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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microGlm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 Nortfi Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced witli permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Order Number 9212848 Using historic rural church cemeteries as a material culture resource in heritage education Betterly, Richard D., D.A. Middle Tennessee State University, 1991 Copyright ©1992 by Betterly, Richard D. All ri^ts reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. USING HISTORIC RURAL CHURCH CEMETERIES AS A MATERIAL CULTURE RESOURCE IN HERITAGE EDUCATION Richard D. Betterly A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Middle Tennessee State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Arts December 1991 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. USING HISTORIC RURAL CHURCH CEMETERIES AS A MATERIAL CULTURE RESOURCE IN HERITAGE EDUCATION APPROVED : Graduate Committee; Ma j or/^rofessor Committee Member Member Committee Member _ H ^ d of/the History Department Dean of iyne Graduate School Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT USING HISTORIC RURAL CHURCH CEMETERIES AS A MATERIAL CULTURE RESOURCE IN HERITAGE EDUCATION Richard D. Betterly This dissertation provides the university history instructor with a student-centered instructional model utilizing the historic rural church cemetery as a material culture artifact. However, the model is applicable to other academic disciplines at both the collegiate and secondary education levels. The heritage education plan involves a two- part cemetery survey methodology. First, a reconnaissance survey locates cemeteries and collects data within a specified geographic region. Second, a comprehensive survey documents a cemetery's grave markers and other significant features. To evaluate the survey methodology and to illustrate various approaches for using the results of surveys, St. John's Episcopal Church Cemetery in Maury County, Tennessee, serves as a case study. The history of the cemetery and significant people buried there illustrates how teachers can incorporate historical context into the results of a cemetery survey. The St. John's comprehensive survey also provides information on changing patterns of Victorian funerary art and architecture in Middle Tennessee. The correlation Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Richard D. Betterly between grave markers and the cultural transformations in nineteenth century Victorian America provides a basis for understanding how funerary art and architecture serves as a teaching tool. A reconnaissance survey of similar rural graveyards located within a fifty-mile radius of St. John's Cemetery offers a regional context and comparison of Middle Tennessee's transitional gravestone style. The dissertation is more than an analysis of how a rural church cemetery serves as a resource for heritage education. The processes to evaluate the physical conditions of such sites and to remedy problems associated with this type of material culture artifact also are detailed. The study reviews the literature dealing with preservation techniques and the legal protection afforded burial sites. By synthesizing the existing studies on cemetery preservation and by refining previous cemetery survey methods, the dissertation serves the nonacademic needs and concerns of public historians involved with preserving historic burial grounds. The dissertation's primary emphasis, however, is to encourage university instructors to adapt and apply its cemetery survey methodology and case study to other cemetery sites. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Dedicated to the memory of my father, and to the love and encouragement of my mother Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is indebted to a great many people and institutions for help in the research and writing of this dissertation. The St. John's Memorial Association not only allowed the author access to the cemetery but also provided a grant to help finance the cost of the cemetery's survey. Likewise, through the History Department at Middle Tennessee State University, especially its late chairman Dr. William B. McCash, two Doctor of Arts Fellowships assisted with travel and research expenses. Susan Kidd and John Hildreth from the Southern Regional Office of the National Trust for Historic Preservation allowed the author to use data collected by the Burial Sites Task Force. Donna Flowers of the North Carolina Division of Archives and History supplied information on that state's cemetery survey program. Many individuals and friends helped in various capacities. The author wishes to thank Richard Quin, the former preservation officer of the Southcentral Tennessee Development District. To my friend and colleague Susan Cabot, preservation officer for the Boone County (Kentucky) Historic Preservation Review Board, thanks are due for the materials furnished on that agency's cemetery preservation efforts and survey. The author owes a special debt of gratitude to Caneta Hankins who generously provided the twelve students to field test the comprehensive survey ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Also, the students deserve credit for a well done effort and for providing significant feedback on the survey methodology. To my friend and fellow doctoral candidate Leo Goodsell, the author is indeed grateful for his help on completing the cemetery survey at St. John's. The staff of the Center for Historic Preservation at MTSÜ was of great assistance throughout this project, especially providing needed equipment and supplies to field test the survey methodology. The author is especially appreciative of the advice given by Ed Johnson of the Center in preparing the CADD mapping of the St. John's Cemetery. Special thanks are also due to student research assistants Leslie Sharp and Mike Floyd and student worker Terri Haynes as well as the Center's secretary, Nancy Smotherman. Although it is impossible to list everyone who helped with this dissertation adequately, the author would be remiss if he did not thank dissertation committee members Drs. Carroll Van West, Charles Babb, and Thaddeus Smith for their time, effort, and constructive criticism while reading and editing the manuscript. A great many aspects of this dissertation could not have been accomplished without the material resources, aid, and counsel provided by Dr. James K. Huhta, the committee chairperson and director of the Center for Historic Preservation, to whom the author owes more than can be adequately expressed in words. Ill Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................ ii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................... V LIST OF APPENDICES ....................................... viii INTRODUCTION ........................................... 1 PART ONE MATERIAL CULTURE AS A HERITAGE EDUCATION TEACHING RESOURCE Chapter 1. THE CONCEPT OF HERITAGE E D U C A T I O N ............ 8 2. MATERIAL CULTURE RESOURCES ........................ 27 PART TWO THE CEMETERY SURVEY: TALES THE TOMBSTONES TELL 3. THE CEMETERY SURVEY'S METHODOLOGY ............... 53 4. FIELD TESTING THE SURVEY MODEL ................. 93 5. ST. JOHN'S CHURCH CEMETERY AS A MATERIAL CULTURE ARTIFACT ................................. 113 6. THE FUNERARY ART OF ST. JOHN'S, 1841-1900 .... 151 PART THREE PRESERVING THE MATERIAL CULTURE

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