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Acenaphthene t :n,.,ro_nm•ntal ? ·::; :ect1on ;.,at1ons and St.;r.~Jr-:s Oc:ooer ·980 ,A<ianc:v C.,tena and Srandaras Div1s1on 4 Wasnington OC 204eQ '-'0/ S-80-01~- ~EPA Ambient \Water Quality Criteria for Acenaphthene .< •. ' ' . .__ . -- •. ' AMBIENT WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR ACENAPHTHENE Prepared By U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Water Regulations and Standards Criteria and Standards Division Washington, D.C. Office of Research and Development Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office Cincinnati, Ohio Carcinogen Assessment Group Washington, O.C. Environmental Research Laboratories Corvalis, Oregon Duluth, Minnesota Gulf Breeze, Florida Narragansett, Rhode Island DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or conmercial products does not constitute endors·ement or recommendation for use. AVAILABILITY NOTICE This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, (NTIS), Springfield, Virginia 22161. ii FOREWORD Section 304 (a)(l) of the Clean water Act of 1977 (P.L. 95-217). requires the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to pub 1i sh criteria for water qua 1ity accurate 1y ref 1ect ing the latest scientific knowledge on the kind and extent of all identifiable effects on health and welfare which may be expected from the presence of pollutants in any body of water, including ground water. Proposed water quality criteria for the 65 toxic pollutants listed under section 307 (a) (l) of the C1ean Water Act were deve 1oped and a notice of their availability was published for public conment on March 15, 1979 (44 FR 15926), July 25, 1979 (44 FR 43660), and October l, 1979 (44 FR 56628). This document is a revision of those proposed criteria based upon a consideration of corrrnents received from other Federal Agencies, State agencies, special interest groups, and individual scientists.. The criteria contained in this document replace any previously published EPA criteria for the 65 pollutants. This criterion document is also published in satisifaction of paragraph 11 of the Settlement Agreement in Natural Resources Defense Councn( et. al. vs. Train, 8 ERC 2120 (O.o.c. 1976), mod1f1ed, 12 ERC 1833 o.O.c. 1979). The term "water quality criteria" is used fn two sections of the Clean Water Act, section 304 (a)(l) and section 303 (c)(2). The term has a different program impact in each section. In section 304, the term represents a non-regulatory, scientific assessment of ecological ef­ fects. The criteria presented in this publication are such scientific assessments. Such water quality criteria associated with specific stream uses when adopted as State water quality standards under section 303 become enforceable maximum acceptable levels of a pollutant in ambient waters. The water quality criteria adopted fn the State water quality standards could have the same numerical limits as the criteria developed under· section 304. However, in many situations States may want to adjust water quality criteria developed under section 304 to reflect •.Jca1 environmental conditions and human exposure patterns before corporation into water quality standards. It is not until their a~option as part of the State water quality standards that the criteria become regulatory. Guidelines to assist the States in the modification of criteria presented in this document, in the development of water quality standards, and in other water-related programs of this Agency, are being developed by EPA. STEVEN SCHATZOW Deputy Assistant Administrator Office of Water Regulations and Standards iii ACKNOwLE DGE:MENTS Aquatic Life Toxicology: William A. 9rungs, E~L-Nar~agans~tt John H. Ger1tne, nL-'larraganse:·.- U.S. Environmental Protection A:~ncy u. S. Envi ror.rr.en ta 1 Protection Ac;e:.cJ Marmialian Toxicology and Human Health Effects: Anne Trontell (author) Debbie Geismar (author) Energy Resources Company Energy Resources Company Steven D. Lutkenhoff (doc. mgr.) Mary F. Argus ECAO-Cin Tulane Univer~ity U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Bonnie Smith (doc. mgr.) Juiian Andelman ECAO-Cin University- of Pittsburgh U.S. Environmental Protecti.on Age!lcy Patrick Dugan Patrick Durkin Ohio State University Syracuse Research Corporation Rolf Hartung Betty LaRue Herndon University of Michigan Midwest Research Institute Fred Kopfler, HEqL Fumio Matsamura U.S. Enviro,1mental ?rotection Agency Mi:higun St3te Univ~rsity Leland L. Smith Jerry F. Stara University of Texas ~'1edica1 School ECAO-Cin U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Woodhall Stopford Jonathon ~-Jard Duke University Medical Center University of Texas Medical Br~nch Technical Support Services Staff: D.J. Reis~an, M.A. Garlough, B.L. z~ayer, ?.A. Daunt, K.S. Edwards, T.A. Scanaura, A.T. Pressley, C.A. Cooper, M.M. 0enessen. Clerical Staff: C.A. Haynes, S.J. Faehr, L.A. Wade, D. Jones, 3.J. Bordicks, B.J. Quesne11, C. Russom, B. Gardiner. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Criteria Su11111ary rntroduction A-1 ~quacic Life Toxicology B-1 lntroduct:~on B-l Effects 8-1 Acute Toxicity 8-1 Chronic Toxicity B-1 Plant Effects 8-2 Residues 8-2 Sumnary B-2 Criteria 8-3 Referencse B-a Marrmalian .,.r:., ·:,logy and Human Health Effects: C-1 C::-:posur C-1 Inges )n from Water C-1 :19es :n from Food · C-2 Inha 1ai: 10n C-3 Dermal C-3 PhannacoKinetics C-4 Absorption and Distribution C-4 Metabolism C-4 Excretion C-4 Effects C-4 ~cute, Subacute, and Chronic Toxicity C-4 Synergism and/or Antagonism C-7 Teratogenic-tty C-8 Mutagenicity C-8 Other Cellular Effects C-9 Carcinogenicity C-18 Criterion Formulation C-21 Existing Guidelines and Standards C-21 Current Levels of Exposure C-21 Special Groups at Risk . C-21 Basis and Derivation of Criter-ion C-21 Refe··~nces C-23 V CRITERrA 0OCUME~T ACENAP~THENE CR !TER CA ArlUatic Life The available data for acenaohthene indicate that acute toxicity to freshwater aouatic life occurs at concentrations as low as 1,700 ug/1 and would occur at lower concentrations among species that are more sensitive than those tested. No data are available concerning the chronic toxicity of· acenaphthene to sensitive freshwater aauatic animals but toxicity to fresh­ water algae occur at concentrations as low as 520 ug/1. The available data for acenaphthene indicate that acute and chronic tox­ icity to saltwater aauatic life occur at concentrations as low as 970 and 710 ug/1, respectively. and would occur at lower concentrations among si:,e­ cies that are more sensitive than those tested. Toxicity to algae occurs at concentrations as low as 500 ug/1. Human Health Sufficient data are not available for acenaphthene to derive a level which would protect against the potential toxicity of this comcound. Using available organoleptic data, for controlling undesirable taste and odor ouality of ambient water, the estimated level is 0.02 mg/1. It should l:te recognized that organoleptic data, as a basis for establishing a water ~ual­ ity criteria, have limitations and have no demonstrated relationship to po­ tent i a 1 adverse human hea 'Ith effects. vi INTRODUCTION Acenaphthene (1,2-dehydro-acenaphtnylene or l,8-ethylene-naphthalene) occurs in coal tar produced during the high temperature caroonization or coking of coal. It is used as a aye intermeoiate, in the manufacture of some plastics, as an insecticide and fungicide, and has been detected in cigarette smoke and gasoline exhaust condensates. Acenapnthene is a poly­ nuclear aromatic hydrocarbon with a molecular·weight of 154 and a formula of C12H10· The compound _is a white crystalline solid at room temperature with a melting range Jf 95 to 97•c and a boiling range of 278 to 2ao·c (Lidner, 1931). The. vapor pressure is less than 0.02 nm Hg. Acenaphthene is soluble in water (100 mg/1), but soluDility is greater in organic solvents such as ethanol, toluene, and chloroform. Acenaphthene will react with molecular oxygen in the presence of alkali­ earth bromides to form acenaphthequinone (Digurov, et al. 1970). In the pre ;nee of alkali-earth metal hydroxides, acenaphthene reacts with ozone to proauce 1,8-naphtnaldehyde carboxylic acid (Menyailo, et al. 1971). Ace­ naphthalene can be oxidized to aromatic alcohols and l<etones using transi­ tion metal compounds as catalysts (Yakobi, 1974). Acenaphtnene is stable unaer laboratory conditions and resists photochemical degraaation in soil (Medvedev and Oavydow, 1972). Lab0r1t0ry experimentation points out the possibility of limited metaoo­ lism of acenaphthene to napthalic acid and- napatholic anhyaride. A-l REFERE~CES Oigurov, N.G., et al. 1970. Acenaphthequinone. Otkrytiya, Izobret. Prom. Obraztsy, Tovarnyl Znaki. 47: 25. Rus.) I Lidner, R. 1931. Vapor pressures of some nydrocarbons. Jour. Phys. Chem. ,./ 35: 531. Medvedev, 'I.A. and V.O. Davydow. 1972. Transformation of inoividual coal tar chemical industry organic products on chernozem soi 1. Pochvovedenie. 11: 22. ( Ru s.) Menyailo, A.T., et al. 1971. 1,8-Naphthaldehyde carboxylic acid. Otkry- tiva, Izobret. Prom. Obraztsy, Tovarnyl Znaki. 48: 246. (Rus.} Yakooi, V.A. 1974. Teor. Prakt. Zhrdkofazn. Okisneniva. 2nd ed. (Rus.) A-2 Aquatic Life Toxicology• INTRODUCTION The data base for acenaphthene and freshwater and sa1twater organ; sms is limted to a few acute toxicity tests under static conditions with un­ measured concentrations. A bioconcentration test has been conducted for 28 days and the depuration rate was determined. An embryo-larval test with tne sheepshead minnow has been conducted. EFFECTS Acute .I~~- i.<:.!!i'.. An acute test with Oaphnia magna resulted in a 48-hour Ec of 41,200 50 ug/1 and, when the bluegill was exposed to acutely lethal concentrations of acenaphthene, t:he resulting 96-hour LC 50 value was 1,700 1&9/1 (U.S. EPA, lSi8) (Table:). For the mysid shrimp (U.S.
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