New and Interesting Species in the Family Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Ostropales) from Vietnam

The Lichenologist 49(3): 259–268 (2017) © British Lichen Society, 2017 doi:10.1017/S0024282917000172

New and interesting species in the family Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Ostropales) from Vietnam

Santosh JOSHI, Dalip K. UPRETI, Nguyen Thi THANH, Anh Dong NGUYEN and Jae-Seoun HUR

Abstract: The lowland area of southern Vietnam contains a high diversity of corticolous, crustose lichens, particularly in the family Graphidaceae. Two species, Acanthothecis verrucosa S. Joshi, Upreti & Hur and Graphis exuta S. Joshi, Upreti & Hur, are described new to science. Acanthothecis verrucosa is characterized by a verrucose, olive green thallus containing irregular to shortly lirellate apothecia, hyaline to brownish proper exciple apically lined by robust periphysoids, muriform ascospores, 30–70 × 15–20 μm, and the presence of psoromic and subpsoromic acids. Graphis exuta is characterized by a smooth, greenish white thallus, simple lirellae lacking thalline margin, entire labia coarsely white pruinose towards slit, muriform ascospores, 20–35 × 10–13 μm, and norstictic acid in the thallus. A new name, Acanthothecis yokdonensis S. Joshi & Hur, is proposed here for the species Acanthothecis salazinica S. Joshi & Hur, a later homonym of A. salazinica van den Boom & Sipman. In addition, 34 species from Vietnam are newly reported. A world key to the group of Graphis species characterized by short, simple and sessile lirellae lacking or with basal thalline margins (nuda-morph) is presented. Key words: lichen, keys, mangrove, nomenclature, taxonomy, tropical Accepted for publication 3 January 2017

Introduction Park (CTNP) is situated in the south of Vietnam in Dong Nai, Binh Phuoc and The family Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Lam Dong Provinces. This national park is a Ostropales) is well represented in the tropi- transition between the Central-Southern cal rainforests of the world. Although the Highland and the Southern Plain biogeo- family is one of the most species rich in the graphical areas and includes the lowland Palaeotropics, knowledge of the Vietnamese tropical rainforests of Vietnam. Day Xay Graphidaceae has expanded signiﬁcantly only Mangrove Park (DXMP) is located in the in recent years resulting in reports of more southern coastal region within the Can Gio than 70 species, belonging to 17 genera, from Biosphere Reserve in Ho Chi Minh City the tropical to subtropical regions of the Province (Fig. 1). In the current paper two country (Aptroot & Sparrius 2006; Joshi et al. new species, Acanthothecis verrucosa S. Joshi, 2013a, b, 2015a, b). Previous collections Upreti & Hur and Graphis exuta S. Joshi, were made from the northern and central Upreti & Hur, are described and a note on a highlands; this paper reports the results of nomenclature change for the previously collecting in two national parks in the described Acanthothecis salazinica S. Joshi lowland tropical forests. Cat Tien National & Hur is provided. In addition, 34 new records in the Graphidaceae of Vietnam S. Joshi and D. K. Upreti: Lichenology Laboratory, are reported (Table 1 & Supplementary CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Material, available online). Marg, Lucknow (UP)-226001, India. N. T. Thanh and A. D. Nguyen: Biotechnology Center, Tay Nguyen University, 567 Le Duan, Buon Materials and Methods Ma Thuot City, Vietnam. J.-S. Hur: (corresponding author): Korean Lichen Specimens were collected in December 2015 by J-S Hur Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon and J. J. Woo from lowland areas of Cat Tien National 540-742, South Korea. Email: [email protected] Park in Dong Nai Province and Day Xay Mangrove

50 100 km Makhija & Adawadkar 2007; Archer 2009; Lücking 104º E 108º E 0 100 ml 2009; Lücking et al. 2009, 2012; Mangold 2009; Rivas CHINA Plata et al. 2010; Singh & Sinha 2010; Lumbsch et al. 2011; Sharma et al. 2012; Singh et al. 2013; Bárcenas Peña et al. 2014; Cáceres et al. 2014) were used for VIETNAM identiﬁcation. Lugol’s solution was used to check the Northern Highlands amyloidity of the hymenium, asci and ascospores.

20º N 20º N New Species Acanthothecis verrucosa S. Joshi, LAOS Gulf of Tonkin Upreti & Hur sp. nov. MycoBank No.: MB 819452 Similar to Acanthothecis consocians in producing psoromic acid, but differs in having muriform ascospores. Type: Vietnam, Dong Nai Province, Tan Phu District, Nam Cat Tien Corn, Cat Tien National Park, eco-line road, 11°26'24·7''N, 107°24'54·8''E, elev. 151 m, on tree 16º N 16º N bark, 19 December 2015, Hur & Woo VN150304 THAILAND (KoLRI—holotype).

(Figs 2 & 3)

Thallus corticolous, olive-green, green or dark green, verrucose, spread in large pat- Central ches, hard, glossy, continuous, 300–400 µm CAMBODIA Highlands thick; cortex 25–45 µm thick, continuous; photobiont Trentepohlia, in a layer 50–100 µm 12º N 12º N thick, inspersed with crystals; medulla white, Cat Tien National Park crystalline ≤200 µm thick; prothallus whitish. Dong Nai Apothecia irregular to shortly lirellate, Ho Chi Minh City sessile, 0·5–2·5×0·5–1·5 mm long, labiate; Dan Xay Mangrove Park labia white, straight to sometimes folded internally; disc mostly concealed to slightly exposed, white pruinose; thalline margin 200– µ 104º E 108º E 250 m thick; proper exciple poorly developed, apically hyaline to brownish, becoming well – µ FIG. 1. Map of Vietnam showing localities surveyed in developed at the base, 30 40 mthick, this study. internally lined by a distinct layer of warty, branched, robust periphysoids, 15–40 µm long, reaching above the hymenium; epihymenium greyish, crystalline, 15–25 µm Park in Ho Chi Minh City Province and are held in the – – herbarium of the Korean Lichen Research Institute, high; hymenium hyaline, clear, 160 190( 200) Suncheon, South Korea (KoLRI). The samples were µmhigh;subhymenium indistinct to 20 µm studied at the CSIR-National Botanical Research high; asci 2–8-spored, 150–190 × 20–27 µm; Institute, Lucknow, India using standard techniques. ascospores hyaline, ellipsoidal, muriform, Morphological and anatomical measurements were – µ – µ − made on material mounted in water and studied under 35 70 mlongand15 20 mwide,I . stereoscopic (MSZ-TR) and compound (LEICA DM − − 500) microscopes. Colour reaction spot tests and Chemistry.K ,PD+yellow,C ;psoromic thin-layer chromatography (TLC) in solvent system A and subpsoromic acids detected by TLC. were used for the determination of lichen compounds following Orange et al. (2010). Relevant references Etymology. The speciﬁc epithet refers to (Staiger & Kalb 1999; Staiger 2002; Frisch et al. 2006; the verrucose thallus of the new taxon.

https://www.cambridge.org/core TABLE 1. New records of the Graphidaceae from Vietnam with their known distribution.

New Records Distribution type Known distribution in Asia

Acanthothecis dialeuca (Kremp.) Staiger & Kalb. Palaeotropics Malaysia, India, Thailand and Vietnam Chapsa hiata (Hale) Sipman pantropical India and Vietnam C. indica A. Massal. Palaeotropics India, Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam . https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282917000172 Cruentotrema amazonum M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking Neotropics and Eastern Palaeotropics Vietnam Fissurina cingalina (Nyl.) Staiger Neotropics and Eastern Palaeotropics India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, the Philippines and Vietnam F. insidiosa C. Knight & Mitt pantropical India, Thailand, the Philippines and Vietnam F. rufula (Mont.) Staiger pantropical India, Thailand, the Philippines and Vietnam . University of Athens F. subcomparimuralis Common & Lücking Neotropics and Eastern Palaeotropics Vietnam F. taeniocarpoides Makhija & Adaw. Eastern Palaeotropics India and Vietnam Graphis analoga Nyl. Palaeotropics China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Taiwan, Thailand, the Philippines and Vietnam G. borealis (A. W. Archer) A. W. Archer Eastern Palaeotropics Vietnam Graphidaceae G. consimilis Vain. Eastern Palaeotropics Thailand and Vietnam G. cremicolor (H. Magn.) Lücking & A. W. Archer pantropical Hong Kong and Vietnam , on G. daintriensis (A. W. Archer) A. W. Archer Eastern Palaeotropics Vietnam

06 Oct2021 at07:35:42 G. furcata Fée pantropical India, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines and Vietnam G. imshaugii M. Wirth & Hale Neotropics and Eastern Palaeotropics Vietnam G. persicina Meyen & Flot. Palaeotropics Hong Kong, India, the Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam G. polillensis Vain. Eastern Palaeotropics The Philippines and Vietnam Vietnam from G. pseudoaquilonia Lücking Neotropics and Eastern Palaeotropics Thailand and Vietnam G. streimannii A. W. Archer Eastern Palaeotropics Thailand and Vietnam Hemithecium ﬂabillatum (Makhija, Adaw. & Patw.) Eastern Palaeotropics India and Vietnam B. O. Sharma & Khadilkar , subjectto theCambridgeCore termsofuse,available at Melanotrema columellatum (Nyl.) Mangold Eastern Palaeotropics Singapore, Sri Lanka and Vietnam Myriotrema album Fée pantropical Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam M. viridialbum (Kremp.) Hale pantropical Vietnam — Nitidochapsa leprieurii (Mont.) Parmen, Lücking & pantropical India, Indonesia, Japan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, the Philippines Joshi Lumbsch and Vietnam Ocellularia arecae (Vain.) Hale Eastern Palaeotropics India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, the Philippines and Vietnam O. cavata (Ach.) Mull. Arg. pantropical Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam al. et O. microstoma (Müll. Arg.) Hale Eastern Palaeotropics Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, the Philippines and Vietnam O. neopertusariiformis Hale Eastern Palaeotropics India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, the Philippines and Vietnam Platygramme muelleri (A. W. Archer) Staiger Eastern Palaeotropics Vietnam Pseudochapsa esslingeri (Hale) Parnmen, Lücking & pantropical Vietnam Lumbsch Rhabdodiscus ﬁssus (Nyl.) Vain. pantropical India, Indonesia, Japan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, the Philippines and Vietnam Sarcographa glyphiza (Nyl.) Kr. P. Singh & G. P. Sinha Eastern Palaeotropics Hong Kong, India, Thailand and Vietnam Thelotrema adjectum Nyl. pantropical Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam 261 262 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol. 49

FIG.2.Acanthothecis verrucosa (holotype). A & B, habit & habitat. Scales: A = 1 mm; B = 0·5 mm. In colour online.

FIG.3.Acanthothecis verrucosa (holotype). A & B, apothecia showing robust periphysoids; C, apothecia showing hyaline to brownish proper exciple; D & E, cross-section of apothecia showing warty periphysoids; F, muriform ascospores. Scales: A–C = 2 mm; D–F = 100 µm. In colour online.

Ecology and distribution. The new species 107°24'55·1''E, elev. 148 m, on tree bark, 2015, Hur & was collected in the southern part of Vietnam, Woo VN150331 (KoLRI). where it grew luxuriantly in large patches on Acanthothecis yokdonensis S. Joshi & ± thick and smooth barked trees in the tropical Hur nom. nov. forests of the National Park. The new species resembles somewhat the genus Thecaria due to MycoBank No.: MB 819454 the large, thick thallus with distinct apothecia. Acanthothecis salazinica S. Joshi & Hur, Lichenologist 45: The new taxon can also be confused with 600 (2013); nom. illegit. (Arts 53.1 and 53.3). Rhabdodiscus species due to the sometimes Type: Vietnam, Dak Lak Province, Yok Don National internally folded labia, and also with Stegobolus Park, 12°517'20·0''N, 107°45'58·1''E, alt. c. 760 m, on tree, and Fissurina which resemble it morpho- 22 April 2012, Hur & Oh 120211 (KoLRI—holotype). Non Acanthothecis salazinica van den Boom & Sipman, logically and in the non-carbonized proper Herzogia 26(1): 12 (2013). exciple. In the type locality, Acanthothecis verrucosa grew in association with several other During the preparation of our paper intro- graphidioid and thelotremoid taxa spreading ducing the new species Acanthothecis salazinica around the tree trunks. (Joshi et al. 2013a), we were unaware that an ﬁ Remarks. The new species is characterized identical speci c epithet had already been by an olive-green, verrucose thallus, short published for another species belonging to lirellate, labiate apothecia covered by robust the same genus (van den Boom & Sipman and branched periphysoids, and the presence 2013). Consequently, Acanthothecis salazinica of psoromic acid. Acanthothecis consocians S. Joshi & Hur becomes a later homonym (Nyl.) Staiger & Kalb and A. nivalis Makhija & of Acanthothecis salazinica van den Boom & Sipman and a new epithet is required for the Adwadkar are the other species in the genus ‘ ’ with psoromic acid, but both differ from the species from Vietnam. The epithet yokdonensis is derived from Yok Don National Park, the new taxon in their morphological and anato- ‘ ’ mical characteristics. Acanthothecis consocians type locality, and ensis , place of origin. has a pale yellowish white thallus, immersed The two species are readily differentiated by to slightly raised, 3–6mm long apothecia, their ascospores. Acanthothecis salazinica has – µ muriform, amyloid ascospores, 40–85 × 25– a hymenium 40 70 m high and transversely µ septate ascospores 13–8×4–5 µm, while 35 m, whereas A. yokdonensis has elongate, – non-amyloid ascospores, 70–21 × 7–14 µm, A. nivalis produces a brown thallus, 2 8mm – long apothecia, a hymenium 58–63 µmhigh 28 30 locular. and transversely septate ascospores 8·4– · – µ Graphis exuta S. Joshi, Upreti & 16 0×3 4 m (Staiger & Kalb 1999; Makhija Hur sp. nov. &Adawadkar2003).Acanthothecis dialeuca is similar to A. verrucosa in having 2–8-spored MycoBank No.: MB 819453 asci and muriform ascospores (22–37 × 9–14 µm), but contains stictic acid and its Resembles Graphis nuda but is distinguished by the satellites. Acanthothecis gracilis Staiger & Kalb, presence of norstictic acid. A. tetraphora (Nyl.) Staiger & Kalb and Type: Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City Province, Can Gio District, An Thoi Don, Run Sac Street, Dan Xay A. socotrina (Müll. Arg.) Staiger & Kalb also Mangrove Park, roadside, 10°27'36·2''N, 106°54'14·0''E, resemblethenewtaxoninhavingsimilarsized elev. 9 m, on tree bark, 21 December 2015, Hur & Woo muriform ascospores but these species contain VN150438 (KoLRI—holotype). norstictic acid (Staiger & Kalb 1999; Staiger (Fig. 4) 2002). Thallus corticolous, greenish white, glossy, Additional specimens examined. Vietnam: slightly cracked, smooth, continuous, Dong Nai Province: Tan Phu District, Nam Cat ≤100 µmthick;cortex≤20 µmthick;photobiont Tien Corn, Cat Tien National Park, eco-line road, ≤ µ 11°26'38·4''N, 107°24'55·1''E, elev. 152 m, on tree bark, Trentepohlia, in a layer 80 mthick;medulla 2015, Hur & Woo VN150380 (KoLRI); 11°26'24·7''N, indistinct; prothallus dark brown.

FIG.4.Graphis exuta (holotype). A & B, habit & habitat; C, cross-section of apothecia showing completely carbonized proper exciple; D, ascus and ascospores. Scales: A = 1 mm; B = 0·5 mm; C = 100 µm; D = 50 µm. In colour online.

Apothecia lirellate, short, simple, prominent Chemistry. K+ yellow turning red, PD−, lacking a thalline margin, 0·5–1·0×0·1–0·3 mm; C−; norstictic acid detected by TLC. labia entire, initially epruinose but old labia upturned exposing coarsely white pruina Etymology. The speciﬁc epithet ‘exuta’ is towards the slit; disc concealed; proper derived from the Latin ‘exutus’, meaning exciple completely carbonized, 35–70 µmthick; bare, a reference to the similarity of the new epihymenium brownish, granular, 15–20 µm taxon to Graphis nuda, in having exposed or high; hymenium hyaline, clear, 100–130 µm naked (bare) lirellae. high; subhymenium 20–30 µmhigh;asci 8- spored, 80–100 × 15–20 µm; ascospores ellip- Ecology and distribution. The new species soidal, mostly acute at one end, muriform, was collected from the wetland forests in the 8–12 × 2–4locular,20–35 µmlongand southern part of Vietnam, where it occurs in 10–13 µm wide, I+ violet. irregular patches on the thin, papery barks

of trees in association with other graphidioid prominent lirellae and norstictic acid, but taxa including Graphis cremicolor. differs in having a thick and complete thalline margin. The new taxon also resembles Remarks. The new taxon is characterized Graphis cremicolor (H. Magn.) Lücking & by the short, simple lirellae lacking a thalline A. W. Archer in lirellae anatomy and the margin, entire labia, a completely carbonized presence of norstictic acid, but this species proper exciple, a clear hymenium, muriform differs in possessing immersed lirellae with a ascospores and the presence of norstictic acid. lateral thalline margin (Lücking et al. 2009). It closely resembles Graphis nuda (Magn.) Staiger & Lücking which has a similar Additional specimen examined. Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh City Province: Can Gio District, An Thoi morphology but lacks lichen compounds. Don, Run Sac Street, Dan Xay Mangrove Park, Graphis naduriana Aptroot also resembles the roadside, 10°27'34·6''N, 106°54'16·0''E, elev. 13 m, on new taxon in producing short, unbranched, tree bark, 2015, Hur & Woo VN150430 (KoLRI).

A world key to the group of Graphis species characterized by short, simple and sessile lirellae lacking or with basal thalline margins (nuda-morph)

The taxonomic characters of previously known species were mainly extracted from Lücking et al. (2009), Jia et al. (2012) and Feuerstein & Eliasaro (2015). 1 Disc exposed; proper exciple completely carbonized; hymenium inspersed; ascospores 8 per ascus, transversely 3–7-septate, (15–)20–28 × 6–7 µm; no substances; Neotropics...... Graphis hatschbachii Feuerstein & Eliasaro Disc concealed; proper exciple laterally to completely carbonized; hymenium clear; ascospores and chemistry variable ...... 2 2(1) Proper exciple laterally carbonized; ascospores 15–25 µm long; no substances; Neotropics and Eastern Palaeotropics ...... Graphis nana (Fée) Spreng. Proper exciple completely carbonized; ascospores and chemistry variable . . . . . 3 3(2) Norstictic acid present ...... 4 No substances ...... 6 4(3) Labia pruinose towards slit at maturity; ascospores muriform, 20–35 × 10–13 µm; Eastern Palaeotropics ...... Graphis exuta S. Joshi, Upreti & Hur Labia epruinose; ascospores transversely septate ...... 5 5(4) Apothecia typically stalked, rarely sessile; ascospores hyaline to pale grey, 22–27 × (80)130–210 µm;Neotropics...... Graphis pedunculata Bungartz & Aptroot Apothecia sessile; ascospores hyaline, 15–50 × 7–9 µm;pantropical...... Graphis emersa Müll. Arg. 6(3) Ascospores grey-brown, transversely 10–11-septate, 50–70 × 10–14 µm; Neotropics ...... Graphis pittieri Lücking et al. Ascospores hyaline ...... 7 7(6) Ascospores submuriform to muriform ...... 8 Ascospores transversely septate ...... 12

Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Athens, on 06 Oct 2021 at 07:35:42, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282917000172 2017 New species of Graphidaceae from Vietnam—Joshi et al. 267 8(7) Ascospores 8 per ascus, 25–40 × 10–20 μm; Neotropics and Eastern Palaeotropics ...... Graphis nuda (Magn.) Staiger & Lücking Ascospores 2–8 per ascus ...... 9 9(8) Ascospores 35–80 µm long ...... 10 Ascospores 70–120 µmlong...... 11 10(9) Ascospores 2–4 per ascus, 55–80 × 20–28 μm; Neotropics ...... Graphis subruiziana Sipman et al. Ascospores 4–8 per ascus, 35–65 × 10–20 μm; cosmopolitan ...... Graphis ruiziana (Fée) A. Massal. 11(9) Ascospores 2 per ascus, 100–120 × 30–35 μm; Neotropics ...... Graphis lourdesina Aptroot Ascospores 2–8 per ascus, 70−103 × 13·0−20·5 μm; Eastern Palaeotropics ...... Graphis wangii Ze Feng Jia 12(7) Ascospores with terminal gelatinous caps, 40–60 × 8–13 μm; Neotropics ...... Graphis ovata (Fée) A. Massal. Ascospores lacking gelatinous caps; of variable size...... 13 13(12) Ascospores small, 7–11-septate, 15–50 × 7–13 μm; lirellae sometimes sparsely branched (hossei-morph); pantropical ...... Graphis conferta Zenker Ascospores medium-sized to large, 50–140 µm long; lirellae usually unbranched . . .14 14(13) Ascospores 50–70 × 12–15 μm; Neotropics ...... Graphis adpressa Vain. Ascospores 80–140 µmlong...... 15 15(14) Ascospores 15–21-septate, 80–100 μm long; Neotropics and Eastern Palaeotropics ...... Graphis bifera Zahlbr. Ascospores 25–31-septate, 100–140 μm long; Eastern Palaeotropics ...... Graphis curtiuscula Zahlbr.

This work was supported by a grant from the Korean Archer, A. (2009) Graphidaceae. Flora of Australia 57: National Research Foundation (NRF-2015K2A1B7A 84–194. 01069080, NRF-2014M3A9B8002115) and the Korean Bárcenas Peña, A., Lücking, R., Miranda-González, R. Forest Service Program (KNA 2016) through the Korea & Herrera-Campos, M. A. (2014) Three National Arboretum. The authors are grateful to Dr Alan new species of Graphis (Ascomycota: Ostropales: W. Archer (lichenologist and a native English speaker) for Graphidaceae) from Mexico, with updates to his valuable comments and suggestions on the paper. taxonomic key entries for 41 species described SJ thanks the Director, CSIR-National Botanical Research between 2009 and 2013. Lichenologist 46: 69–82. Institute, Lucknow, India for providing laboratory facilities Cáceres, M. E. S., Aptroot, A., Parnmen, S. & Lücking, to accomplish the work, and Dr Andre Aptroot (lichenolo- R. (2014) Remarkable diversity of the lichen family gist) for his considerable help. Graphidaceae in the Amazon rain forest of Rondônia, Brazil. Phytotaxa 189: 87–136. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Feuerstein,S.C.&Eliasaro,S.(2015)Fivenewspeciesof Graphis (Graphidaceae: Lichenized Ascomycota) For supplementary material accompanying this paper from Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Botany 38: 141–148. visit https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282917000172 Frisch, A., Kalb, K. & Grube, M. (2006) Contribution towards a new systematic of the lichen family Thelotremataceae. Bibliotheca lichenologica 92: R EFERENCES 1–556. Aptroot, A. & Sparrius, L. B. (2006) Addition to the Jia, Z.-F., Wang, J.-C. & Wei, J.-C. (2012) Two new lichen ﬂora of Vietnam, with an annotated checklist species in the Graphidaceae (Ostropales, Ascomy- and bibliography. Bryologist 109: 358–371. cota) from China. Mycotaxon 121: 75–79.

Joshi,S.,Jayalal,U.,Oh,S.-O.,Koh,Y.J.,Nguyen,T.T., Makhija, U. & Adawadkar, B. (2007) Trans-septate Dzung,N.A.&Hur,J.-S.(2013a)Newspecies species of Acanthothecis and Fissurina from India. and new records in the family Graphidaceae Lichenologist 39: 165–185. (Ascomycota: Ostropales)fromVietnam.Lichenologist Mangold, A. (2009) Thelotremaceae. Flora of Australia 45: 599–609. 57: 195–420. Joshi,S.,Nguyen,T.T.,Dzung,N.A.,Jayalal,U., Orange, A., James, P. W. & White, F. J. (2010) Oh, S.-O. & Hur, J.-S. (2013b) New records of Microchemical Methods for the Identiﬁcation of Lichens. corticolous lichens from Vietnam. Mycotaxon 123: London: British Lichen Society. 479–489. Rivas Plata, E., Lücking, R., Sipman, H. J. M., Mangold, Joshi, S., Upreti, D. K., Rivas Plata, E., Nguyen, T. T., A., Kalb, K. & Lumbsch, H. T. (2010) A world- Nguyen, N. D., Oh, S.-O. & Hur, J.-S. (2015a) wide key to the thelotremoid Graphidaceae, exclu- Ocellularia lumbschii and O. saxicola spp. nov. from ding the Ocellularia-Myriotrema-Stegobolous clade. – Vietnam. Mycotaxon 130: 911 919. Lichenologist 42: 139–185. Joshi, S., Upreti, D. K., Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, N. D., Sharma, B. O., Khadilkar, P. & Makhija, U. (2012) New Oh, S.-O. & Hur, J.-S. (2015b) New species of species and new combinations in the lichen genera Fissurina and new records of Graphidaceae from Fissurina and Hemithecium from India. Lichenologist Vietnam. Cryptogamie Mycologie 36: 383–397. 44: 339–362. Lücking, R. (2009) The taxonomy of the genus Graphis Singh,K.P.&Sinha,G.P.(2010)Indian Lichens: an sensu Staiger (Ascomycota: Ostropales: Graphidaceae). Lichenologist 41: 319–362. Annotated Checklist. Kolkata: Botanical Survey of India. Lücking, R., Archer, A. W. & Aptroot, A. (2009) Singh, P., Singh, K. P. & Bhatt, A. B. (2013) New A world-wide key to the genus Graphis (Ostropales: species and new records of thelotremoid Graphidaceae Graphidaceae). Lichenologist 41: 363–452. (lichenized Ascomycota) from Arunachal Pradesh – Lücking, R., Sutjaritturakan, J. & Kalb, K. (2012) (India). Taiwania 58: 246 250. Validation of three species names and description Staiger, B. (2002) Die Flechtenfamilie Graphidaceae. of a new species in the genus Graphis (Ascomycota: Studien in Richtung einer natürlicheren Gliederung. Ostropales: Graphidaceae). Lichenologist 44: 391–394. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 85: 1–526. Lumbsch, H. T., Ahti, T., Altermann, S., Amo de Paz, G., Staiger, B. & Kalb, K. (1999) Acanthothecis and Aptroot,A.,Arup,U.,BárcenasPeña,A.,Bawingan, other graphidioid lichens with warty periphysoids P. A., Benatti, M. N., Betancourt, L. et al. (2011) One or paraphysis-tips. Mycotaxon 73: 69–134. hundred new species of lichenized fungi: a signature of van den Boom, P. P. G. & Sipman, H. J. M. (2013) undiscovered global diversity. Phytotaxa 18: 1–127. Sixty-two species of lirelliform Graphidaceae Makhija, U. & Adawadkar, B. (2003) A new species of (Ascomycota) new to Panama, including four Acanthothecis from India. Mycotaxon 88: 139–141. species new to science. Herzogia 26: 9–20.