Where the Wild Places Grow: a Comparative Case Study of the American West and the Brazilian Backlands in Fiction

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Where the Wild Places Grow: a Comparative Case Study of the American West and the Brazilian Backlands in Fiction Where the Wild Places Grow: A Comparative Case Study of the American West and the Brazilian Backlands in Fiction João Duarte de Carvalho Rei Manso Pinheiro Dissertação de Mestrado em Literaturas e Culturas Modernas – Estudos Ingleses e Norte-Americanos Julho, 2020 Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Literaturas e Culturas Modernas – Estudos Ingleses e Norte-Americanos, realizada sob a orientação científica da Professora Doutora Isabel Oliveira Martins. Where the Wild Places Grow: A Comparative Case Study of the American West and the Brazilian Backlands in Fiction João Duarte de Carvalho Rei Manso Pinheiro Abstract This dissertation aims to recognize and systematize some of the most important characteristics of the reproduction of the West and the Sertão in fiction, through a comparison of two significant literary examples of both these countries (United States of America and Brazil). We can consider the main objective of this dissertation to contrast and compare between the most important characteristics inherent to literary use of space and character in our case studies, and, after that, to ascertain the reasons that led, from what appears to be a similar background, to very disparate methods towards the construction of a national identity. Since a compendium pertaining to all the Literature developed in and about those places would be a daunting task, and one that would not fit the restrictions that a Master’s dissertation is delimitated by, a strict restriction had to be put in place in terms of the works analyzed. The novels were chosen for their importance in the literary canon of their respective countries as well as the pertinence of their topics towards the construction of an identity of the American West and the Brazilian Sertão. To this end we will analyze two authors’ works from each of these cultures. To represent the American West, Jack Schaefer’s Shane and Cormac McCarthy’s Border Trilogy were chosen while Vidas Secas, by Graciliano Ramos, and Grande Sertão: Veredas, by João Guimarães Rosa will be used to represent the Brazilian Sertão/Outbacks. All the while using and analyzing as many other authors we might see fit, and which might serve the purpose of having a diversified scope on the matter we are working on, although they will not be the focus of the dissertation and will only be used, if deemed necessary, to further illustrate a topic. Onde Nascem os Lugares Selvagem: Um Estudo de Caso Comparativo Sobre o Uso do Oeste Americano e do Sertão Brasileiro na Ficção Literária João Duarte de Carvalho Rei Manso Pinheiro Resumo Esta dissertação propõe-se identificar e sistematizar algumas das mais importantes características da reprodução do Oeste e do Sertão na ficção literária através da comparação de dois importantes exemplos literários de cada um destes países (Estados Unidos da América e Brasil). Podemos considerar, no concreto, o objectivo principal desta dissertação como sendo o contraste e a comparação entre as características mais significativas da utilização do espaço e das personagens nos exemplos que compõem o nosso estudo de caso e, subsequentemente, determinar as razões que possam ter contribuído, daquilo que aparenta ser um fundo em comum e sob a forma de diversos métodos, para a construção de uma identidade nacional. Tendo em conta que um compêndio de toda a literatura desenvolvida sobre estes espaços seria uma tarefa esmagadora, que largamente ultrapassaria os limites estabelecidos para a realização de uma dissertação de mestrado, foi necessário o estabelecimento de limitações no que toca ao número de obras em análise. As obras escolhidas são, portanto, escolhidas pela sua importância no cânone literário dos respectivos países assim como pela pertinência dos temas tratados na construção da identidade do Oeste Americano e do Sertão Brasileiro. A representar o Oeste Americano, Shane, de Jack Schaefer, e a Border Trilogy, de Cormac McCarthy enquanto Vidas Secas, de Graciliano Ramos, e o Grande Sertão: Veredas, de João Guimarães Rosa, foram escolhidos para representar o Sertão Brasileiro. Faremos uso de qualquer outra obra ou autor que, com o seu trabalho, ajude a consolidar as perspectivas apresentadas, servindo o propósito de diversificar as fontes e, se necessário, ajudar a ilustrar o tópico em discussão. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER ONE. THE OLD AMERICAN WEST ..................................................... 5 1.1. A MATERIAL AND HISTORICAL BASIS FOR THE MYTHIC CONSTRUCTION OF THE WEST ............................................................................................................................. 7 1.2. A TIME AND A SPACE FOR THE OLD WEST ............................................................ 17 1.3. AN ABRIDGED ACCOUNT OF THE CULTURAL REPRESENTATION OF THE OLD WEST .................................................................................................................................... 21 1.4. THE WEST IN LITERARY FICTION .......................................................................... 26 1.4.1. Shane (1949) by Jack Schaefer ..................................................................... 26 1.4.2. The Border Trilogy (1992-1998) by Cormac McCarthy .............................. 29 1.5. A MAN OF THE WEST ............................................................................................ 32 1.5.1 On the Flesh................................................................................................... 33 1.5.2. The Man Inside the Hat ................................................................................ 36 1.5.3. The Cowboy’s Foremost Struggle: Change.................................................. 37 1.5.4. Inside the Cowboy’s Psyche ......................................................................... 41 1.5.5. Zoomorphism ................................................................................................ 42 1.5.6. A Guardian to the Frail and Feeble ............................................................. 44 1.5.7. “Comedy is a dead art form. Now, tragedy...that's funny!”......................... 46 1.6. THIS LAND WAS MADE FOR YOU AND ME ............................................................. 50 CHAPTER TWO. THE BRAZILIAN SERTÃO ...................................................... 53 2.1. A MATERIAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND FOR THE NARRATIVE OF THE NORTHEAST ................................................................................................................. 56 2.2. OF THOSE WHO PEOPLED THE BACKLANDS ......................................................... 64 2.3. THE SERTÃO GIVETH, BUT IT ALWAYS TAKETH AWAY ........................................ 72 2.4. AN ABRIDGED ACCOUNT OF THE CULTURAL REPRESENTATION OF THE SERTÃO . 75 2.5. THE SERTÃO IN BRAZILIAN LITERATURE .............................................................. 79 2.5.1. Graciliano Ramos and Vidas Secas (1938) .................................................. 79 2.5.2. João Guimarães Rosa and Grande Sertão: Veredas (1956) ........................ 81 2.6. PEOPLE OF THE SERTÃO ........................................................................................ 83 2.6.1. On The Flesh ................................................................................................ 84 2.6.2. Under the Sun ............................................................................................... 87 2.6.3. Eternal Return .............................................................................................. 88 2.6.4. Mysticism and the Urge for Violence ........................................................... 90 2.6.5. Zoomorphism ................................................................................................ 97 2.6.6. Rir Màmente ................................................................................................. 98 2.7. NA PLANÍCIE AVERMELHADA/IN THE RED PLAINS ............................................. 101 CHAPTER THREE. THE WILD PLACES ............................................................ 106 3.1. HUMANITY.......................................................................................................... 107 3.2. OUTFIT................................................................................................................ 110 3.3. PSYCHE ............................................................................................................... 113 3.4. VIOLENCE ........................................................................................................... 116 3.5. ANIMALISM......................................................................................................... 120 3.6. HUMOR ............................................................................................................... 124 3.7. LAND .................................................................................................................. 128 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 133 BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................................... 136 PRIMARY BIBLIOGRAPHY (WESTERN): ...................................................................... 136 SECONDARY BIBLIOGRAPHY (WESTERN): ................................................................
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