Thout Multumimuttur

THOUTMULTUMIMUTTURUS009820327B2 (12 ) United States Patent (10 ) Patent No. : US 9 ,820 , 327 B2 Bergius et al. (45 ) Date of Patent: Nov . 14 , 2017

(54 ) RE -ATTACHING TO THE NETWORK AFTER (58 ) Field of Classification Search RECEPTION OF A SERVICE REJECT AT A CPC ...... H04W 76 /027 ; H04W 76 /046 ; H04W USER EQUIPMENT IN RESPONSE TO A 76 / 068 ; H04W 48 / 06 ; H04W 60 /00 ; SERVICE REQUEST ( Continued ) (71 ) Applicant: Nokia Technologies Oy, Espoo ( FI) ( 56 ) References Cited (72 ) Inventors : Hannu Bergius, Kangasala (FI ) ; Jussi - Pekka Koskinen , Oulu ( FI) ; U . S. PATENT DOCUMENTS Jarkko Tuomo Koskela , Oulu ( FI ) ; 8 ,548 , 469 B1 * 10 / 2013 Hietalahti ...... H04W 76 /027 370 / 328 Jorma Kaikkonen , Oulu (FI ) 2006 / 0089137 A1 * 4 / 2006 Howell ...... H04W 76 /027 ( 73) Assignee : Nokia Technologies Oy , Espoo (FI ) 455 / 423 ( Continued ) ( * ) Notice : Subject to any disclaimer , the term of this patent is extended or adjusted under 35 OTHER PUBLICATIONS U . S . C . 154 (b ) by 0 days. Nokia , “ Solving Excessive TAU Delay” , Aug . 2012 , 3GPP TST CT (21 ) Appl. No. : WG1 Meeting # 79 , C1- 122987 , 12 pages .* 14 /433 , 259 (Continued ) ( 22 ) PCT Filed : Oct . 15 , 2012 Primary Examiner - Edan Orgad ( 86 ) PCT No. : PCT/ US2012 / 060289 Assistant Examiner - Ivan 0 Latorre $ 371 ( C ) ( 1 ) , (74 ) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Mintz Levin Cohn Ferris ( 2 ) Date : Apr. 2, 2015 Glovsky and Popeo , P . C . ( 87) PCT Pub . No. : W02014 / 062156 (57 ) ABSTRACT Methods and apparatus , including computer program prod PCT Pub . Date : Apr. 24 , 2015 ucts , are provided for delaying a service request . In one aspect there is provided a method . The method may include (65 ) Prior Publication Data receiving , at a user equipment, amessage including a service US 2015 /0282241 A1 Oct . 1 , 2015 rejection sent by a network ; starting a timeout period in response to the received message including the service ( 51 ) Int. Cl. rejection ; and waiting to send an attach request to the H04W 76 / 02 ( 2009. 01 ) network until at least one of a radio resource control H04W 76 /04 ( 2009. 01 ) connection release is received from the network or the H04W 76 /06 ( 2009 .01 ) timeout period expires. Related apparatus, systems, meth ( 52 ) U . S . CI. ods, and articles are also described . CPC ...... H04W 76 / 027 (2013 .01 ) ; H04W 76 / 046 ( 2013 .01 ) ; H04W 76 /068 (2013 .01 ) 15 Claims, 7 Drawing Sheets

200 114A 110A 199

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( 58 ) Field of Classification Search 2013/ 0039244 A1 * 2 / 2013 Sun ...... H04W 52 /0235 370 / 311 CPC . .. HO4W 48 /08 ; H04W 74 /00 ; H04W 76 / 041 ; 2013/ 0039339 A1* 2/ 2013 Rayavarapu ...... H04W 76 /028 H04W 76 /028 ; H04W 36 / 165 ; H04W 370 / 331 60 /04 ; H04L 47 / 10 2013/ 0115917 A1 * 5/ 2013 Tanaka ...... H04W 76 /027 USPC ...... 370 /329 , 230 , 221, 328, 331 , 242 , 259; 455 /411 455 /435 . 1 , 423 , 550 . 1 , 510 2013/ 0189973 A1 * 7 / 2013 Chang ...... H04W 76 /046 See application file for complete search history. 455 / 423 2013 /0308527 A1 * 11/ 2013 Chin ...... H04W 36 /0022 ( 56 ) References Cited 370 / 328 2014 /0024371 A1* 1/ 2014 Lair ...... H04W 48 /08 U . S . PATENT DOCUMENTS 455 / 435 . 1 2014 /0078890 A1* 3/ 2014 Lu ...... H04W 24 /04 2010 /0302950 A1 * 12/ 2010 Zhao ...... HO4L 47 /10 370 / 221 370 / 242 2014/ 0078892 A1* 3 /2014 Cave ...... H04W 76 /028 2011/ 0171926 A1 * 7 /2011 Faccin H04W 48 / 18 370 / 228 455 / 404 . 1 2011/ 0199898 Al * 8 / 2011 Cho ...... HO4W 48 /06 370 /230 OTHER PUBLICATIONS 2012 /0002545 Al * 1/ 2012 Watfa ...... H04W 48 / 06 370 / 235 3GPP TS 24. 301 V11. 4 .0 , 3rd Generation Partnership Project ; 2012/ 0076121 Al * 3 /2012 Choi ...... H04W 76 / 062 Technical Specification Group Core Network and Terminals ; Non 370 / 338 2012 /0113982 A1 * 5 / 2012 Akselin ...... H04L 12 /66 Access - Stratum (NAS ) protocol for Evolved Packet System (EPS ) ; 370 /355 Stage 3 (Release 11) , Sep . 2012 , 341 Pages. * 2012/ 0178449 A1 * 7 / 2012 Liao ...... H04W 60 /00 International Search Report and Written Opinion received for 455 /435 . 2 corresponding Patent Cooperation Treaty Application No . PCT/ 2012/ 0178457 Al * 7/ 2012 Liao ...... H04W 76 /027 US2012 /060289 , dated Jul. 11, 2013 , 15 pages. 455 / 437 NEC et al. , “ 3GPP TSG CT WG1 Meting # 71; C1 - 111700 ; Han 2012 /0182912 A1* 7 /2012 Watfa ...... H04W 36 /0022 dling of re - attach following TAU reject or Service Request reject ” , 370 / 311 Zvol CT WG1, No . Tallinn , May 9 , 2011, May 2 , 2011, pp . 1 - 6 , 2012/ 0314562 A1* 12/ 2012 Zhao ...... H04W 76 / 02 370 /216 XP00481112 , [retrieved on May 2 , 2011 ] . 2012 /0315874 A1 * 12 / 2012 Li ...... H04L 65/ 102 LG Electronics Inc ., “ 3GPP TSG Geran # 51 ; GP - 111209 ; Discus 455 /411 sion on CN overload control in Geran ” vol. TSG No . Gothenburg ; 2013/ 0012204 A1 * 1/ 2013 Kim ...... H04W 60/ 06 Aug . 29 , 2011, Aug . 25 , 2011 ( Aug. 25 , 2011) , pp . 1 - 3 , 455 / 435 . 1 XP050536853, [ retrieved on Aug . 25, 2011 ]. 2013/ 0034080 A1* 2/ 2013 Yang ...... H04W 36 /0055 370 / 331 * cited by examiner atent Nov . 14 , 2017 Sheet 1 of 7 US 9 ,820 , 327 B2

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- US 9 , 820 , 327 B2 RE -ATTACHING TO THE NETWORK AFTER network until at least one of a radio resource control RECEPTION OF A SERVICE REJECT AT A connection release is received from the network or the USER EQUIPMENT IN RESPONSE TO A timeout period expires . SERVICE REQUEST In some example embodiments , one of more variations 5 may be made as well as described in the detailed description RELATED APPLICATION below and / or as described in the following features . The waiting to send the attach request may prevent a race This application was originally filed as Patent Coopera condition between the attach request and the radio resource tion Treaty Application No . PCT /US2012 /060289 filed Oct. control connection release . The attach request to the network 15 , 2012 . 10 may be sent after the waiting. The user equipment may autonomously initiate a release of a radio resource control FIELD connection between the user equipment and the network and establish , before the sending , another radio resource control connection for carrying the attach request , when the timeout The subject matter disclosed herein relates to wireless period expires without the radio resource control connection communications. release being received at the user equipment. The user BACKGROUND equipmentmay send the attach request to the radio resource control connection and the network , when the timeout period expires without the radio resource control connection The Long Term Evolution (LTE ) series of standards| ,20 release being received at the user equipment, the radio defines an Evolved Packet System ( EPS) mobility manage resource control connection may be established before the ment ( EMM ) sublayer to support user equipment mobility . receiving of the message including the service rejection . The EMM also provides connection management services to the message may comprise a service rejection message includ session management sublayer and the short message ser ing a first indication representative of a user equipment vices entity of the connection management sublayer. EMM 25 identity that is not derived and a second indication repre connection management procedures include the service sentative of the user equipment being implicitly detached . request, the paging procedure , and the like . EMM proce - The message may comprise a service rejection message dures are typically performed when a non -access stratum including at least one of a cause 9 and a cause 10 . (NAS ) signaling connection has been established between It is to be understood that both the foregoing general the user equipment and the network ; otherwise, the EMM 30 description and the following detailed description are exem may initiate establishment of a NAS signaling connection . plary and explanatory only and are not restrictive . Further The EMM 's service request procedure is typically features and /or variations may be provided in addition to invoked when one or more of the following occur: the those set forth herein . For example, the implementations network has downlink signaling pending ; the user equip - described herein may be directed to various combinations ment has uplink signaling pending ; the user equipment or 35 and subcombinations of the disclosed features and /or com the network has user data pending and the user equipment is binations and subcombinations of several further features in an idle mode ( for example , EMM -IDLE ); the user equip ment, in an idle mode ( for example , EMM -IDLE ) or con nected mode ( for example , EMM - CONNECTED ), has DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS requested to perform a mobile originating / terminating cir - 40 cuit switch (CS ) fallback or 1xCS fallback ; the network has The accompanying drawings , which are incorporated in downlink cdma2000® signaling pending ; or the user equip - and constitute a part of this specification , show certain ment has uplink cdma2000® signaling pending . Moreover , aspects of the subject matter disclosed herein and , together the service request procedure may be initiated by the user with the description , help explain some of the principles equipment for the downlink transfer of signaling , CDMA 45 associated with the subject matter disclosed herein . In the 2000 signaling , or user data in EMM - IDLE mode , in which drawings, case the network may trigger the user equipment via a FIG . 1 depicts an example system in which a timer may paging procedure . be used after a service reject to determine whether to use a If a service request is not accepted by the network , the new or an old radio resource control connection for an attach network may send a service reject message to the user 50 request, in accordance with some example embodiments ; equipment. Moreover , a node in the network , such as a FIGS. 2 - 5 depict examples of processes in which a timer mobility management entity (MME ) , may define a reason may be used after a service reject to determine whether to for rejecting the service request from the user equipment. use a new or an old radio resource control connection for an For example , if a service request from a user equipment attach request , in accordance with some example embodi cannot be accepted , the network may return a service reject 55 ments ; message to the user equipment, and the service reject FIG . 6 depicts an example of a radio , in accordance with message may include a cause code for the rejection . some example embodiments ; and FIG . 7 depicts an example of an access point, in accor SUMMARY dance with some example embodiments . 60 Like labels are used to refer to same or similar items in the Methods and apparatus, including computer program drawings. products , are provided for delaying service requests . In one aspect there is provided a method . The method may include DETAILED DESCRIPTION receiving, at a user equipment, a message including a service rejection sent by a network ; starting a timeout period in 65 In some example embodiments , the subject matter dis response to the received message including the service closed herein may address the avoidance , if not elimination rejection ; and waiting to send an attach request to the of, some of the substantial delays occurring after a service US 9 ,820 , 327 B2 reject is received at a user equipment and a subsequent TABLE 1 attach request procedure is initiated . Specifically , there may MME sends to user MME does not send be a substantial delay after a network node, such as the equipment a context to user equipment a MME , a base station , and the like , sends a service reject to release (for example , context release ( for ex ? an RRC connection ample , an RRC connec a user equipment, and the service reject includes certain release sent to tion release not sent to causes for the rejections , such as cause 9 and / or cause 10 . user equipment) user equipment ) Cause 9 indicates that the user equipment ' s identity cannot User equipment Substantial Delay 1 No substantial delay as in be derived by the network . For example , the network cannot NAS - layer uses Attach Request may Substantial Delays 1 and 2 clash with RRC derive the user equipment ' s identity from the globally 10 olding RIConnection Connection Release unique temporary identifier (GUTI ) , the system architecture for Attach causing excessive delay . evolution temporary mobile subscriber identity ( S - TMSI) , RequestUser equipment No substantial delay Substantial Delay 2 packet temporary mobile subscriber identity ( P - TMSI) , rout NAS- layer uses as in Substantial User equipment may ing area identifier (RAI ) , and / or any other identifier ( for 15 new RRC Delays 1 and 2 need to wait until Signaling eNB releases RRC example , no matching identity and / or context in the network Connection for connection before sending or a failure to validate the user equipment' s identity due to Attach Request a new Attach Request. an integrity check failure for the received message ). Cause 10 defines that the user equipment is implicitly detached . For In some example embodiments , the user equipment may example , if the network has implicitly detached the user be configured to initiate the start of a predetermined timer , equipment ( for example , after the implicit detach timer has when the service rejection message including the cause 9 expired ) or the EMM context data related to the subscription and /or 10 are received from the network . If after the user does not exist in the MME ( for example, because of a MME equipment receives the service reject message the predeter restart) , the network sends a service reject message includ - 25 mined timer has not expired and the network has released the radio resource control (RRC ) connection between the user ing cause 10 . equipment and the network , the user equipment may then The above- noted substantial delay may correspond to initiate the establishment of another ( for example , also certain implementation options available to the MME and /or referred to as “ new ” ) RRC signaling connection to the user equipment after a service reject message is sent to a user 30 network , when attempting to attach to the network . How equipment initiating an attachment request . Table 1 below ever, if the predetermined timer has expired after the service depicts two example situations (labeled Substantial Delay 1 rejectmessage and the network has not released the old radio and Substantial Delay 2 ) in which the substantial delays may resource control (RRC ) connection between the user equip ment and the network , the user equipment may instead use occur. The first substantial delay ( labeled Substantial Delay435 the old RRC signaling connection to the network and / or may 1 ) may occur after the service reject message is sent to , and autonomously release the old RRC connection to the net received by , the user equipment and the followingfollowing two work , in which case establishment of a new RRC connection conditions exist : ( 1 ) the MME sends a context release is initiated to enable the attach request after the service message to the base station ( for example , an evolved Node rejection ( for example , through 3GPP TS 36 .331 , Chapter B (eNB )) , which forwards a connection release message to 40 5 .3 .9 , “ RRC connection release requested by upper layers ” the user equipment to enable the release of an existing radio or through any other procedure ) . In some example embodiments , the predetermined timer resource control (RRC ) connection ; and ( 2 ) the user equip may be configured to provide sufficient time for the MME to ment is configured to use an existing ( for example , old ) RRC signal an intent to require use of the old , existing RRC signaling connection , when the attach request is initiated 45 signaling connection for the attach request after the service after the service rejectmessage is received . Due to lags in rejection . For example, the predetermined timer may be the system , a race condition may thus be created between the configured to have a duration sufficient to avoid the so - called time the MME sends the service reject message and the time " clash ” between the attach request and the RRC connection release noted with respect to Substantial Delay 1 and long the user equipment receives the RRC connection release . In 50 enough to allow the MME to signal the intent to require use some example implementations, this substantial delay may of the old , existing RRC signaling connection . In some cause a 10 -second delay in establishing a new connection example embodiments , the predetermined timer is set at between the user equipment and the network ( for example, about 200 milliseconds, although higher and lower values after a NAS - layer re - attach timer, T3411 , starts and a may be used as well . The predetermined timer may be second , subsequent attach request message after the service 55 configured by the user equipment, configured by the net reject is sent to the network ). The second substantial delay work , and /or specified by a specification . ( labeled Substantial Delay 2 ) may occur after the service Before providing additional examples, the following pro reject message is sent to , and received by , the user equip vides an example of a system framework in which some of the example embodiments described herein may be imple ment and the following two conditions exist : ( 1 ) the MME mente does not sends a release message to the base station , so a 60 FIG . 1 depicts a system 100 according to some example connection release message is not received by the user embodiments. System 100 may include one or more user equipment to enable the release of an existing radio resource equipment, such as user equipment 114A - B , one or more control (RRC ) connection ; and ( 2 ) the user equipment uses access points , such as base stations 110A - C . In some a new RRC signaling connection for attach request initiated 65 example embodiments , base station 110A may serve a cell , after the service reject message . This second substantial such as macrocell 112A , and base stations 110A - B may delay may also cause about a 10 -second delay. serve a small cell, such as a picocell or a femtocell 112B , US 9 ,820 ,327 B2 although base station 110B may serve other types of cells as 116A may comprise a modulated radio frequency carrying well . Moreover, base stations may have wired and / or wire information , such as user data , radio resource control (RRC ) less backhaul links to other network nodes, such as a messages, location information , and the like , to the user mobility management entity (MME ) 199 , other base sta equipment 114A , and the uplink 126A may comprise a tions , a radio network controller, a core network , a serving 5 modulated radio frequency carrying information , such as gateway, and the like . MME may comprise at least one user data , RRC messages, location information , measure processor and at least one memory including code which ment reports associated with handovers , and the like, from when executed by the at least one process causes the MME the user equipment 114A to base station 110A . Access links to provide one or more of the operations described herein 122B may include downlink 116B for transmitting from the with respect to the MME . 10 base station 110B to user equipment 114B , and uplink 126B In some example embodiments , user equipment 114A - B for transmitting from user equipment 114B to the base may be implemented as a user equipment and / or a stationary station 110B . device . The user equipment 114A - B are often referred to as , Although FIG . 1 depicts access links between certain user for example , mobile stations, mobile units , subscriber sta - equipment and certain base stations , the user equipment and tions , wireless terminals , tablets , smart phones , or the like . 15 base stations may have additional links to other devices as A user equipment may be implemented as , for example , a well . wireless handheld device, a wireless plug - in accessory , or The downlink 116A and uplinks 126A may, in some the like . In some example embodiments , the user equipment example embodiments , each represent a radio frequency may include one ormore processors , one or more computer - (RF ) signal. The RF signal may , as noted above , carry data , readable storage medium ( for example , memory , storage , 20 such as voice , video , images, Internet Protocol ( IP ) packets , and the like ), one or more radio access components ( for control information , and any other type of information example , a modem , a transceiver, and the like ) , and/ or a user and / or messages. For example , when LTE is used , the RF interface . The computer readable medium may include code signalmay use OFDMA . OFDMA is a multi -user version of which when executed by a processor provides one or more orthogonal frequency division multiplexing ( OFDM ) . In applications . 25 OFDMA , multiple access is achieved by assigning , to indi In some example embodiments , the user equipment vidual users , groups of subcarriers ( also referred to as 114A - B may be implemented as multi -mode user devices subchannels or tones ) . The subcarriers are modulated using configured to operate using a plurality of radio access BPSK (binary phase shift keying ), QPSK ( quadrature phase technologies , although a single -mode device may be used as shift keying ) , or QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation ) , well . For example , user equipment 114A - B may be config - 30 and carry symbols (also referred to as OFDMA symbols ) ured to operate using a plurality of radio access technologies including data coded using a forward error - correction code . including one or more of the following : Long Term Evolu - The subject matter described herein is not limited to appli tion (LTE ) , wireless local area network ( WLAN ) technol- cation to OFDMA systems, LTE , LTE - Advanced , or to the ogy, such as 802 . 11 WiFi and the like , Bluetooth , Bluetooth noted standards, specifications , and /or technologies. Fur low energy (BT - LE ) , near field communications (NFC ) , and 35 thermore , the downlink 116B and uplink 126B may be any other radio access technologies . Moreover, the user configured using standards and / or technologies similar to equipment 114A - B may be configured to have established those noted with respect to downlink 116A and uplink 126A , connections to access points using a plurality of the radio although downlink 116B and uplink 126B may use different access technologies . standards or technologies as well , such as WiFi, WiBro , The base stations 110A - C may , in some example embodi - 40 BT- LE , and /or another other wireless technology . In addi ments , be implemented as an evolved Node B ( NB ) type tion , each access link may be unidirectional or bidirectional. base station , although other types of radio access points may Although FIG . 1 depicts a specific quantity and configu be implemented as well . When the evolved Node B ( INB ) ration of base stations , cells , and user equipment, other type base station is used , the base stations, such as base quantities and configurations may be implemented as well . stations 110A - B , may be configured in accordance with 45 FIG . 2 depicts a process 200 , in accordance with some standards, including the Long Term Evolution (LTE ) stan - example embodiments. The description of process 200 also dards , such as 3GPP TS 36 . 201, Evolved Universal Terres - refers to FIG . 1 . trial Radio Access ( E -UTRA ) ; Long Term Evolution (LTE ) As noted above , the user equipment 114A may , in some physical layer; General description , 3GPP TS 36 . 211 , example embodiments, be configured to initiate the start of Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E -UTRA ) ; 50 a predetermined timer, when a service rejection message Physical channels and modulation , 3GPP TS 36 . 212 , ( also referred to as a service reject message ) including cause Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access ( E -UTRA ) ; 9 and /or cause 10 is received from the network . If after Multiplexing and channel coding , 3GPP TS 36 .213 , Evolved receipt of the service rejection message, the predetermined Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E -UTRA ) ; Physical timer has not expired and the network has released the radio layer procedures, 3GPP TS 36 .214 , Evolved Universal Ter- 55 resource control (RRC ) connection between the user equip restrial Radio Access ( E -UTRA ); Physical layer — Measure - ment and the network , the user equipment may then initiate ments , and any subsequent additions or revisions to these the establishment of another, new RRC signaling connection and other 3GPP series of standards ( collectively referred to to the network , when attempting to attach to the network . as LTE standards ). The base stations may also be configured At 202 , the base station 110A ( labeled eNB ) may, in some to serve cells using a WLAN technology , such as WiFi ( for 60 example embodiments , send to MME 199 a service request example , the IEEE 802 . 11 series of standards ), as well as message. In this example embodiment, MME 199 may reject any other radio access technology capable of serving a cell . the service request by sending a service reject 204 to base In some example embodiments , system 100 may include station 110A . Next, the base station 110A may send , at 206 , access links , such as links 122A - B . The access links 122A to user equipment 114A a service reject message via a first may include a downlink 116A for transmitting to the user 65 RRC connection ( also referred to as the " old RRC connec equipment 114A and an uplink 126A for transmitting from tion " ) carried by downlink 116A , in accordance with some user equipment 114A to the base station 110A . The downlink example embodiments . The service reject message may US 9 ,820 , 327 B2 include information representative of a cause , such as cause example embodiment, the predetermined timer has expired 9 ( for example, the user equipment identity cannot be and the MME has not released the old , first radio resource derived by the network ) or cause 10 ( for example , the user control (RRC ) connection between the user equipment and equipment is implicitly detached ) . the network , so the user equipment may send, at 312 , the When the service reject message is received by the user 5 attach request via the old , first RRC connection . In some equipment 114A , the user equipment 114A may, in some example embodiments , the user equipment may thus select, example embodiments , start a predetermined timer ( labeled based on the timer , between the old RRC connection or a guard timer and timer ) at 208 . new RRC connection in order to send an attachment request At 210 , the MME 199 may, in some example embodi - after a service reject is received including cause 9 , cause 10 , ments, release the user equipment context, which is 10 and / or cause 40 . acknowledged at 212 by the base station 110A . At 214 , the FIG . 4 depicts a process 200 , in accordance with some base station 110A may then send , in some example embodi- example embodiments . The description of process 400 also ments, an RRC connection release to the user equipment refers to FIG . 1 . 114A , where the predetermined timer has not expired at 215 . At 402 , the base station 110A ( labeled eNB ) may , in some In some example embodiments , the user equipment 114A 15 example embodiments, send to MME 199 a service request may notify the NAS layer at the user equipment of the RRC message . In this example embodiment, MME 199 may reject connection release of the first RRC connection . the service request by sending a service reject 404 to base In some example embodiments, the user equipment 114A station 110A . Next , the base station 110A may send , at 406 , ( or the NAS layer therein ) may release at 218 the first RRC to user equipment 114A a service reject message via a first connection , which may trigger a new attach request to be 20 RRC connection (also referred to as the " old RRC connec sent to the network and the initiation of a second , new RRC tion ” ) carried by downlink 116A , in accordance with some signaling connection to the network , such as base station example embodiments . The service reject message may 110A . include information representative of a cause , such as cause At 220A - E , the user equipment 114A may , in some 9 or cause 10 . When the service reject message is received example embodiments , initiate the establishment of the 25 by the user equipment 114A , the user equipment 114A may , second RRC signaling connection by sending , at 220A , a in some example embodiments , start a predetermined timer random access preamble message to the base station 110A ( labeled guard timer and timer ) at 408 . At 410 , the MME 199 (which may respond at 220B with a random access may , in some example embodiments, release the user equip response ) , sending , at 220C , an RRC connection request ment context, which is acknowledged at 412 by the base message to the base station 110A (which may respond at 30 station 110A . AT 414 , the base station 110A may then send , 220D with an RRC connection setup message ) , and by in some example embodiments, an RRC connection release sending, at 220E , an RRC connection setup complete mes to the user equipment 114A , where the predetermined timer sage including an attach request to the base station 110A to has not expired at 415 . The user equipment 114A may , in indicate that the second RRC connection establishment is some example embodiments, notify the NAS layer at the complete . In some example embodiments , the base station 35 user equipment of the RRC connection release of the first 110A may send , at 224 , the user equipment 114A ' s attach RRC connection . In some example embodiments, the user request to the MME 199 . equipment 114A ( or the NAS layer therein ) may release at FIG . 3 depicts a process 300 , in accordance with some 418 the first RRC connection , which may trigger sending an example embodiments . The description of process 300 also attach request to the network and initiating a second , new refers to FIGS. 1 and 2. 40 RRC signaling connection to the network , such as base In some example embodiments , process 300 may be station 110A . At 420A - E , the user equipment 114 A may , in implemented after the service reject message is received at some example embodiments , initiate the establishment of 206 at process 200 , when the predetermined timer has the second RRC signaling connection as depicted by 420A expired and the MME has not released the old radio resource E . In some example embodiments , the base station 110A control (RRC ) connection between the user equipment and 45 may send , at 424 , the user equipment 114A ' s attach request the network . When this is the case , the user equipment 114A to the MME 199 . may use the old RRC signaling connection to the network FIG . 5 depicts a process 500 , in accordance with some for the attach request , rather than use a new RRC signaling example embodiments . The description of process 500 also connection as described above with respect to process 200 . refers to FIGS . 1 and 4 . At 202 , the base station 110A ( labeled eNB ) may, in some 50 In some example embodiments, process 500 may be example embodiments , send to MME 199 a service request implemented after the service reject is received at 406 of message . In this example embodiment, MME 199 may reject process 400 and the predetermined timer has expired with the service request by sending a service reject 204 to base outthe MME releasing the old radio resource control ( RRC ) station 110A . connection between the user equipment and the network . In some example embodiments , the base station 110A 55 When this is the case , the user equipment may autonomously may send , at 306 , to user equipment 114A a service reject (for example , without being signaled by the network ) release messagem via a first RRC connection (also referred to as the the first (for example , old ) RRC signaling connection to the " old RRC connection ” ) carried by downlink 116A . The network and use the first RRC signaling connection for service reject message may include information representa - sending the attach request . tive of a cause , such as cause 9 , cause 10 , or cause 40 ( for 60 At 502 , the base station 110A may send to MME 199 a example , no EPS bearer context activated ) . service request message, in accordance with some example When the service reject message is received by the user embodiments . In this example embodiment, MME 199 may equipment, the user equipment may start at 308 a predeter- reject the service request by sending a service reject 504 to mined timer ( labeled guard timer and timer ) . Unlike process base station 110A . Next, the base station 110A may send , at 200, the predetermined timer expires at 310 while the user 65 506 , to user equipment 114A a service reject message via a equipment 114A waits for an indication from the network first RRC connection ( also referred to as the " old RRC regarding the release of the first RRC connection . In this connection ” ) carried by downlink 116A , in accordance with US 9 ,820 ,327 B2 some example embodiments . The service reject message of LTE , WLAN , Bluetooth , BT- LE , NFC , RFID , UWB , may include information representative of a cause , such as ZigBee , and the like . The radio interface 640 may include cause 9 or cause 10 . When the service reject message is other components , such as filters, converters ( for example , received by the user equipment 114A , the user equipment digital- to - analog converters and the like ), symbol demap 114A may, in some example embodiments , start at 508 a 5 pers, signal shaping components , an Inverse Fast Fourier predetermined timer ( labeled guard timer or time ). However , Transform (IFFT ) module , and the like , to process symbols , the predetermined timer expires at 510 while the user such as OFDMA symbols , carried by a downlink or an equipment 114A waits for the MME 199 to provide an uplink . The user equipment 600 may further include a user indication regarding the release of the first / old RRC con - interface 625 , at least one processor, such as processor 630 , nection . The user equipment 114A may , in some example 10 for controlling user equipment 600 and for accessing and embodiments , autonomously release , at 518 , the first/ old executing program code stored in memory 635 . In some RRC connection and trigger a new attach request on a example embodiments , the memory 635 includes code , second ( for example , new ) RRC connection . Messages which when executed by at least one processor causes one 520A - 520E represent the signaling associated with the or more of the operations described herein with respect to establishment of the new RRC connection , and when the 15 user equipment, such as process 200 , process 300 , process setup is complete , the base station 110A may send , at 524 , 400 , process 500 , and the like . For example , the user the attach request message to the MME 199. In some equipment may select between the establishment of an old example embodiments , the user equipment may thus select, and new RRC connection , monitor predetermined timers , based on the timer , between the old RRC connection or a generate messages, establish timers , monitor timers , send new RRC connection in order to send an attachment request 20 the generated messages to the network , and / or perform any after a service reject including certain causes. other operations associated with the user equipment dis In some example embodiments , the user equipment 114A closed herein . may not start the predetermined timer or delay sending of the FIG . 7 depicts an example implementation of an access attach request ( as well as other NAS messages ) , when the point 700 , which may be implemented at devices 110A or RRC connection release process is ongoing . This may be 25 110B . The access point may include one or more antennas implemented by having the RRC signaling indicate to the 720 configured to transmit via a downlink and configured to NAS layer at the user equipment that RRC connection receive uplinks via the antenna ( s ) 720 . The access point may release is ongoing. During this time, the NAS layer may not further include a plurality of radio interfaces 740 coupled to initiate an attach request process but instead may wait for a the antenna 720 . The radio interfaces may correspond to a time ( for example , a fixed time that can be specified in a 30 plurality of radio access technologies including one or more standard and / or configured by the user equipment ) or wait of LTE , WLAN , Bluetooth , BT- LE , NFC , radio frequency for the RRC signaling to indicate to the NAS layer that the identifier (RFID ), ultrawideband (UWB ), ZigBee , and the connection is released . For example , the NAS layer may be like . The access point may further include one or more configured to not initialize the attach request after the processors , such as processor 730 , for controlling the access indication is received that the RRC connection process is 35 point 700 and for accessing and executing program code ongoing ( for example , initialization of attach may be done at stored in memory 735 . In some example embodiments , the a timer expiry or after indication from RRC that release memory 735 includes code , which when executed by at least procedure is complete ) . one processor causes one or more of the operations Furthermore , in some example embodiments, if the RRC described herein with respect to an access point. The radio signaling receives an attach request or any other NAS 40 interface 740 may further include other components , such as message during RRC connection release procedure , RRC filters , converters ( for example , digital - to - analog converters signaling may delay sending the attach request message until and the like) , mappers , a Fast Fourier Transform ( FFT) the RRC connection is released at the new RRC connection module , and the like , to generate symbols for a transmission establishment is initiated . via one or more downlinks and to receive symbols ( for In some example embodiments , signaling radio bearer 2 45 example , via an uplink ) . Furthermore , the access point 700 ( SRB2 ) messages may be buffered while waiting for a new may be configured to establish connections to the user connection to be established (after the old RRC connection equipment, implement a connection setup including RRC is released ) , and then the SRB2 buffer information may be connection establishment and / or reestablishment process , forwarded over the newly established connection to net - generate messages, send the generated messages to the user work . This buffering may be done at PDCP based on the 50 equipment and /or MME, and / or perform any other opera indication by RRC . tions associated with the access point ( for example , base In some example embodiments, the user equipment may station ) disclosed herein . not delay handling of an RRC connection release for about Without in any way limiting the scope, interpretation , or 60 milliseconds and thus cause a new RRC connection application of the claims appearing herein , a technical effect establishment for the attach request . 55 of one or more of the example embodiments disclosed In some example embodiments , the network may not herein may , in some example implementations , comprise release the RRC connection after service reject with cause reducing , if not eliminating , the substantial delay noted # 9 and # 10 , so the user equipment ( or NAS - layer therein ) herein after a service request is rejected by the network , may use the old RRC signaling connection for the attach although other technical effects may be realized as well . request. 60 The subject matter described herein may be embodied in FIG . 6 depicts a block diagram of a radio , such as a user systems, apparatus, methods, and / or articles depending on equipment 500 . The user equipment 600 may include an the desired configuration . For example , the base stations and antenna 620 for receiving a downlink and transmitting via an user equipment ( or one or more components therein ) and / or uplink . The user equipment 600 may also include a radio the processes described herein can be implemented using interface 640 (also referred to as a modem ) coupled to the 65 one or more of the following : a processor executing program antenna 620 . The radio interface 640 may correspond to a code , an application -specific integrated circuit (ASIC ) , a plurality of radio access technologies including one or more digital signal processor ( DSP ) , an embedded processor , a US 9 , 820 , 327 B2 11 field programmable gate array (FPGA ), and/ or combinations waiting to send an attach request to the network until at thereof. These various implementations may include imple least one of a radio resource control connection release mentation in one or more computer programs that are is received from the network or the timeout period executable and /or interpretable on a programmable system expires ; including at least one programmable processor, which may 5 in response to an expiration of the timeout period , sending be special or general purpose, coupled to receive data and the attach request via an existing radio resource control instructions from , and to transmit data and instructions to , a storage system , at least one input device , and at least one connection ; and output device . These computer programs (also known as in response to receiving the radio resource control con programs, software , software applications , applications , 10 nection release prior to the expiration of the timeout components , program code , or code ) include machine period , sending the attach request via another radio instructions for a programmable processor, and may be resource control connection . implemented in a high -level procedural and / or object -ori 2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the waiting to send the ented programming language , and /or in assembly /machine attach request prevents a race condition between the attach language As useð herein the term " computer- readable 15 request and the radio resource control connection release . medium ” refers to any computer program product ,machine 3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the user equipment readable medium , computer -readable storage medium , autonomously initiates a release of the existing radio apparatus and/ or device ( for example , magnetic discs, opti resource control connection between the user equipment and cal disks , memory, Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs ) ) the network and establishes, before the sending , the other used to provide machine instructions and /or data to a pro - 20 radio resource control connection for carrying the attach grammable processor, including a machine -readable request . medium that receives machine instructions. Similarly , sys 4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the sending further tems are also described herein that may include a processor comprises : and a memory coupled to the processor. The memory may in response to the expiration of the timeout period , include one or more programs that cause the processor to 25 sending, by the user equipment, the attach request to perform one or more of the operations described herein . the existing radio resource control connection and the Although a few variations have been described in detail network , the existing radio resource control connection above , other modifications or additions are possible . In being established before the receiving of the message particular, further features and / or variations may be pro including the service rejection . vided in addition to those set forth herein . Moreover, the 30 5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the service rejection implementations described above may be directed to various indicates at least one of a cause 9 and a cause 10 , wherein combinations and subcombinations of the disclosed features the cause 9 indicates that the network is unable to derive an and / or combinations and subcombinations of several further identity of the user equipment , and wherein the cause 10 features disclosed above . In addition , the logic flow depicted indicates that the network implicitly detached the user in the accompanying figures and / or described herein does 35 equipment. not require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to 6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the radio resource achieve desirable results . Other embodiments may be within control connection release comprises an indication from the the scope of the following claims. network releasing the existing radio resource control con The different functions discussed herein may be per- nection . formed in a different order and / or concurrently with each 40 7 . An apparatus comprising : other. Furthermore, one or more of the above -described at least one processor ; and functions may be optional or may be combined . Although at least one memory including computer program code for various aspects of the invention are set out in the indepen one or more programs, the at least one processor, the at dent claims, other aspects of the invention comprise other least one memory , and the computer program code combinations of features from the described embodiments 45 configured to cause the apparatus to at least: and / or the dependent claims with the features of the inde receive a message including a service rejection sent by pendent claims, and not solely the combinations explicitly a network , the service rejection being responsive to set out in the claims. It is also noted herein that while the a request from the apparatus to establish a non above describes example embodiments of the invention , access stratum signaling connection with the net these descriptions should not be viewed in a limiting sense . 50 work , and the service rejection including one of a Rather , there are several variations and modifications which first indication representative of the network being may be made without departing from the scope of the unable to derive a user equipment identity and a present invention as defined in the appended claims. second indication representative of the user equip ment being implicitly detached ; What is claimed is : 55 start , in response to the received message including the 1 . A method , comprising : service rejection , a timeout period ; receiving , at a user equipment, a message including a wait to send an attach request to the network until at service rejection sent by a network , the service rejec least one of a radio resource control connection tion being responsive to a request from the user equip release is received from the network or the timeout ment to establish a non -access stratum signaling con - 60 period expires; nection with the network , and the service rejection in response to an expiration of the timeout period , send including one of a first indication representative of the the attach request via an existing radio resource network being unable to derive a user equipment iden control connection ; and tity and a second indication representative of the user in response to receiving the radio resource control equipment being implicitly detached ; 65 connection release prior to the expiration of the starting , in response to the received message including the timeout period , send the attach request via another service rejection , a timeout period ; radio resource control connection . US 9 ,820 , 327 B2 13 14 8 . The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the wait to send the tity and a second indication representative of the user attach request prevents a race condition between the attach equipment being implicitly detached ; request and the radio resource control connection release . starting, in response to the received message including the service rejection , a timeout period ; 9 . The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the apparatus is waiting to send an attach request to the network until at further configured to at least : least one of a radio resource control connection release initiate a release of the existing radio resource control is received from the network or the timeout period connection between the apparatus and the network ; and expires; establish , before the attach request is sent, the other radio in response to an expiration of the timeout period , sending resource control connection for carrying the attach the attach request via an existing radio resource control request. connection ; and 10 . The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the apparatus is in response to receiving the radio resource control con further configured to at least : nection release prior to the expiration of the timeout in response to the expiration of the timeout period , send period , sending the attach request via another radio the attach request to the existing radio resource control 15 resource control connection . connection and the network , the existing radio resource 15 13 . The computer - readable medium of claim 12 , wherein control connection being established before the mes the waiting to send the attach request prevents a race sage including the service rejection is received . condition between the attach request and the radio resource 11 . The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the service rejection control connection release . indicates at least one of a cause 9 and a cause 10 , wherein 20 14 . The computer- readable medium of claim 12 , wherein the cause 9 indicates that the network is unable to derive an o the user equipment autonomously initiates a release of the identity of the user equipment, and wherein the cause 10 existing radio resource control connection between the user indicates that the network implicitly detached the user equipment and the network and establishes, before the equipment. sending , the other radio resource control connection for 12 . A non - transitory computer- readable medium encoded 25 carrying the attach request. with instructions that, when executed by a processor, per 15 . The computer - readable medium of claim 12 , wherein form at least the following : the sending further comprises : receiving , at a user equipment , a message including a in response to the expiration of the timeout period , service rejection sent by a network , the service rejec sending , by the user equipment, the attach request to tion being responsive to a request from the user equip - 30 the existing radio resource control connection and the ment to establish a non -access stratum signaling con network , the existing radio resource control connection nection with the network , and the service rejection being established before the receiving of the message including one of a first indication representative of the including the service rejection . network being unable to derive a user equipment iden * * * * *