellow up to 2-3.5 cm long Capitula inferiora usque ad 26 mm longa, horns, consisting of lanulate phyllaries; brush glabra; penicillum usque ad 18 mm longum; strongly abbreviated. Corolla up to 22 mm phylla 15, exteriora e basi lineari-filiformia long, with up to 8 mm long blue lobes. apice elliptico-triangulata; phylla intermedia Notes: Echinops austro-iranicus differs from longe oblongo-lanceolata, in media dilatato- E. gedrosiacus Bornm. in having densely elliptica; phylla intima quinque inferne in araneose-glandulose long stems (not papillose tubum coriaceum atratum obtuse pentagonum to sparsely arachnoid at base) and larger heads concreta, inaequalia, intus viridia. Capitula 5-6 cm in diameter (not 3-4 cm., and larger superiora cornigera, sterilia; phyllis omnino lower capitulum 20-26 mm long (not 18-22 glabra. Corolla alba, in sicco sordide brunnea, mm). 22-22 mm longa, lacinis 10-12 mm longis. Typus. Iran: Hamadan, Gardan-e Avaj, after Echinops avajensis Mozaff., sp. nov.; Sultan-Bolagh, 2300 m, 14. VII. 1999 V. (Fig. 2). Mozaffarian & Maassoumi 79653 (holotypus Planta perennis. Caulis 30-40 cm altus, TARI). sulcatus, dense arenoso-glandulosus et Other specimens seen: Azarbaijan: 20 km from glanduloso- villosus, breviter appresse Abhar to Gheidar, after Kine Vars, ca. 1950 m, araneosus, a basi corymboso-ramosus, dense Mozaffarian & Maassoumi 78151 (TARI); foliatus. Folia omnia herbacea, discoloria, Hamadan: Ganjname to Pist ski, 2350 m, supra laxe araneosa et flavescenti- setosa, Mozaffarian & Maassoumi 79649 (TARI); 5 subtus dense araneoso-tomentosa, nervis crasse km from Razan to Damagh, 1950 m, prominentibus; folia basalia ambitu oblongo- Mozaffarian & Maassoumi 79652 (TARI); ca. lanceolata, pinnatisecta, segmentis majoribus 10 km from Razan to Hamadan, 1750 m, 208 V. Mozaffarian IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006

Fig. 2. Echinops avajensis. A, habit; B, a branch with receptacle and common involucre; C, phylaries (from outer to inner, left to right); (Mozaffarian 79630). IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 Echinops in Iran 209 Mozaffarian 79447 (TARI); Lorestan: ca. 5 km Notes: Echinops avajensis is in habitat similar from Zalian neek Mount, to Hendudar and to E. ecbatanus Bornm. ex Rech. f. and E. Malamir and Hashyon, 2350 m, Mozaffarian & haussknectii Boiss. but these have no horns, Maassoumi, 79630 (TARI). and ± similar to E. leiopolyceras but this Perennial, stem 30-40 cm high, sulcate, differs in having very wide cauline leaves densely covered by areneose glandulose and 20×8 (not 15-20 ×3-5 cm) and very short stem gladulose-villose together with short appressed 30-40 cm (not 50-100 cm) and by shape and arachnoid hairs, corymobosely branched from size of phyllaries of lower capitulum 26 mm base, densely leafy. All leaves herbaceous, (not 20-22 mm). bicolour, loosely araneose and yellowish setose above; densely araneose-tomentose Echinops delicatus Mozaff., sp. nov.; below, with thick prominent nerves; basal (Fig. 3). leaves oblong-lanceolate in outline, Planta verosimiliter annua, demum perennis. pinnatisect, with large segments up to 3-4 Caulis humilis, tenuis, 15-30 cm altus, 3-4 mm pairs, ± distant, triangular-lanceolate, with ± 1- crassus, simplex vel supra medium 2 large teeth, excurrent to 10-25 mm long pauciramosus, tenuiter sulcatus, breviter albo- yellow spine; lower segments reduced to spiny tomentosus et manifeste glanduloso-villosus. lobes; rhachis broadened at base and densely Folia omina herbaceo-coriacea, discoloria, spiny; lower cauline leaves similar to basal but supra flavescenti-viridia, dense setosa et with larger segments, 20×8 cm, auriculate- stipitato-glandulosa, nervis plus minusve amplexicaul at base and ± many spined, with prominentibus, in spinas terminales tenues 1-2 broadly winged rhachis, and very prominent cm longas excurrentibus, subtus dense albo- nerves, excurrent to yellowish short or long tomentosa, secus nervos glanduloso-villosa; spines; leaves of branches lanceolate- folia basalia et caulina inferiora ambitu triangular with shallowly lobed and long spiny oblongo-lanceolata, ultra medium pinnatisecta, tip; upper leaves of branches ± simlar to basal 10-14 cm longa, plus minusve 5 cm lata; ones but much reduced. Heads cornigerous, segmenta majora utrinque 3-4, oblongo- without horn up to 5-8 cm in diameter, triangularia, dentata vel lobata, longe et consisting of lower glabrous non cornigerous breviter spinosa; segmenta infima plus and upper glabrous and cornigerous capitulum; minusve ad spinas liberas reducta, rhachide ad receptacle globose, with orbicular scares; basin versus dilatata plus minusve auriculata, common involucre up to 10-12 mm long, copiose spinosa; folia caulina media et consisting of pale membranaceous, uniseriate, superiora oblongo-lanceolata, leviter lobata vel triangular, ± small, toothed and mucronulate grosse dentata, dentibus longe spinosis, ad tips bracts. Lower capitulum of a head up to 26 basim dilatato-auriculata, apicem versus mm long, glabrous; brush up to 18 mm long; sensim reducta. Glomerulus plus minusve 4 cm phyllaries 15, outer ones linear-filiform at base diametro, homomorphus, e capitulis and elliptic-tranigular at tip; median oblong- inferioribus glabris non cornigeris et capitulis lanceolate, close to the middle broadened- superioribus lanatis non cornigeris compositus; elliptic; 5 innermost phyllaries connate in five- receptaculum 6-8 mm diametro, depresso- angled dark tube, unequal at top, each phyllary capitatum, pallide brunneum, annulato- green at inner side. Upper capitulum of a head favosum; involucrum commune ca. 8 mm cornigerous, phyllaries glabrous. Corolla longum, e phyllis lineari-lanceolatis, hyaline white, in dry state dirty brown, up to 22 mm marginatis et longe fimibriatis, antice long, with up to 10-12 mm long lobes. paucidentatis et mucronatis compositum. 210 V. Mozaffarian IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006

Fig. 3. Echinops delicates. A, Habit, B, Phyllaries (from outer to inner, left to right); (Mozaffarian 79431). IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 Echinops in Iran 211 Capitula inferiora plus minusve ad 20-22 m with long spiny teeth, broadened and auriculate longa, omnia glabra; penicillum ad 10-14 mm at base, towards the tip gradually reduced. longum; phylla 19, exteriora a basi cuneata, Heads ± 4 cm in diameter, hetreomorphous, rhomboidea, margine late membranacea, consisting of lower non cornigerous glabrous sparce ciliolata, acuminata, intermedia anguste and upper non cornigerous lanate capitulum; elliptica, ad basin atrobrunnea, ad apicem receptacle 6-8 mm in diameter, deppressed- anguste hyalina, ciliata, in spinam longam capitate, pale brown, with circular foveate attenuata; phylla intima intermediis breviora, scars; common involucre ca. 8 mm long, usque ad medium in tubum pentagonum consisting of linear lanceolate, hyaline margins atratum concreta. Capitula superiora subtile and long fimbriate bracts, with few tooth and lanata: Phylla 18, usque ad 22 mm longa, mucronate tip. Lower capitulum ± up to 20-22 intima excepta floccoso-lanata; penicillum mm long, wholly glabrous; brush up to 10-14 pauciradiatum, involucris-phyllis intermediis mm long; phyllaries 19, outer cuneate at the brevior; phylla exteriora rhomboidea, ad basin base, rhomboid, with wide membranceous longe cuneata, hyaline marginata, manifeste margin, sparsely ciliate, acuminate, median ciliata, plus minusve late acuminata, narrowly elliptic at the base, dark brown, intermedia oblongo-lanceolata, basi anguste towards the tip narrowly hyaline, ciliate, cuneata, apicem versus in spinam longam deccurrent to long spine, 5 innermost attenuata, appresse ciliata; quina intima in phyllaries shorter than median, connate to 5 tubum longum plus minusve membranaceum angled dark brown tube. Upper capitulum concreta, intermdiis breviora. Corolla caerulea delicate and lanate; phyllaries 18, up to 22 mm Typus. Iran: Khuzestan, Dezful, ca. 13 km long, except innermost ones floccose-lanate; from Sardasht to Shahyun, 380 m 25. V. 1999 brush few rayed, shorter than the intermediate V. Mozaffarian 79431 ( holotypus. TARI). phyllaries; outer rhomboid, long cuneate at base, hyaline margined, conspicously ciliate, Plant very likely annual, at lengh perennial. broadly acuminate; median oblong-lanceolate, Stem short, thin, 15-30 cm high, 3-4 mm thick, narrowly cuneate at base, decurrent to long simple or in upper part few branched, spiny tip, with appressed ciliate margins; 5 shallowly sulcate, short whitish-tomentose and inermost connate to a long membranaceus conspicuously glandulose villose. All leaves tube, shorter than the median ones. Corolla heraceous-coriaceous, bicolour, yellowish- pale or deep blue. green, densely setose and stipitate glandulose Notes. Echinops delicatus differs from E. above, with prominent nerves, excurrent to a polygamus Bunge, in having dense setose and terminal up to 1-2 cm long spines; densely stipitate-glandulose (not loose to dense whitish-tomentose below, along the nerves arachnoid and glandulose-setose) hairs in glandulose-villose; basal and lower cauline upper surface of leaves and 19 (not 14-15) of leaves oblong-lanceolate in outline, above the phyllaries in lower capitulum. middle pinnaticect, 10-14 cm long, ± 5 cm wide, with 3-4 pairs of large segments; Echinops kazerunensis Mozaff., sp. segments oblong-triangular, irregularly toothed nov.; (Fig. 4). or lobed, with long and short spines; lower Planta perennis. Caulis 50-60 cm altus, ab infra segments reduced to ± far from each other medium ramosus, costato-sulcatus, dense spines; rhachis broadened and ± auriculate at appresse crispule villosus et stipitato- base, densely spiny; median and upper cauline glandulosus. Folia basalia perpusilla, leaves oblong-lanceolate, shallowly lobed or pinnatifida, segmentis multo minoribus, 212 V. Mozaffarian IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006

Fig. 4. Echinops kazerunensis. A, stem with lower and upper cauline leaves; B, upper part of stem; C, a head; D, phyllariis; (outer to inner, right to left); (Mozaffarian 79385). IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 Echinops in Iran 213 spinosissimis, 7×2 cm; folia caulina inferiora 20-40 mm longa; penicillum ca. 8 mm longum, ignota; folia omnia consistentia herbaceo- laxum, phylla excepta 2 longe cornigera lanata. coriacea, supra flavescenti-viridia, laxe Corolla pallide coerulea, 18 mm longa, laciniis araneosa, secus nervos densiore et plus minusve 12 mm longis. dense flavo-setosa, subtus dense appresse albo- Typus. Iran: Fars, ca. 16 km from Kazerun to tomentosa, nervis crasse prominentibus, laxe Farashband, 880 m, 22. V. 1999 V. Mozaffarian albo-villosis; folia caulina 79385. (holotypus. TARI). superiora et ramos fulcrantia ambitu oblongo- lanceolata, 27×8 cm, pinnatisecta, segmentis Perennial. Stems 50-60 cm high, in lower part majoribus utrinque 4-5, remotis, triangularibus, many branched, costate-sulcate, densely nervis crassis, albo-flavis, in spinas terminales appressed by crispule villose and stipitate 5-10 mm longas excurrentibus, sinubus inter glandular hairs. Basal leaves very small, × segmenta plus minusve inermibus, segmenta pinnatifid, with very small spiny segments, 7 basalia valde dilatata et deccurrentia plus 2 cm., lower cauline leaves unknown; all leaves minusve amplexicaulia, segmenta superiora with herbaceous-coriaceous texture, greenish valde diminuta, verosimiliter dentata vel yellow, loosely arachnoid above, with denser parvilobata; folia inferiora ramealia ambitu arachnoid hairs on veins and ± densely oblongo-triangularia, paucilobata, lobis anguste yellowish setose, dense appressed white- triangularibus, in spinas longas excurrentibus; tomentose below, with very prominent thick folia ramealia summa valde decrescentia. nerves, with white villose hairs; upper cauline Pedunculo nudo. Glomerulus cornigerus, leaves and subtending leaves of branches absque cornibus 5-6 cm diametro, oblong-lanceolate in outline, 27 × 8 cm, heteromorphus; receptaculum 7-10 mm pinnatisect; with 4-5 paris of large distant diametro, globosum; involucrum commune e segments, with thick whitish-yellow nerves, phyllis membranaceo-lanceolatis, antice excurrent to 5-10 mm long terminal spines, the triangularis, paucidentatis compositum. Capitula sinus between segments ± without spine, lower inferiora glabra, usque ad 26 mm longa; or basal segments decurrent and broadened at penicillum album, usque ad 16 mm longum; base, ± amplexicaul, upper segments reduced phylla 13, glabra, exteriora cuneato-elliptica, and look like teeth or very small lobes; lower late albo marginata, plus minusve mucronata, leaves of branches oblong- triangular in outline, intermedia anguste lanceolato-elliptica, apicem with few lobes, each lobe narrowly triangular, versus ciliato-dentata; phylla intima in tubum excurrent to long spine; upper branches leaves obtuse pentagonum atrobrunneum concreta, very small, below the heads naked. Head parte libera lanceolata, inaequilonga, fimbriato- cornigerous, without horn 5-6 cm in diameter, marginata. Capitula media lanata, usque ad 20 heteromorphous; receptacle 7-10 mm in mm longa; penicillum album usque ad 8 mm diameter, capitate. Common involucre with longum; phylla 16, omnia laxe lanatula; membranaceous and lanceolate bracts, exteriora cuneato-elliptica, plus minusve triangular at tip and with few teeth. Lower breviter mucronata; intermedia longe capitulum of a head glabrous, up to 26 mm lanceolato-elliptica, navicularia, in spinam long; brush white, up to 16 mm long; phyllaries terminalem attenuata, ciliato-fmbriata, quina 13, glabrous, outer cuneate-elliptic, with broad intima in tubum obtuse pentagonum plus white margin, ± long mucronate, median minusve membranaceum concreta, parte libera narrowly lanceolate-elliptic, towards the tip lanceolata, inaequilonga, irregulariter ciliato- ciliate-dentate, innermost connate to a five fimbriata. Capitula superiora saepe cornigera, obtuse angled dark brown tube, with unequal 214 V. Mozaffarian IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 free upper part, fringed at margins. Median alata; folia caulina superiora et ramos fulcrantia capitulum lanate, up to 20 mm long; brush basi dilatata, auriculato-amplexicaulia, minus white, up to 8 mm long; phyllaries 16, wholly disseeta; segmentis in spinas longas loosely lanate; outer cuneate-elliptic, ±shortly excurrentibus; folia ramealia mox reducta, late mucronate, median long lanceolate-ellipitc, lanceolata, sinuato-spinosa. Glomerulus canaliculate, narrowed towards the terminal cornigerus, absque cornibus 4-5 cm diametro, e spines, ciliate- fmbriate; five inner ones capitulis inferioribus lanatis non cornigeris et connected to membranaceous five obtuse angled capitulis superioribus cornigeris et lanatis tube, with free unequal lanceolate irregularly compositus; repceptaculum 6-7 mm diametro, globosum, albidum, cicatricibus albidis ciliate fmbriate upper part. Upper capitulum of a regulariter elevatis; involucrum commune 10-14 head often cornigerous, up to 30-40 cm long; mm longum, e phyllis membranaceis lineari- brush up to ca. 8 mm long, loose; phyllaries spathulatis antice inciso-dentatis vel longe except those 2 long horned lanate. Corolla pale fimbriatis compositum. Capitula inferiora usque blue, 18 mm long, with up to 12 mm laciniate ad 20 mm longa; penicillum 18 mm longum, part. radiis sordide albis basim versus Notes. Echinops kazerunensis with brunnescentibus, numerosissimis, obsolete heteromophous capitula and very small basal scabridis; phylla 13-14, exteriora et intermedia leaves with deeply laciniate segments is very in parte superiore albo-tomentosa, exteriora charactristic and near to E. iranshahri Rech. apice rhomboidea, intermedia sensim longiora, f., but this differs in having yellowish-green lineari-lanceolata, margine minutissime usque loosely arachnoid, densely yellowish-setose obsolete spinuloso-ciliata; phylla intima leaves (not pale green with short dense longissima usque ultra medium in tubum glandular-papillose hairs) and in shape, size coriaceum pentagonum atrobrunnescentem and number of phyllaries in lower capitulum. concreta, accurate glabra. Capitulis subtilis phyllis exterioribus lanatis. Capitula superiora cornigera, sterilia, phyllis 7-8, lanatis, 3-5 cm Echinops khansaricus Mozaff., sp. nov.; longis, cornibus glabris, apicem versus flavido- (Fig. 5). elongatis. Corolla pallide coerulea. Planta perennis. Caulis solitarius, basi crassus Typus. Iran: Esfahan: ca. 35 km from Damane dense foliatus, sulcato-costatus, 30-50 cm altus, to Tiran to Esfahan, 2200 m, 11. VIII. 1999, V. a medio vel superne paniculato-ramosus, dense Mozaffarian 79810, (holotypus. TARI). araneosus vel in superne laxe araneosus et Other specimens seen. Iran: Esfahan, Faridan, crispule villosus. Folia omnia herbaceo- ca. 5 km from Damane to Esfahan, 2300 m, V. coriacea, supra araneosa, flavescenti-viridia, Mozaffarian 79811 (TARI); 15 km from subtus dense appresse albido-tomentosa, nervis Damane to Khunsar, 2400 m, V. Mozaffarian valde prominentibus; folia basalia anguste 79813 (TARI); between Tiran and Saman, ca. oblanceolata, 1-2 pinnatisecta, ad basin dilatata, 15 km from Tiran to Saman, ca. 2000 m, V. dense spinifera; segmentis inferioribus plus minusve liberis, ad spinas reductis; folia caulina Mozaffarian & A. A. Maassoumi 77955 inferiora basalibus similia, sed majora, 28×8 cm; (TARI); Ghamishlou protected area, 2200 m, Assadi & Khatamsaz 76405 (TARI); ca. 5 km segmentis majoribus supra medium 3-4 jugis, from Damane to Khansar, 2300 m, V. oblongo-lanceolatis, margine revolutis, non Mozaffarian 79812 (TARI); Ghameshloo profunde sinuato-lobatis, in spinas plures 10-12 protected area, Baghak, 2100 m, Uosofi 1665 mm longas flavescentes vulnerantes (TARI); between Tiran and Saman, ca. 15 km excurrentibus; segmentis basim versus ad spinas reductis, rhachis ad basim plus minusve anguste from Tiran to Saman, Ca. 2000 m, V. Mozaffarian & Maassoumi 77957 (TARI). IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 Echinops in Iran 215

Fig. 5. Echinops khansaricus. A, upper cauline leaf; B, lower cauline leaf; C, a branch with a head; D. a head; (Mozaffarian 79811). 216 V. Mozaffarian IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 Perennial; stem thick, solitary, at base thick, cornigerous, sterile, with 7-8 woolly phyllaries densely leafy, sulcate-costate, 30-50 cm high, and up to 3-5 cm long, wholly glabrous from the middle or in upper part paniculately- yellowish horns. Corolla pale blue. branched, densely arachnoid or in upper part Notes. Echinops khansaricus differs from E. loosely arachnoid and curely villose. All leaves elymaiticus Bornm. in having bipinnatisect arachnoid, yellowish-green above, densely (not sinuate-dentate to sinuate-pinnatifid) appressed white tomentose below, with very leaves, glabrous (not lanate) inner connate prominent nerves; basal leaves narrowly phyllaries, glabrous (not lanate horns of sterile oblanceolate, 1-2 pinnatisect, towards the base capitulum), and pale blue (not white flowers), broadened and densely spiny, with basal wholly arachnoid tomentose leaf in upper side segments ± loose and distant, reduced to (not greenish-yellow with yellowish bristly spines; lower cauline leaves similar to basal hairs and loosely arachnoid) and from E. but larger, 28×8 cm; with 3-4 pairs of oblong- erioceras Bornm. in having lower capitulum lanceolate larger segments above the middle of up to 20 mm and up to 18 mm long brush (not rachis, each segments revolute at margins, 24-26 mm capitulum and up to 16-17 mm. shallowly sinuate-lobate, with many spines, up long brush), and from E. hebelepis DC. in to 10-12 mm long, yellowish and wounding; having cornigerous capitulum. segments towards the base reduced to spines; rachis towards the base narrowly winged; Echinops khuzistanicus Mozaff., sp. upper cauline leaves and subtending branches broadened at the base, auriculate and nov.; (Fig. 6). amplexicaul, shallowly dissected and with long Planta verosimiliter annua sed perennis. spines at the margin; leaves of branches much Caulis usque ad 5-6 mm crassus, striato- reduced, broadly lanceolate, sinuate-spinose. costatus, 30-45 cm altus, omnino breviter albo- Head cornigerous, without horns up to 4-5 cm lanatus et parcissime villosus, supra medium in diameter, consisting of lower capitulum pauciramosus, plus minusve aequaliter lanate non cornigerous, and upper capitulum foliatus. Folia omnia consistentia herbaceo- cornigerous and with lanate outer phyllaires; coriacea, discoloria, supra flavescenti-viridia, receptacle 6-7 mm in diameter, globose, parcissime araneosa, densissime setoso- whitish, with regular elevated scares; glandulosa, nervatibus obsolete prominentibus; commone involucre up to 10-14 mm long, subtus dense albo-tomentosa, nervatibus valde involucral bracts membranaceous, linear- prominentibus, secus nervos longe albo- spathulate, at tip incised-dentate or long villosa; folia basalia ambitu oblongo- × fimbriate. Lower capitulum of a head up to 20 lanceolata, 15-25 5-10 cm., pinnatisecta; mm long; upper capitulum horn-bearing, up to segmenta majora 3-5 juga, inter se plus 3-5; brush up to 18 mm long, with many dirty minusve remota, oblongo-lanceolata, in spinas white rays, towards th base brownish and validas usque ad 1 cm longas spinoso-lobata scarcely scabrous; phyllaries 13-14 , outer and proferentia; rhachide anguste alata; segmenta median ones at upper part white tomentose, inferiora plus minusve libera, ad spinas outer ones with rhomboideous tip, median reducta; folia caulina inferiora ambitu gratually longer, linear-lanceolate, at the upper oblongo-lanceolata, leviter lobata vel margins scarcely spiny ciliate, innermost very pinnatisecta; rhachide basin versus plus long, connate up to above the middle in minusve late alata; segmenta basalia dilatata coriaceous five angled tube; wholly glabrous, plus minusve auriculata, longe spinosa; folia deeply brownish; delicate capitulum with outer caulina superiora oblongo-lanceolata, lanate phyllaries. Upper capitulum paucidentata, ad basin plus minusve IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 Echinops in Iran 217

Fig. 6. Echinops khuzistanicus. A, lower cauline leaf; B, upper cauline leaf; C, a branch with leaves; D, a branch with a head; (Mozaffarian 79420). 218 V. Mozaffarian IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 amplexicaulia; folia ramos caulinibus main vein long whitish-villose; basal leaves superioribus similia sed minora et apicem oblong-lanceolate in outline, 15-25 cm long versus valde diminuta, semiorbicularia, longe and 5-10 cm wide, pinnatisect, larger segment spinosa. Glomerulus 4-6 cm diametro, non 3-5 pairs, remote, oblong-lanceolate, with rigid cornigerus, e capitulis superioribus et spines up to 1 cm long, and spiny lobed, rachis inferioribus similis, non cornigeris, aequaliter narrowly winged, with lower segments far lanatis compositus; receptaculum ca. 7 mm from each other and reduced to spine; lower diametro, depresso-globosum, cicatricibus cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate in outline, elevato-orbicularibus; involucrum commune slightly lobed or pinnatisect, with broadly 10 mm longum, e phyllis membranaceis winged rachis towards the base, broadly lineari-lanceolatis, antice plus minusve auriculate and long spiny; upper cauline leaves dilatatis, spinuliferis et mucronatis oblong-lancelolate, with few toothed, compositum. Capitula inferiora usque ad 22 amplexicaul; leaves of brancehs similar to mm longa; penicillus usque ad 12 mm longus; upper cauline leaves but smaller and towards phylla plus minusve 17-19, imprimis in parte the apex prominently reduced, ± semiorbicular superiore floccoso-lanata; exteriora late and long spiny. Heads 4-6 cm in diameter, non linearia tenuiter hyaline marginata, apicem cornigerous, with lower and upper capitulum versus sensim rhomboideo-dilatata, apiculata, of a head similar, equally lanate; receptacle ca. integra vel fimbriato-ciliata; phylla intermedia 7 mm in diameter, depressed globose, with elliptico-cuneata, e basi cuneatis, atrobrunnea, elevated orbicular scars; commone involucre prope medium late lyaline marginata, 10 mm long, involucral bracts linear- fimbriato-ciliata, in spinam terminalem longam lanceolate, membranaceous, broadened at tip pallide caeruleam attenuata; phylla intima 5, ad and short spiny-mucronate. Lower capitulum medium in tubum pentagonum atrobrunneum up to 22 mm long, brush up to 12 mm; concreta, parte libera lanceolata inaequilonga, phyllaries 17-19, in upper part floccose-lanate; appresse fimbriato-ciliata. Capitula superiora outer broadly linear, thin hyaline margined, basalia similia. Corolla caerulea. towards the tip broadened apiculate rhomboid, Typus. Iran: Khuzestan, ca. 25 km from entire or fimbriate-ciliate; median ellipitc- Masjed Soleyman to Haftgel, 400 m, 24. V. cuneate at base, dark brown, broadly hyaline 1999 V. Mozaffarian 79420 (holotypus. margined at the middle and fimbriate-ciliate, TARI). with long attenuate pale blue spiny tip; 5 Other specimens seen. Khuzestan: ca. 25 km inermost phyllaries up to the middle connate to from Masjed Soleyman to Shushtar, 160 m, V. a five angled dark brown tube, with free Mozaffarian 79423 (TARI); beginning of the lanceolate fimbriate-ciliate upper part; upper road to Haftgel from Masjed Solyeman, 250 m, capitulum of a head similar to basal. Corolla V. Mozaffarian 79417 (TARI). blue. Plant very likely annual but perennial. Stems Notes. Echinops khuzistanicus Mozaff. in up to 5-6 mm thick, 30-45 cm high, striate- having homomorphous heads with lower and costate, shortly whitish-lanate and sparingly upper lanate capitula is similar to E. villose throughout, above the middle shulabadensis Mozaffarian, but differs by somewhat branched and leafy throughout. All shape of leaves, oblog-lanceolate 12-25×5-10 leaves with herbaceous-coriaceous texture, cm (not lanceolate 20-25×5-8 cm), number 17- bicolour, yellowish-green, sparingly arachnoid 19 (not 14-17) and shape of phyllaries in lower and densely glandulose setose above, with capitula and indumentum of upper surface of scarcely apparent veins, densely whitish leaves. tomentose below, with prominent veins, along IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 Echinops in Iran 219 Echinops laricus Mozaff., sp. nov.; (Fig. Other specimens seen. Fars: Jahrum, Juium, 7). Fereshtejun 850 m, V. Mozaffarian 79353 Perennis. Caulis 80-120 cm altus, sulcatus, (TARI); Jahrum, Juium to Lar, Banaruieh, V. breviter araneoso-glandulosus, superne Mozaffarian 79354 (TARI). corymboso- ramosus. Folia omnia herbaceo- Perennial. Stem 80-120 cm high, sulcate, coriacea, discoloria, reticulato-nervosa, shortly arachnoid glandulose, corymbosely breviter araneosa, laxe setosa, secus nervos branched above. All leaves herbaceous- appresse araneoso-lanata, albo-marmorata, coriaceous, bicolour, reticulately nerved; subtus dense breviter araneosa, nervis valde indumentum in upper surface shortly arachnoid prominentibus; folia basalia mox decidua; lanate, whitish-marbled along nerves, in lower caulina inferiora late lanceolata, sessilia, plus surface densely short arachnoid, with very minusve amplexicaulia, 40×10 cm., prominent nerves; basal leaves soon deciduous; lower cauline leaves large paucilobata, lobis triangularis, longe spinosis, lanceolate, sessile, ± amplexicaul, 40 × 10 cm, spinis inclusis usque ad 4 cm latis; folia caulina superiora et ramos fulcrantia plus few lobed, each lobe triangular, yellowish minusve caulinibus inferioribus similia sed spiny, each lobe together with spine up to 4 cm wide; upper cauline and subtending branches minora; folia ramealia lanceolato-triangularia, panucidentata, apicem versus diminuta. leaves similar to basal cauline leaves, but Glomerulus cornigerus, absque cornibus 4-5 smaller; leaves of branches lanceolate triangular, few toothed, towards the tip cm diametero, e capitulis inferioribus glabris diminished, below the capitula naked. Heads non cornigeris et capitulis superioribus lanatis et cornigeris compositus; receptaculum up to 4-5 cm in diameter; lower capitula glabrous and non cornigerous, and upper globosum, 8 mm diametro, cicatricibus albidis capitula often sterile, cornigerous, lanatulate; orbicularibus paulo elevatis; involucrum commune 8 mm longum, e phyllis receptacle capitate, up to 8 mm in diameter, membranaceis antice dilatatis triangulari- with elevated whitish orbicular scars; common involucre 8 mm long, involucral bracts acuminatis compositum. Capitula inferiora usque ad 22 mm longa; penicillum usque ad 14 membranaceous, broadened triangular, mm longum, multiradiatum, albidum; phylla acuminate at tip. Lower capitulum of a head 22 mm long; brush many rayed, whitish, up to 14 17, omnia glabra, exteriora basi anguste mm long; phyllaries 17, glabrous; outer linearia, apicem versus triangularia, pectinato- fimbriata; phylla intermedia basi anguste narrowly linear at base, towards the tip triangular, pectinate-fimbriate; with broadened linearia nigricantia, in medio subelliptico- whitish-green margined, shortly mucronate, dilatata, nigra, albo-marginata in spinam validam 5-8 mm longam attenuata, plus shorter than brush; median black, narrowly minusve pallide caerulea; phylla intima 5, in linear at base, nearly elliptic, with 5-8 mm long spiny tip; 5 innermost phyllaries tightly tubum fere pentagonum nigrum concreta. Capitula superiora saepe cornigera, 4-5 cm conneate together, nearly five angled. Upper longa, sterilia, e phyllis plus minusve lanatulis capitulum of a head mostly cornigerous, up to ± composita. Corolla caerulea. 4-5 cm long, sterile, with short woolly outer Typus. Iran: Fars, Lar, Ewaz, ca. 15 km from phyllaries; corolla caeruleous. Ewaz to Juium, between Kuhne and kureh, 840 Notes. Echinops laricus is very chacteristic, m, 21. V. 1999, V. Mozaffarian 79357 because of having large lanceolate lower (holotypus. TARI). cauline leaves and the most approximate species to it are E. austro-iranicus Mozaffarian 220 V. Mozaffarian IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006

Fig. 7. Echinops laricus. A, lower cauline leaf; B, upper cauline leaf; C, upper part of the plant with heads; D, phyllaries (from outer to inner, left to right); (Mozaffarian 79375). IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 Echinops in Iran 221 and E. gedrosiacus Bornm. which is different minutissime ciliata, phylla intermedia e basi with them in number and size of phyllaries of longe lineari, in medio circiter dilatato-albo- lower capitulum. marginata, apicem versus in spinam validam 6- 8 mm longam attenuata, margine appresse Echinops leiopolyceroides Mozaff., sp. paucidentata; phylla intima 5, basi in tubum nov.; (Fig. 8). pentagonum atrobrunneum concreta, superne Planta perennis. Caulis 50-70 cm altus, libera, lanceolata, inequilonga. Capitula sulcato-costatus, appresse araneosus, superiora cornigera, 3-5 cm longa; penicillum glanduloso-arenaceus; infra glomerulo longe 10-14 mm longum; phylla omnia glabra. glanduloso-villosus, superne corymboso- Corolla alba vel pallide caerulea, c. 19 mm ramosus, tota longitudine foliatus. Folia omnia longa, laciniis 6 mm longis. herbaceo-coriacea, discoloria, supra Typus. Iran: Khorassan, Torbate heydarieh, flavescenti-viridia, parcissime vel non between Robate Sang and , 1750 m, 3. araneosa, dense glanduloso-setosa, manifeste 8. 1999, V. Mozaffarian 79742 (holotypus. flavo-nervosa, subtus dense araneoso- TARI). tomentosa, albido-cinerea, manifeste nervosa, Other specimen seen. Gorgan: ca. 5 km from secus nervos prominentes minus pubescentes Robate Gharabil to Bujnurd, 1400 m, V. et glanduloso-villosa; folia caulina inferiora Mozaffarian & A. A. Maassoumi 79114 30-35 cm longa et 10-15 cm lata, ambitu (TARI); 21 km from Mirzabailu on the road to oblongo-lanceolata, pinnatisecta; segmenta Bujnurd, 1400 m, Assadi & Azadi 76097 majores utrinque 3-4, oblongo-triangularia, (TARI). Khorassan: , ca. 40 km from paucidentata, crebre spinosa, spinis usque ad 1 Mashhad to Kalat-e Naderi, Gujaki neck cm longis, segmenta inferioria interdum libera, Mount. 1720 m, V. Mozaffarian 79724 ad spinas reducta, basi plus minusve dilalata (TARI); ca. 15 km from Ghuchan to Darregaz plus minusve auriculata spinifera; folia caulina 1550 m, V. Mozaffarian 79157 (TARI); superiora et ramos fulcrantia late oblongo- Shirvan, Ziarat to Gulul, after Ziarat 1200 m, lanceolata, paucilobata, lobis triangularibus Mozaffarian & Maassoumi 79123 (TARI); paucispinosis, spinis terminalibus usque ad 2- Bakharz to Torbat-e Heydarieh, between 2.5 cm longis, basi late auriculato- Jaafarabad and Sarguloun (ca. 70 km from amplexicaulia; folia ramealia late trianglari- Torbat-e Heydarieh to Torbat-e Jam) 1580 m, flabellata, longe spinosa, apicem versus V. Mozaffarian 79737 (TARI); Shirvan to reducta. Glomerulus 5-7 cm diametro, , around Ghara-Chaghe and Bardar cornigerus, glaber, e capitulis inferioribus 1640 m, V. Mozaffarian & A. A. Maassoumi, glabris non cornigeris et superioribus glabris, 79132 (TARI); Bakharz to Torbat-e cornigeris compositus; receptaculum depresso- Heydarieh, Chahrtagh, 1450 m, V. globosum, usque ad 10 mm diametro, Mozaffarian 79734 (TARI); ca. 15 km from cicatricibus elevato-orbicularibus; involucrum to Mashhad, 1460 m, V. Mozaffarian commune 10-12 mm longum, e phyllis 79732 (TARI); ca. 22 km from to membranaceis antice dilatatis spinuloso- Neishabour, near Mount. befor Rivash, 1900 acuminatis compositum. Capitula inferiora m, V. Mozaffarian 79754 (TARI); 35 km from usque ad 22 mm longa; penicillum Torbate Heydarieh to Mashhad, after Robate longissimum, usque ad 16-20 mm longum, Sang 1600 m, V. Mozaffarian 80442 (TARI); multiradiatum, candidum, basi brunnescens; ca. 25 km from Mashhad to Torbat-e phylla 15, glabra; exteriora e basi linearia, Heydarieh, 1140 m, V. Mozaffarian 80437 infra apicem elliptico-dilatata, subintegra vel (TARI). 222 V. Mozaffarian IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006

Fig. 8. Echinops leiopolyceroides. A, lower cauline leaf; B, upper part of stem with a flowering branch; C, phyllaries (from outer to inner, left to right); (Mozaffarian 79742). IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 Echinops in Iran 223 Plant perennial. Stems up to 50-70 cm high, free lanceolate unequal upper part. Upper sulcate-costate, appressed arachnoid, capitulum of a head sterile, cornigerous, up to glandulose-sandy shaped, at the lower part of 3-5 cm long; brush up to 10-14 mm long; capitula long glandulose-villose, corymbosely phyllaries wholly glabrous. Corolla white to branched, leafy throughout. All leaves pale blue, ca. 19 mm long, with up to 6 mm herbaceous-coriaceous, bicolour, yellowish- long lobes. green, very loosely or without arachnoid hairs, Notes. Echinops leiopolyceroides differs from densely glandulose setose above, prominently E. leiopolyceras in having very sparse to not yellowish nerved, densely arachnoid - arachnoid upper surface of leaves, less divided tomentose and whitish-grey below, basal and cauline leaves 30-35 × 10-15 cm (not prominently nerved, along the nerves 20×3-5 cm) and much larger heads 5-7 cm (not prominently loosely pubescent and glandulose- up to 5 cm) and longer horn. 3-5 cm (not up to villose; lower cauline leaves 30-35 mm long 2-3 cm long). and 10-15 mm wide, oblong-lanceolate in outline, pinnatisect, with 3-4 pairs of larger Echinops sabzevarensis Mozaff., sp. segments; each segment oblong-triangular, nov.; (Fig. 9). with few teeth and many spines, with up to 1 Planta perennis. Caulis prostratus, usque ad cm long spines; segments of lower part of 30-35 cm altus, sulcato-costatus, dense rachis loose and apart from each other, reduced araneoso-tomentosus, supra medium to spines, rachis at the base ± broadened and ± pauciramosus, tota longitudine foliatus. Folia auriculate spiny; upper stem and subtending omnia coriacea, supra dense vel laxe araneosa, branches leaves widely oblong-lanceolate, few secus nervos glabra vel laxe papillosa, subtus lobed, with triangular few spiny lobes, with dense albo-araneoso-tomentosa; costa mediana terminal spine up to 2-2.5 cm long, at the base crassissima, nervis secundariis prominentibus auriculate-amplexicaul; leaves of branches in spinas terminales validas excurrentibus; widely triangular-flabellate, long spiny at folia basalia ignota; caulina basalia et media margins, towards the tip reduced. Heads 5-7 ambitu lanceolata, spinis inculusis 20-28 cm cm in diameter, cornigerous, glabrous; longa et 5-7 cm lata, sinuato-lobata; lobis consisting of lower glabrous non cornigerous majoribus 5-6jugis inter se remotis, late and upper cornigerous glabrous capitula; triangularibus, spinosis, in spinam terminalem recepctacle depressed-globose, up to 10 mm in validam 6-12 mm longam excurrentibus, spinis diameter, with elevated-orbicular scars; lateralibus plerumque paucis plus minusve common involucre up to 10-12 mm long, with validis; rhachide late alata; segmenta inferiora membranaceous bracts, dilated at tip, and libera, minora, ad basin auriculata, spinosa; spiny acuminate. Lower capitulum of a head up to 22 mm long; brush up to 18 mm, many folia caulina superiora plus minusve basalibus rayed, greyish-white, brownish at base; et medianis similia, sed minora; folia ramos phyllaries 15, wholly glabrous; outer linear at fulcrantia basim versus late alata, the base, below the tip broadend elliptic ± amplexicaula; folia ramealia diminuta, entire or very shortly ciliate; median long lanceolato-linearia, longe et laxe spinosa. linear at the base and becoming brownish, at Glomerulus 7-10 cm diametro, e capitulis the medium almost widened with white inferioribus et superioribus aequaliter margins, towards the tip with ± sturdy up to 6- cornigeris et aliquantum non cornigeris, glabris 8 mm long spine, at the margin with few compositus; receptaculum globosum, 14-18 appressed teeth; innermost 5, at the base mm diametro, album, cicatricibus albidis connate to a 5 angular dark brown tube, with 224 V. Mozaffarian IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006

Fig. 9. Echinops sabzevarensis. A, lower cauline leaf; B, a part of upper stem with opened receptacle; C, a capitulum; D, phyllaries (outer to inner, right to left); (Mozaffarian 79760). IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 Echinops in Iran 225 polygonalibus; involucrum commune 10-12 spine; lateral spines often few, thick; rachis mm longum, e phyllis membranaceis antice widely winged; lower segments ± far from paulo dilatatis spinosis et paucidentatis glabris each other, smaller, at the base auriculate, compositum. Capitula inferiora usque ad 20-24 spiny; upper caluine leaves similar to basal and mm longa; penicillum usque ad 12-18 mm median, but smaller; leaves of subtending longum, multiradiatum, albidum; pappus branches towards the base broadly winged, intermedius (pseudopappus) longe linearis; amplexicaul; leaves of branches diminished, phylla 15-18, omnia glabra; exteriora e basi lanceolate-linear, long and loosely spiny. lineari, apicem versus cuneata, truncata, Heads ± 7-10 cm in diameter, consisting of membranaceo-marginata; phylla intermedia lower and upper glabrous, equally conigerous plus minusve navicularia, elliptica, 1-3 in and some non cornigerous capitula; receptacle cornum rigidum laeveum 1-3 cm longum capitate, 14-18 mm in diameter, white, with transformata; phylla intima 5, supra medium in white polygonal scars; common involucre 10- tubum pentagonum nigrum concreta, parte 12 mm long, consisting of glabrous libera lanceolato-triangulares, integra. Capitula membranaceous involucral bracts with a little superioria inferioribus similia. Corolla alba vel broadened spiny tip and few toothed. Lower dilute caerulea, 18-20 mm longa, laciniis 8-10 capitulum of a head up to 20-24 mm long; mm longis. Achenia 8-10 mm longa; pappus brush up to 12-18 mm, many rayed, white; ca. 2 mm longus, setis usque ad medium phyllaries 15-18, entirely glabrous, intermediate ones 1-3, long linear; outer linear concretis. at base, towards the tip cuneate, truncate, with

membranaceous margins; median ± boat Typus. Iran: Khorassan, ca. 5 km from shaped, elliptic, 1-3 of them changed to up to to Esferayen, 1250 m, 4. VIII .1999, 1-3 cm long horns; inner ones 5. up to above V. Mozaffarian 79760 (holotypus. TARI). the middle concreting to black five-angled Other specimens seen. Esfahan: ca. 25 km form tube, upper free part lanceolate, entire. Upper Shahreza to Esfahan, 1700 m, V. Mozaffarian, capitulum of a head similar to lower. Corolla 79769 (TARI); Natanz, Tar and Kashe, kuh-e white or pale blue, 18-20 mm long, with up to Karkas, ca. 2000 m, V. Mozaffarian & A. A. 8-10 mm long lobes. Achene 8-10 mm long; Maassoumi 78347 (TARI); Khorassan: 9 km pappus ca. 2 mm long, with up to the middle from Sabzevar to Esferayen, 1150 m, connected to setae. Mozaffarian, 80426 (TARI). Notes. E. sabzevarensis is closely related to E. cephalotes DC. and E. robustus Bunge, but Pernnial. Stems prostrate, up to 30-35 cm, differs from them in having lower and upper sulcate-costate, densely arachnoid-tomentose, glabrous capitula (not lanate) and easily above the middle few-branched, leafy dehiscent (not with difficulty dehiscent) heads. throughout. All leaves coriaceous, densely or loosely arachnoid above, along with nerves glabrous or loosely papillose, whitish Echinops shulabadensis Mozaff., sp. arachnoid-tomentose below, median nerve nov.; (Fig. 10). thicker, secondary nerves prominent, decurrent Planta perennis. Caulis 35-45 cm altus, supra to terminal thick spine; basal leaves unknown; medium plus minusve stricte pauciramosus, basal and median cauline leaves lanceolate in striato-costatus, omnino arachnoideo- outline, together with the spines 20-28 × 5-7 tomentosus, tota longitudine laxe aequaliter cm, sinuate-lobate; larger lobes 5-6 paris, ± far foliatus. Folia omnia crasse coriacea, supra from each other, broadly triangular, spinose, arachnoideo-tomentosa, plus minusve decurrent to up to 6-12 mm long thick terminal flavescenti-viridia, flavescenti-nervosa, subtus 226 V. Mozaffarian IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006

Fig. 10. Echinops shulabadensis. A, upper part of a plant; B, lower cauline leaf; C, upper cauline leaf; D, phyllaries (outer to inner, left to right); (Mozaffarian 80418). IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 Echinops in Iran 227 appresse albo-tomentosa, manifeste crasse Typus. Iran: Luristan, ca. 25 km from nervosa; folia basalia lanceolata, mox decidua; Sepiddasht to Shulabad, between Heyeh and caulina inferiora lanceolata, 20-28×5-8 cm, Shulabad, 1800 m, 12. VII. 2000, V. grosse dentata, omnia dentibus infimis plus Mozaffarian 80418 (holotypus. TARI) minusve ad spinas subliberas reductis, dentibus superioribus perlate triangularibus, regulariter Perennial. Stem solitary to several, 35-45 cm spinosis; folia caulina superiora basalibus plus high, simple or in upper part ± striaght few minusve similia; ramos fulcrantia ad basin branched, striate-costate; loosely and regularly dilatata, semiamplexicaulia, sessilia, leafy throughout all part of the plant arachnoid triangulari-lanceolata; folia ramealia apicem tomentose. All leaves thick leathery, caulis versus magis decrescentia, laminis arachnoid-tomentose above, ± yellowish- abbreviatis, breviter dentato-spinosis, dentibus green, with yellowish nerves; appressed white proportione brevioribus. Glomerulus plus tomentose below, with prominent nerves, basal minusve sublaxus, non cornigerus, 5-6 cm leaves lanceolate, soon deciduous; lower diametro, homomorphus, e capitulis cauline leaves lanceolate, 20-28 × 5-8 cm, with inferioribus et superioribus dense lanatis large teeth, all lower teeth ± remote, compositus; receplaculum globosum, elevate diminishing to almost separate spines, upper foveolato-favosum, 4-5 mm diametro; teeth broadly triangular, regularly spinose; involucrum commune 10-12 mm longum, e upper cauline leaves ± similar to basal; bracteis membranaceis lineari-spathulatis vel subtending branches leaves broadened at base, lanceolato-fimbriatis compositum. Capitula semiamplexicaul, sessile, triangular-lanceolate; inferiora 18-28 mm longa, valde lanata, bene leaves of the branches towards the tip much evoluta: penicillum multiradiatum usque ad 22 more reduced, with short blade, with short mm longum; phylla 14-17, usque ad 28 mm spiny teeth. Heads ± loose, without horns, up longa, omnia apicem versus dense lanata; to 5-6 cm in diameter, homomorphous, exteriora longe lineari-spathulata, plus consisting of lower and upper densely lanate minusve late membranceo-marginata, brunnea, capitulum; receptacle globose, with elevated antice minute mucronulata; intermedia foveolate scars, up to 4-5mm in diameter; oblongo-elliptica, apice ciliato-fimbriata, in common involucre 10-12 mm long, densely mucronem plus minusve longe attenuata; lanate, well developed capitulum with intima in tubum pentagonum ad medium multiradiate brushes, up to 22 mm; phyllaries concreta, atrobrunnea, apicem versus dense 14-17, up to 28 mm long, wholly towards the lanata, ciliato-fimbriata. Capitula superiora tip densely lanate; outer long linear- subtile; penicillum multiradiatum, spathulate, ± broadly membranaceous brevissimum, ca. 5-8 mm longum, basi plus margined, brownish, with short mucronulate minusve brunnesens, 2/3 capituli aequans; tip; median oblong-elliptic, ciliate-fimbriate at phylla 17-19, usque ad 18-20 mm longa, omnia tip, narrowed to a ± long mucro, innermost apicem versus et margine dense lanata; connate to a 5 angled tube, dark brown, exteriora e basi longe attenuata, in appendicem towards the tip densely lanate, ciliate- triangularem deltoideum margine lanatum fimbriate; upper capitulum delicate; brush dilatata, intermedia lanceolato-elliptica; phylla multiradiate very short, ca. 5-8 mm long ± intima ad medium in tubum plus minusve brownish at base, up to 14 mm.; phyllaries 17- membranaceum album plus minusve 19, up to 20 mm long, wholly densely lanate at pentagonum concerta. Corolla coerulea tip and margins; outer narrowed towards the base, with triangular deltoid appendage, 228 V. Mozaffarian IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 woolly at margins; median lanceolate-elliptic, compositus; receptaculum 10-12 mm diametro, innermost connate up to the middle, tubular, ± globosum, cicatricibus albidis irregularibus membranaceous, ± angled, ± white. Corolla subelevatis; involucrum commune 10-12 mm bluish-violet. longum, e bracteis pallidis membranaceis Notes. Echinops shulabadensis by having large antice paulo dilatatis paucidentatis lanceolate arachnoid- tomentose cauline leaves compositum. Capitula inferiora usque ad 20-22 20-28×5-8 cm (not 0.15×7 cm) and mm longa, glabra; penicillum usque ad 14-22 homomorphous glomerules with lower mm longum; phylla 14-16, exteriora e basi capitulum wholly lanate phyllaries (not just lineari, apicem versus elliptico-triangularia outer and intermediate layer of phyllaries integra, brevier acuminata, plus minusve lanate) is different with E. hebelepis DC. pallide flavo-viridia; phylla intermedia longe lanceolato-elliptica, plus minusve longe Echinops viscidulus Mozaff., sp. nov.; acuminata, pallide flavo-viridia, basin versus (Fig. 11). plus minusve nigra, apice margine ciliato- Planta perennis. Caulis 40-60 cm altus, a dentata; phylla quina intima basi in tubum medio vel superne ramosus, sulcato-costatus, pentagonum atrobrunneum concreta, parte breviter appresse glandulosus et glanduloso- libra inaequalia plus minusve lanceolata, villosus, albo-flavescens, tota longitudine integra vel pauciciliata. Capitula superiora foliatus et viscidulus. Folia omnia herbaceo- phyllis intermediis partim in cornu laeve plus coriacea, discoloria, supra viridi-flavescentia, minusve pallide caeruleo, ad apicem plus glanduloso-setosa, subtus sordide albo- minusve dilute flavo vel albo ad 4-5 cm longo tomentosa et sparsim glandulosa, nervis crasse tranformatis; phyllis exterioribus albis, pallide prominentibus, in spinas validas flavas usque caeruleis, mucronatis, et plus minusve apicem ad 10-30 mm longas excurrentibus; folia versus laxe lanatulis. Corolla caerulea, pallide caulina inferiora ambito oblongo-lanceolata, caerulea vel raro alba usque ad 16 mm longa, bipinnnatisecta usque ad 15-30×10-15 cm laciniis 8 mm longis. longa et lata, segmenta majora 4-5-juga, inter Typus. Iran: Kuhgiluye and Boirahmad, ca. 44 se remota; rhachide alata, spinas nonnullas km from Yasuj to Sepidan 2050 m, 29. 6. intercalares proferentibus, segmentis infimis .2000 V. Mozaffarian 80357 (holotypus. plus minusve ad spinas simplicibus vel trifidis TARI) subliberis reductis, segmentis majoribus late Other specimens seen. Fars: 54 km from lanceolato-triangularibus lobis triangularo- Sepidan to Shiraz, Kelestan, 1870 m, V. spinosis; folia caulina superiora basalibus Mozaffarian 80353 (TARI); ca. 10 km from similia sed segmentis infimis basin versus Sepidan to Shiraz, 1950 m, V. Mozaffarian alatis et plus minusve amplexicaulo-spinosa; 80355 (TARI); Kuhgiluye and Boirahmad: ca. folia ramos fulcrantia late lanceolata, non 8 km from Sisakht to Yasuj, 1950 m, V. profunde lobata, ad basin auriculato- Mozaffarian 80359 (TARI); ca. 5 km from amplexicaula, folia ramealia apicem caulis Meimand to Yasuj, 1700 m, V. Mozaffarian versus gradatim decrescentia et triangularo- 80364 (TARI); 12 km from Meimand to Yasuj, lanceolata, apicem longe spinosa; caulis infra 2260 m, V. Mozaffarian 79800 (TARI); 5-15 glomeruli subnudus. Glomerulus cornigerus, km from Yasuj to Gachsaran, around Dasht-e absque cornibus 3-6 cm diametro, e capitulis room, 2100 m, V. Mozaffarian 79796 (TARI); inferioribus glabris non cornigeris et capitulis superioribus plus minusve lanatis et cornigeris

IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 Echinops in Iran 229

Fig. 11. Echinops viscidulus. A, lower cauline leaf; B, upper part of stem with a head; (Mozaffarian 80358). 230 V. Mozaffarian IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 ca. 40 km from Yasuj to Semirum, between and upper cornigerous, lanate capitulum; Sartang and Korre, 1560 m, V. Mozaffarian receptacle 10-12 mm diamter, globose, with ± 79791 (TARI); Yasuj to Sepidan, Vazg, 1950 irregularly elevated white scars; common m, V. Mozaffarian 80358 (TARI); between involucre 10-12 mm long, with plae Yasuj and Sepidan, Gardane Jelugir, 2450 m, membranceous bracts; bracts with ± V. Mozaffarian 80356 (TARI); Yasuj to broadened few toothed tip. Lower capitulum of Semirum, Patave, Maregun, 2300 m, V. a head up to 20-22 mm long, glabrous; brush Mozaffarian 79787 (TARI). Chahramahale up to 14-22 mm long; phyllaries 14-16, outer Bakhtiary: Falard to Lordegan, between linear at base, towards the tip elliptic- Dehgolabi and Chenar-e Mahmudi, 2200 m, V. triangular, ± entire, shortly acuminate, ± pale Mozaffarian 79802, 79803 (TARI); Brujen to yellowish-green; median long lanceolate- Lordegan around tunele Abvanak, 1940 m, V. elliptic, ± long acuminate, pale yellowish- Mozaffarian 79805, 79806 (TARI). Esfahan: green, toward the base ± dark brown, at the 20 km from Semirum to Yasuj, 2150 m, V. apex with ciliate-dentate margin; innermost 5, Mozaffarian 79780 (TARI). connate to a five angled dark brown tube, with unequal ± free part, entire or few toothed. Plant perennial. Stem up to 40-60 cm high; Upper capitulum with median phyllaries from the middle or upper part branched, changed to smooth horns, ± pale blue, or sulcate-costate, whitish-yellow, shortly whitish-yellow, torwards the tip pale yellow or appressed glandulose and glandulose-villose; white, up to 4-5 cm long; outer phyllaries all part of stem equally leafy; stems and leaves white or pale blue, mucronate, ± at tips loosely viscid. All leaves herbaceous-coriaceous, lanulate. Corolla blue, pale blue or rarely bicolour, greenish-yellow and glandulose- white, up to 16 mm, with 8 mm long lacinia. setose above, dirty white tomentose and Notes. Echinops viscidulus is characteristic sparsely glandulose below, with thick because of the viscid stem and leaves, the prominent nerves, running to strong yellow up yellowish-green upper surface of leaves, and to 10-30 mm long spines; lower cauline leaves the very narrow lanceolate-elliptic, ciliate- oblong-lanceolate in outline, bipinnatisect, 15- dentate phyllaries. The nearest species to it are 30 × 10-15 cm, with 4-5 paris of ± loose and E. karedjensis Rech. f. which differs with it in large segments, with winged rhachis and some having viscidulose glandulose and glandulose spines between the segments; lower segments setose stem and leaves (not loosely arachnoid reduced to simple or trifid spines; large and shortly spreading setose), and E. segments widely lanceolate-triangular, with leiopolyceras Bornm. which is different with it triangular spiny lobes; upper cauline leaves in having viscidulose leaves and stem and similar to basal ones, but lower segments ± different shape of phyllaries of lower towards the base winged and amplexicaul, captitulum. ± and with many spines; leaves of subtending branches widely lanceolate, shallowly lobed, Sect. Rytrodes Bunge, Bull. Acad. with auriculate-amplexicaul basal parts; leaves Scienc. Petersbg 6: 406 (1863). of branches towards the tip gradually Syn.: Sect. Ritropsis Greuter & Rech. f., in diminishing and triangular-lanceolate, rarely Flora Iranica 139a: 49 (1979). with 3 lobes at base, with long spiny tip, below Type sect. E. ritrodes Bunge the heads naked. Heads cornigerous, without 1- Heads cornigerous 2 horns up to 3-6 cm in diameter, glabrous; - Heads non cornigerous 5 consisting of lower glabrous, non cornigerous IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 Echinops in Iran 231 2- Cauline leaves clearly petiolate, ovate- - Lower capitula of a head up to 14-32 mm 11 lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate in outline. 11- Plant usually very tall; lower cauline Heads equally cornigerous leaves nearly 2. pinnatipartite, papillose- 42. E. pachyphyllus Rech. f. glandulose above 46. E. orientalis Trautv. - Cauline leaves sessile. Only upper capitulum - Plant usually low, with straight branches, of a head cornigerous 3 spreading over the ground and 3- Lower and upper capitula of a head glabrous psammophilous; lower cauline leaves oblong- 54. E. tenuisectus Rech. f. lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, papillose above - Lower and upper capitula of a head lanate 4 57. E. psammophilus Mozaff. 4- Leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate in outline, 12- Leaves arachnoid above, along nerves pinnati-lobate or pinnatifid prominently white marbled 13 56. E. kermanshahanicus Mozaff. - Leaves glabrous to arachnoid above but not - Leaves oblong-lanceolate in outline, 1-2 marbled 15 pinnatisect 55. E. abazariae Mozaff. 13- Heads 5-9 cm in diameter; lower capitulum 5- Phyllaries of lower and upper capitula of a of a head up to 33-38 mm long head glabrous 6 51. E. sojakii Rech. f. - Phyllaries of lower and upper capitula of a - Heads smaller, lower capitulum of a head up head equally lanate 12 to 25 mm long 14 6- Leaves glabrous above 14- Leaves finely dissected. Phyllaries of a 47. E. polychromus Rech. f. single capitulum lanate inside - Leaves papillose-glandulose, tomentose- 53. E. endotricus Rech. f. glandulose above 7 - Leaves with broad rachis. Phyllaris of a 7- Upper capitula of a head with some well single capitulum glabrous inside developed phyllaries, due to this head 52. E. persepolitanus Rech. f. appearance cornigerous 8 15- Leaves glabrous above or with sessile - Upper and lower capitula of a head with glandular hairs. Median phyllaries of upper similar phyllaries, often shorter 10 capitulum terminating to yellow spine, due to 8- Stems entirely covered by appressed spiny phyllaries it looks cornigerous permanent white tomentose hairs, together 48. E. dichorus Boiss. & Hausskn. with long multicellular articulate purpureous - Leaves equally arachnoid above 16 glandular hairs 45. E. bithynicus Boiss. 16- Leaves wholly arachnoid to glabrescent - Stems glabrous to shortly tomentose or above, large 35×16cm, with large segments glandulose-papillose but without long and broad rachis, often long spiny articulate glandular hairs 9 49. E. disfulensis Bornm. 9- Leaves conspicuously arachnoid-tomentose - Leaves wholly arachnoid above, lanceolate in above, marbled along nerves, often blistered or outline 15-20×9-6 cm, with very small obsoletly bullate 44. E. mosulensis Rech. f. segments and short spines - Leaves with dense short glandular hairs 59. E. bakhtiaricus Rech. f. above; upper cauline ones clearly lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, amplexicaul- auriculate, with New species of Echinops L. Sect. Rytrodes rather broad to narrow rachis E. abazariae Mozaff., sp. nov.; Fig. 12. 43. E. macrophyllus Boiss. & Hausskn. Planta perennis. Caulis usque ad 40-60 cm 10- Lower capitula of a head up to 10-14 mm; altus, plerumque ad basin papillosus et stricte phyllaries prominently fimbriate-ciliate ramosus, supra dense araneoso-tomentosus et 41. E. ritrodes Bunge raro floccosus, striato-costatus, plus minusve dense foliatus, infra glomerulus subnudus. 232 V. Mozaffarian IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006

Fig. 12. Echinops abazariae. A, lower cauline leaf: B, a part of stem; C, upper part of stem with a had; D, phyllaries (from outer to inner, right to left): (Mozaffarian 79481) IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 Echinops in Iran 233 Folia omnia coriacea vel coriaceo-herbacea, Mozaffarian 79497; 79499, 70 km S. of supra dense vel laxe araneoso-tomentosa, Islamabad Gharb to Elam, 1120-1220 m, canescentia vel atroviridia, subtus dense albo- Hamzehee & Hatami 1489; 63km to Elam on araneoso-tomentosa, manifeste nervosa, nervis the road from Islamabad, 1700 m, Assadi in spinas excurrentibus; folia basalia 1-2 60919. pinnatisecta, ambitu late oblongo-lanceolata, cum petiolo 14-20 cm longa; folia caulina Perennial. Stems up to 40-60 cm high, usually inferiora 1-2 pinnatisecta, ambitu oblongo- at the base papillose and straightly branched, lanceolata, segmentis majoribus 4-6 jugis, in the upper part arachnoid-tomentose and oblongo-lanceolatis, irregulariter dentato- rarely floccose, striate-ribbed, densely leafy, spinosis, plus minusve runcinatis, segmentis below the heads nearly naked. All leaves basalibus ad spinas foliaceas reductis, rachidi coriaceous or coriaceous-herbaceous, densely anguste vel non alato, segmentis superioribus or loosely arachnoid-tomentose above, cum rhachidibus conjunctis, longe spinosis; canescent or dark green, densely white folia caulina superiora et ramos fulcrantia arachnoid-tomentose below, prominently caulinia superiora similia, sed sessilia et nerved; nerves decurrent to spines; basal auriculato-amplexicaulia; folia ramealia leaves 1-2 pinnatisect, broadly oblong- apicem versus reducta, oblongo-triangularia, lanceolate in outline, together with the petiole dentato spinosa, infra glomerulus subnuda. 14-20 cm long; lower cauline leaves 1-2 Glomerulus plus minusve 4-6 cm diametro, e pinnatisect, oblong-lanceolate in outline, with capitulis inferioribus et superioribus lanatis et 4-6 pairs of large segments; segments oblong- irregulariter cornigeris compositus; lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, irregularly receptaculum globosum, 4-6 mm diametro; dentate spinose, runcinate; lower segments involucrum commune 6-8 mm longum, e reduced to leafy spines; rachis narrowly phyllis membranaceis antice triangularibus, winged or not winged; upper segments ciliatis, compositum. Capitula inferiora usque conjugating to the rachis, long spiny; upper ad 20 mm longa, non cornigera, lanata; cauline and subtending branches leaves similar penicillum usque ad 12 mm longum, album; to upper cauline leaves but sessile and radii plurimi: pappus intermedius auriculate amplexicaul; leaves of branches (pseudopappus) 3 membranaceus apice towards the tip reduced, oblong, triangular, triangularis, pallide brunneus, pectinato- dentate-spiny, below the heads nearly naked. fimbriatus phylla 22, lanata, exteriora ad basin Heads 4-6 cm in diameter, consisting of lower lineata, late membranacea, apice cuneato- and upper lanate and irregulary cornigerous rhomboidea, ciliato-acuminata; intermedia capitulum; receptacle globose, 4-6 mm in anguste elliptica, apicem versus gradatim diameter; common involucre 6-8 mm long, angustiora, marginis appresse ciliata; intima 5 consisting of membranaceous bracts with in tubum pallide brunneum membranaceum triangular ciliate tips. Lower capitula of a head coalita, glabra; capitulis cornigeris 1-2 phyllis up to 20 mm long, non cornigerous, lanate; medianis in cornua transeuntis, 2-3 cm longis brush up to 12 mm long, white, with many et apicem versus glabris. Corolla caerulea. ciliate rays; phyllaries 22, lanate; intermediate Typus. Kermanshah: Javanrud, Azgale, 750 m, ones linear, membranaceous, triangular, pale 8. 6. 1999, V. Mozaffarian 79481 (holotypus. brown at tip, pectinate-fimbriate; outer linear TARI). at base, broadly membranaceous, towards the Other specimens seen. Kermanshah: between tip cuneate-rhomboid, ciliate-acuminate; Sar-e Pole Zahab and Kerend, Tange Patagh, median narrowly elliptic, towards the tip close to diviation to Rijab, 1070 m, V. gradually narrowed, appressed ciliate at 234 V. Mozaffarian IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 margins; inner 5 connate to a membranaceous cornigris et aliquantum capitulis cornigeris pale brown glabrous tube. Upper capitulum of compositus; receptaculum globosum, 8-10 mm a head similar to basal, lanate and non diametro; involucrum commune 6-8 mm cornigerous; cornigerous capitula with 1-2 longum, e Phyllis membranaceis antice median phyllaries changed to horns, 2-3 cm flabellato-dentatis compositum. Capitula long and towards the tip glabrous. Corolla inferiora usque ad 20-26 mm longa, non caerulea. cornigera; penicillum usque ad 12-14 mm Notes. E. abazariae because of having lanate longum, multiradiatum, albidum; pappus capitula of a head (not glabrous) differs from intermedius (pseudopappus) linearis, antice E. tenuisectus Rech. f., and by having 1-2 minute spathulatus; phylla 19-20, excepto exteriora lanatula et glandulosa, glabra; pinnatisect leaves differs from E. exteriora e basi lineari, apicem versus cuneato- kermanshahanicus Mozaff. (not pinnatilobate elliptica, acuminata; phylla intermedia e basi or sinuate-dentate). The new species is named cuneato-elliptica, brunnea, apicem versus in the honour of my wife Mrs. M. Abazari. longe acuminato-cuspidata, straminea; phylla intima 5, in tubum membranaceum coalita, E. kermanshahanicus Mozaff., sp. nov.; glabra. Capitulis superioribus basalibus similis (Fig. 13). non cornigeris et in capitulis cornigeris phylla Planta perennis. caulis erectus, usque ad 40-50 mediana in cornua longa transeuntibus. cm altus, sulcatus, dense araneoso-tomentosus, Typus. Kermanshah, Beginning of the road ad basin vel supra medium ramosus, imprimis from Gilan-e Gharb to Ghasr-e Shirin, 850 m, in parte inferiore dense foliatus, ramis saepe V. Mozaffarian 79516. (holotypus TARI). subnudis. Folia omnia consistentia coriacea, supra viridio-flavescentia, dense vel laxe 1. Folia supra dense vel laxe arachnoidea et floccoso-arachnoidea (in var. floccosa var. kemanshahanicus kermanshahanicus) vel non arachnoidea sed - Folia supra non arachnoidea sed papillosa papillosa (in var. papillosus (Rech. f.) Mozaff. var. papillosus (Rech. f.) Mozaff. comb. nov. comb. nov.), subtus dense albo-tomentosa, var. kermanshahanicus manifeste nervosa; nervis crassis in spinas Other specimens seen. Kermanshah: 26 km validiores excurrentibus; folia basalia ambito from Ghasr-e Shirin to Gilane-Gharb, Ruybane oblongo-lanceolata, pinnatifida vel pinnatilobata, segmentis majoribus 3-5 jugis, Bozorg village, 620 m, V. Mozaffarian 79511; segmentis inferioribus ad spinas separatis Ghasr-e Shirin, 470 m, V. Mozaffarian 79494; reductis; folia caulina inferiora ambitu ca. 6 km from Ghasr-e Shirin to Sar-e Pole oblongo-lanceolata, 14-17 cm longa, 5-8 cm Zahab, 490 m, V. Mozaffarian 79489; 46 km lata, pinnatisecta, segmentis majoribus 5-6 from Gilane Gharb to Sumar, 550 m, jugis, triangulari-dentatis, in spinas longas V.Mozaffarian 79530; 35 km from Azgale to decurrentibus, rhachidibus alatis, basin versus Sar-e Pole Zahab after Sarab-e Zahab, 640 m, decurrentibus, segmentis basalibus ad spinas V. Mozaffarian, 79485; Javanrud, Azgale, 720 foliaceas reductis; folia caulina superiora et m, V. Mozaffarian 79482. -Elam: Salehabad to ramos fulcrantia ambitu oblongo-lanceolata, Sumar, Sarnei, 670 m, V. Mozaffarian 79548. grosse lobato-dentata, ad basin auriculato- amplexicaulia; folia ramealia ramealia var. papillosus (Rech. f.) Mozaffarian, comb. fulcrantia similia, sed minora, ad apicem nov. versus gradatim reducta, infra glomerulus Syn.: Echniops armatus Boiss. & Hausskn. subnudus. Glomerulus plus minusve 4-8 cm var. papillosus Rech. f., Fl. Iranica 139a: diametro, e capitulis inferioribus glabris non 45(1979). cornigeris et superioribus lanatulis non vel IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 Echinops in Iran 235

Fig. 13. Echinops kermanshahnicus var. kermanshahanicus. A, a part of stem with stem leaves; B, upper part of stem with a head; C, phyllareis (from outer to inner, right to left); (Mozaffarian 79516). 236 V. Mozaffarian IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 Specimens seen: Kermanshah: 35 km from phyllaries linear with small spathulate tip, Azgale to Sar-e Pole Zahab after Sarabe Zahab, outer linear at bae, towards the tips cuneate- 640 m, V. Mozaffarian 79486. Sumar, 370 m, V. elliptic, acuminate, median cuncate-elliptic at Mozaffarian 79533; 10 km from Ghasr-e Shirin base, brownish, towards the tips long to Gilane Gharb, 460 m, V. Mozaffarian 79509. acuminate-cuspidate, straw-yellow; 5 inners Elam: Salehabad to Sumar, Sarnei, 670 m, V. connected to a membranaceous tube, glabrous, Mozaffarin 79549; ca. 27 km from Elam to upper capitulum of a head similar to lower, Salehabad, close to Banrushan, 1000 m, V. lanatulate and non-cornigerous, in cornigerous Mozaffarian 79540, 79546. capitulum median phyllaries changed to long horns. Perennial. Stems straight, up to 40-50 m, Notes. E. kermanshahanicus by having 20-25 sulcate, densely arachnoid-tomentose, from the involucral bracts with 5 inner ones slightly base or above the middle branched, mainly in connate to a membranaceous tube (not with lower part densely leafy; branches nearly 11-15 involucral bracts with 5 inner ones naked. All leaves coriaceous, yellowish green connate to a five angled tube) belong to the above, densely or loosely floccose-arachnoid sect. Rytrodes Bunge and by having slightly (in var. kermanshahanicus) or non-arachnoid lanatulate outer involucral bracts (not white but pappilose in var. papillosus (Rech. f.) lanatulate) is different with Echinops armatus Mozaffarian, dense white-tomentose below Boiss. & Hausskn. sensu Rech. f., Fl. Iranica, and prominently nerved, with thick nerves 139: 36 (1979). The most approximate species terminating to sturdy spines; basal leaves to it are E. psammohpilus Mozaff. which oblong lanceolate in outline, pinnatifid or differs from it by having cornigerous upper pinnatilobate, with 3-5 pairs of large segments, capitulum of a head (not non-cornigerous) and lower segments diminishing to distant spines; E. tenuisectus Rech. f., and E. abazariae lower cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate in Mozaff. which differs from them by the shape outline, 14-17×5-8cm, pinnatisect, with 5-6 of leaves and characters of capitula. pairs of large segments, triangular, dentate, decurrent to long spines, with broadly winged Echinops psammophilus Mozaffarian, sp. rachis, decurrent towards the base; lower nov.; Fig. 14. segments reduced to leafy spines; upper Planta perennis. Caulis usque ad 40-50 cm cauline and subtending branches leaves altus, plerumque prope basin stricte oblong-lanceolate in outline, coarsely lobate- multiramosus et prostratus. Caulis plus dentate, auriculate-amplexicaul at base; leaves minusve sulcatus, arachnoideo-tomentosus, of branches similar to subtending branches dense foliatus, infra glomerulus subndus. Folia leaves, but smaller, towards the tip gradually omnia consistentia coriacea, supra laxe diminished, below the heads nearly naked. araneoso-floccosa vel papillosa, subtus dense Heads 4-8 cm in diameter, consisting of lower araneoso-tomentosa, alba, manifeste crasse glabrous and not cornigerous capitula and nervosa; nervis in spinas validiores upper lanatulate not or cornigerous capitula excurrentibus; folia caulina inferiora ambitu sometimes prominently cornigerous; receptacle oblongo-lanceolata, 25-30×5-8 cm, globose, 8-10 mm in diameter, common pinnatilobata, lobis majoribus 3-4, late involucre 6-8 mm long, consisting of triangulari-grosse dentatis, lobis basalibus ad membranaceous bracts, flabellate-dentate at spinas foliaceas reductis; folia caulina tip. Lower capitulum of a head up to 20-26 superiora et ramealia fulcrantia late oblongo- mm long; brush up to 12-14 mm, many-rayed, lanceolata, grosse dentata, ad basin versus late white; phyllaries 19-20, except lanatulate and decurrentia et plus minusve auriculata; folia glandulose outer ones glabrous; intermediate ramealia oblongo-triangulata, grosse dentata, IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 Echinops in Iran 237

Fig. 14. Echinops psammophilus. A, lower cauline leaf; B, upper part of stem with a head; C, phyllareis (from outer to inner, right to left); (Mozaffarian 79410) 238 V. Mozaffarian IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 plus minusve auriculato-amplexicaulia, vel reduced to leafy spines; upper cauline and truncata, apicem versus reducta, infra subtending branches leaves broadly oblong- glomerulus subnuda. Glomerulus 5-8 cm lanceolate, with large teeth, broadly decurrent diametro, e capitulis inferioribus et superioribus towards the base and auriculate; leaves of glabris vel glandulosis vel sparse lanatulis et branches oblong-triangular, with large teeth non cornigeris compositus; receptaculum auriculate-amplexicaul to nearly truncate at bae, obconico-globosum, 8-10 mm diametro; towards the tip diminished, below the heads involucrum commune 6-12 mm longum, e nearly naked. Heads 5-8 cm in diameter; phyllis membranaceis antice triangulari- consisting of lower and upper glabrous or spathulatis, dentato-acuminatis compositum. glandulose or sparsely lanatulate and non Capitula inferiora usque ad 27-28 mm longa, cornigerous capitulum; receptacle obconical- non cornigera, glabra; penicillum usque ad 12- globose, 8-10 mm in diameter; common 14 mm longum, in capitulum bene evolutum involucre 6-12 mm long, consisting of usque ad 24 mm longum, multiradiatum, membranaceous bracts, with triangular- albidum; pappus intermedius (pseudopappus) spathulate, dentate-acuminate tips. Lower linaris, pectinato-fimbriatus; phylla 17-20, capitulum of a head up to 27-28 mm long, non glabra, exteriora e basi linearibus, apicem cornigerous, glabrous; brush up to 12-14 mm versus elliptica, longe stramineo-acuminata; long, in well developed capitulum up to 24 mm, phylla intermedia longe elliptica, longe many-rayed, whitish; phyllaries 17-20, acuminata, verosimiliter cornigera; phylla glabrous; intermediate phyllaries linear, intima 5, in tubum atrobrunneum pectinate-fimbriate; outer linear at bae, towards membranaceum connatum glabra, quam phylla the tip elliptic, long straw-coloured, acuminate; media bereviora, capitulis superioris inferioris median phyllaries long elliptic, long acuminate, similis, glabris et non cornigeris. Corolla looking like horns; 5 inner phyllaries connected coerulea. Achenia villosa, pappi setae basi to a membranaceous glabrous tube, shorter than tantum concretae the median phyllaries. Upper capitulum similar Typus: Khuzestan: Ahvaz, sand dunes of Karkhe, to basal, non cornigerus and glabrous. Corolla N. W. of Karkhe dam, 80 m, 24.5.1999 V. caerulescent. Achenes villose; pappous nearly Mozaffarian 79410 (TARI). connected at base. Other specimens Seen. Khuzestan: sand dunes Notes. Echinops psammophilus because of the W. of Abdulkhan, 80 m, V. Mozaffarian 79412; being in Section Rytrodes and having non N. of Ahavz, sand dunes of Karkhe, Pabot 1070; cornigerous capitulum is different from E. ca. 10 km from Mullasani to Masjed Soleyman armatus Boiss. & Hausskn. var. papillosus ca. 80 m, V. Mozaffarian 77872; ca. 4 km from Rech. f., in Flora Iranica 139 a: 45 (1979). The Mullasani to Masjed Soleyman, 100 m, V. most approximate species to it is Echinops Mozaffarian 79409. ca. 40 km from Shushtar to kermanshahanicus Mozaff., which differs from Dezful, 130 m, V. Mozaffarian 79413. it in having non cornigerous upper capitula and shape, size and other character of phyllaries in Perennial. Stems up to 40-50 cm, nearly from lower capitula. near the base with erect branches and prostrate; stems sulcate, arachnoid-tomentose, densely Sect. Echinops leafy, below the heads, nearly naked. All leaves Syn.: Sect. Ritro Bunge, Bull. Acad. Scienc. coriaceous, loosely arachnoid-floccose or Petersbg. 6: 401 (1863), Sect. Sphaerocephalus papillose above, densely white arachnoid- Bunge, l. c. tomentose below, with prominent nerves, nerves Type section E. ritro L. decurrent to rather sturdy spines; lower cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate in outline, 25-30 cm 1- Plant caespitose; basal cauline leaves linear long, 5-8 cm wide, pinnatilobate; large lobes 3-4 to linear-lanceolate, petiolate pairs, broadly triangular-dentate; basal lobes 60. E. aucheri Boiss. IRAN. JOURN. BOT. 11 (2), 2006 Echinops in Iran 239 - Plants non caespitose; leaves different 2 - Leaves pinnatifid to 2-pinnatisect 11 2- Plant conspicuously heterophyllous; basal 11- Leaves thick coriaceous, narrowly leaves with prominent leaf sheaths; rootstock pinnatipartite with pungent spines densely covered by petiolar remains 66. E. Kotschyi Boiss. 61. E. heterophyllus P.H. Davis - Leaves coriaceous or herbaceous-coriaceous, - Basal and upper cauline leaves similar, basal broadly pinnatisect leaves lacking leaf sheaths, or leaf sheaths 65. E. nizvanus Rech. f. inconspicuous 3 12- Stems densely arachnoid-tomentose to 3- Heads ± large, up to 4-8 cm in diameter. floccose 58. E. ritro L. Lower capitulum of a head up to 16-38 mm 4 - Stems densely glandulose-papillose - Heads small, 2-6 cm in diameter. Lower 59. E. freitagii Rech. f. capitulum of a head up to 10-22 mm 5 4- Leaves glandulose-setose above. Heads 6-8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS cm in diameter; phyllaries recurved in fruit The author is sincerely grateful to Prof. Podlech 62. E. tournefortii Ledeb. ex Trautv. (München) for editting the Latinish descriptions - Leaves glandulose-setose above. Heads 4-8 of the described species. cm in diameter; phyllaries straight in fruit 63. E. pungens Trautv. REFERENCES 5- Leaves conspicuously herbaceous, often non Bobrov E. G. 1963: Echinops Shishkin B. K. & spinose or spiny but not pungent 6 Bobrov, E. in Flora of the USSR vol. 27: 2- - Leaves conspicuously coriaceous or 68. -Moscow & Leningerad. coriaceous herbaceous, often with pungent Boissier E. 1875: Flora Orientalis, 3. -Genevae spines 8 et Basilae. 6- Phyllaries of lower capitulum of a head Bornmuller J. 1918. Revisions-Ergebniss glabrous, not glandulose and not villose einiger Orientalischer und Zentralasiatischer 67. E. kurdicus Boiss. & Hausskn. Arten der Gatung Echniops. Beihefte zum - Phyllaries of lower capitulum of a head Botanischen Centralblatt 36 (2): 200-228. glandulose- pilose or papillose 7 Hedge I. C. 1975. Echinops in Davis, P. H. 7- Stems loosely leafy, often monocephalous, Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Island, vol densely glandulose-papillose. Phyllaries of 5: 609-622. Edinburgh at the University lower capitulum of a head up to 22-28 mm, press. glandulose at tip Mozaffarian V. &Ghahreman. A. 2002. Three 68. E. inermis Boiss. & Hausskn. new species of Echinops - Botanical Journal - Stems densely leafy, often with several heads, of the Linnean Society. 140, 181-186. glandulose-villose; phyllaries of lower Mozaffarian. V. & Ghahreman A. 2002: A new capitulum of a head up to 20-22 mm, glandulose species of Echinops in Pak. J. Bot. 34 (1): at tip 69. E. koelzii Rech.f. 23-25. 8- Phyllaries of lower capitulum of a head Rechinger KH. 1979: Flora Iranica no. 139b villose 70. E. arachniolepis Rech. f. Graz: Akademische Druch und - Phyllaries of lower capitulum of a head Verlagsanstalt, 3-81. glabrous 9 Takhtajan A. L., 1995: Echinops in Flora of 9- leaves conspicuously densely arachnoid- Armenia 9: 216-226. tomentose to loosely arachnoid above 10 - Leaves loosely arachnoid to glandulose, finally von Bunge A. 1863: Über die Gattung glabrescent 12 Echinops. Bulletin de l’Academie Imperial 10- Leaves lanceolate in outline, sinuate-lobate des Sciences de St Petersbourg 6: 390-411. 64. E. elbursensis Rech. f.