The Truth of Diwa
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Ioften Ask My Students at the Beginning of My Writing
WHERE HAVE ALL OUR MONSTERS GONE?: Using Philippine Lower Mythology in Children’s Literature Carla M. Pacis often ask my students at the beginning of my Writing for Children class who their favorite storybook characters were when Ithey were kids. The answers are usually the same and very predictable – Snow White, Sleeping Beauty, Peter Pan et. al. semester upon semester. One day, however, a student from Mindanao said that her favorite characters were the creatures her mother had told her about. These creatures, she said, lived in the forests and mountains that surrounded their town. The whole class and I perked up. What were these creatures, we all wanted to know? She told us of the wak-wak that came out at night to suck the fetus from pregnant sleeping mothers or the tianak that took the form of a cute little baby but was really an ugly dwarf. Ahh, we all nodded, we had also heard of these and many other creatures. Thus ensued an entire session of remembering and recounting of fascinating creatures long forgotten and all our very own. In his book The Uses of Enchantment, Bruno Bettelheim explains the importance of monsters in fairytales and stories. He says that “the monster the child knows best and is most concerned with is the monster he feels or fears himself to be, and which also sometimes, persecutes him. By keeping this monster within the child unspoken of, hidden in his unconscious, adults prevent the child from spinning fantasies around it in the image of the fairytales he knows. -
Philippine Folklore: Engkanto Beliefs
PHILIPPINE FOLKLORE: ENGKANTO BELIEFS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: Philippine mythology is derived from Philippine folk literature, which is the traditional oral literature of the Filipino people. This refers to a wide range of material due to the ethnic mix of the Philippines. Each unique ethnic group has its own stories and myths to tell. While the oral and thus changeable aspect of folk literature is an important defining characteristic, much of this oral tradition had been written into a print format. University of the Philippines professor, Damiana Eugenio, classified Philippines Folk Literature into three major groups: folk narratives, folk speech, and folk songs. Folk narratives can either be in prose: the myth, the alamat (legend), and the kuwentong bayan (folktale), or in verse, as in the case of the folk epic. Folk speech includes the bugtong (riddle) and the salawikain (proverbs). Folk songs that can be sub-classified into those that tell a story (folk ballads) are a relative rarity in Philippine folk literature.1[1] Before the coming of Christianity, the people of these lands had some kind of religion. For no people however primitive is ever devoid of religion. This religion might have been animism. Like any other religion, this one was a complex of religious phenomena. It consisted of myths, legends, rituals and sacrifices, beliefs in the high gods as well as low; noble concepts and practices as well as degenerate ones; worship and adoration as well as magic and control. But these religious phenomena supplied the early peoples of this land what religion has always meant to supply: satisfaction of their existential needs. -
Notes on Philippine Divinities
NOTES ON PHILIPPINE DIVINITIES F. LANDA JocANO Introduction THIS PAPER IS ETHNO-HISTORICAL IN NATURE. IT IS DE- signed to put together representative pantheons of different Philippine divinities. The materials for this purpose have been gathered from historical documents, ethnographiC monographs, and Held observations conducted by the writer and other fieldworkers among different indi- genous religious groups in the various parts of the country. No sociological analysis of these cosmologies or their manifest theo- logies is made except to point out that their persistence through time - from the early Spanish contact to the present - indicates they are closely interwoven with the lifeways of the people. The divinities described here are, as they were in the past, conceived as beings with human characteristics. Some of them are good and others are evil. Many stories about the workings of these supernatural beings are told. They participate in the affairs of men. These relationships reinforce local beliefs in the power of the supernatural beings, as those people who participate in community affairs witness how these deities, invoked during complicated rituals, cure an ailing patient or bring about suc- cess in hunting, fishing, and agriculture. Some of these deities are always near; others are inhabitants of far-off realms of the skyworld who take interest in human affairs only when they are invoked during proper ceremonies which compel them to come down to earth. In this connection, the spirits who are always near, are the ones often called upon by the people for help. These supernatural beings are led by the highest ranking deity and not by any one supreme divinity, for each has specific and some independent function. -
Huling Bakunawa Allan N
Huling Bakunawa Allan N. Derain Hindi batid ng mga katutubo kung anong uri ng isda iyon yamang hindi pa sila nakakikita nang gayon sa kanilang mga baybayin.Kung kaya itinuring na lamang nila ito bilang isang dambuhala na itinalaga ng Diyos sa malawak na Karagatan ng Silangan dahil sa angkin nitong laki. — Fray Ignacio Francisco Alcina Historia de las islas e indios de Bisayas 1668 ang sundan ni datu rabat ang tutok ng hintuturò ng kaniyang panauhin, nagtapos ito sa may bumubulwak na bahagi ng dagat kung saan mapapansin ang mabagal na galaw ng higanteng isda. Ang bakunawa kung tawagin ng mga mangingisda sa gawing ito ng dagat. Ang bunga ng kanilang tatlong araw at tatlong gabing pag-aabang at pagmamatyag kasama ang Tsinong mangangalakal. N Nakatayo si Datu Rabat sa unahan ng kaniyang sinasakyang adyong habang nakamasid sa Tsinong sakay naman ng sariling sampan. Nag-aalala ang datu sa mga piratang maaaring sumalisi sa kaniya. Kaya kailangan niyang bantayan ang mangangalakal na Tsino habang naririto ito sa kaniyang sakop. Kaya siya nagtayo ng bantayog na magbabantay sa kaniyang pantalan. Kaya rin siya umupa ng mga mersenaryong tatambang sa mga pirata. Sa kakayahan niyang magbigay proteksiyon sa mga panauhing mangangalakal nakasalalay 4 likhaan 5 ˙ short story / maikling kuwento ang mabuting pakikitungo sa kaniya ng mga tagasentro. Hindi siya dapat mabigo kahit minsan lalo’t buhat sa Emperador na Anak ng Langit ang kaniyang pinangangalagaang panauhin. Pero dahil parang mga dikya ang mga tulisang dagat na ito na hindi na yata mauubos hangga’t may tubig ang dagat, pinirata na rin niya ang karamihan sa mga pirata para sa ibang sakop na lamang gawin ang kanilang pandarambong. -
Among the Aetas of Nabuclod, Pampanga, Philippines
41 The Health Ritual of “Pag-aanito” among the Aetas of Nabuclod, RUDOLF CYMORR KIRBY P. Pampanga, Philippines MARTINEZ, PhD, MA, RN San Beda University, Abstract Manila, Philippines A defining characteristic of an indigenous group is that it has preserved its unique traditional ways of living, belief system or https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002- pertinent rituals amidst the presence of modernity. One of the 5323-5108 indigenous group residing in the Philippines are the Aeta people, found scattered in the archipelago. One of the unique cultural health beliefs of this indigenous group revolves around the spirit called "anito" and the ritual for appeasing this spirit termed as "pag-aanito." This paper explores the contemporary understanding of a select group of Aeta from Pampanga, Philippines on these unique cultural health beliefs and how their understanding and appreciation of their traditional customs affects their perception of the world, themselves, and their health. Keywords: Focused ethnography, health knowledge, indigenous medicine Context of the Study defining characteristic of an indigenous group is that it has preserved its unique traditional ways of living, belief system or pertinent rituals amidst the presence of A modernity. One of the indigenous group residing in the Philippines are the Aeta people, found scattered in the archipelago and is often described as its earliest inhabitants. Aetas are pygmy people, nomadic in nature and are traditionally animist (Balila et al., 2014; Shimzu, 1989, Waddington, 2002). One of the unique beliefs of the Aeta people is the anito, a benevolent, environmental spirit believed to inhabit the river, sea, hills and Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] 42 various other places. -
The Second Song Continues... … and It Was Glorious. Before the Humans Even Existed, It Is Worth Mentioning That There Have Been Previous Beings Before Them
...the Second Song continues... … and it was Glorious. Before the humans even existed, it is worth mentioning that there have been previous beings before them. The Lipod, the winged wind-people, and the Magindara, the snake-tailed water-people, have existed much before they have. The tamawo and the palesekan fought amongst themselves in the Corpse of Kalibutan, claiming patches of forestry and life. The palesekan became the Children of the Trees, while the tamawo became the Children of the Crystal, creating large crystalline cities as opposed to the palesekan’s smaller forest-tribes. The dalaketnon wandered across the world and eventually found one of the caves to Sulad, the Underworld. There they met Saragnayan, Lord of Darkness. And so, during the first few years of the Epoch of Heroes, the humans lived in constant fear of various halimaw and yawa, which came from the Sea, for the Sea was the corpse of the Orphaned Spirit. The other races also subjugated humanity under their rule, even the Dragon Lords that were the eventual descendants of the Naga Tribe of the magindara. It wasn't long before The Actor of Power had returned from His voyage, and he found that all of the world was filled with death and travesty, crumbling underneath the crippling weight of the Mad Sky's tyranny. He sought to reason with the Mad Sky, who only ended up cursing him and banishing him from the world. Filled with wrathful revolution, he gave to Magu'yawan the instructions of creating powerful essences of pure, coruscating power -- he tasked Magu’yawan to collect the God-Shards of the Primordials: the Furious Rebellious Shard of Kalibutan, the Glorious Warrior Spirit of Adlaw, the Reaping Shadow Specter of Bulan, and the Burning Thousand Points of Suga. -
Research Journal (2019)
Divina M. Edralin Editor-in-Chief San Beda University, Manila, Philippines Nomar M. Alviar Managing Editor San Beda University, Manila, Philippines Ricky C. Salapong Editorial Assistant San Beda University, Manila, Philippines Oscar G. Bulaong, Jr. Ateneo Graduate School of Business, Makati City, Philippines Christian Bryan S. Bustamante San Beda University, Manila, Philippines Li Choy Chong University of St. Gallen, Switzerland Maria Luisa Chua Delayco Asian Institute of Management, Makati City, Philippines Brian C. Gozun De La Salle University, Taft Avenue, Manila, Philippines Raymund B. Habaradas De La Salle University, Taft Avenue, Manila, Philippines Ricardo A. Lim Asian Institute of Management, Makati City, Philippines Aloysius Ma. A. Maranan, OSB San Beda University, Manila, Philippines Djonet Santoso University of Bengkulu, Bengkulu, Indonesia Lauro Cipriano S. Silapan, Jr. University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines Marilou Strider Jersey College, School of Nursing, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, U.S.A. From the Editor Divina M. Edralin Editor-in-Chief Research Articles Stewardship Towards God’s Creation Among 1 Early Filipinos: Implications to Faith Inculturation James Loreto C. Piscos Sustainability Repoting of Leading Global 24 Universities in Asia, Europe, and USA Divina M. Edralin and Ronald M. Pastrana The Impact on Life of Estero de San Miguel 46 Noel D. Santander, Josephine C. Dango, and Maria Emperatriz C. Gabatbat Capitalism vs. Creation-Spirituality Resolve (C.S.R.): 72 A Tete-a-tete of Two Cultural Consciousness Jesster B. Fonseca Caring Behaviours, Spiritual, and Cultural Competencies: 98 A Holistic Approach to Nursing Care Gil P. Soriano, Febes Catalina T. Aranas, and Rebecca Salud O. Tejada Restoring the Sanctity and Dignity of Life Among 116 Low-Risk Drug User Surrenderers Neilia B. -
Cultural Dynamics and the Church in the Philippines
Mulzac: Cultural Dynamics and the Church in the Philippines Cultural Dynamics and the Church in the Philippines The. overwhelming. Christian. majority. makes. the. Philippines. By.Kenneth.D..Mulzac the.only.country.that.is.predomi- nantly.Christian.in.Asia..Chris- tian behavior, however, is influ- enced.not.only.by.the.convictions. The. Philippines. consist. of. of.the.respective.faith.communi- 7,250.islands..About.700.of.these. ties. but. also. by. certain. unique. are. populated. with. about. 89.5. values. held. in. common. by. the. million. people,. at. an. average. Filipino.people..In.order.to.un- population. growth. rate. of. 1.8%.. derstand.the.Filipino.Christian,. These.citizens.represent.a.unique. these. values. must. be. acknowl- blend. of. diversity. (in. languages,. edged. and. appreciated. (Jocano. ethnicity,. and. cultures). and. ho- 1966b).. This. is. especially. true. mogeneity..Despite.this.diversity,. as. has. been. noted. by. one. Fili- one.common.element.that.charac- pino.thinker,.who.believes.that. terizes.Filipinos.is.a.deep.abiding. we.must.“know.the.sociological. interest.in.religion.that.permeates. and. psychological. traits. and. all. strata. of. society:. Christian- values. that. govern. Filipino. life.. ity.92.5%,.(comprised.of.Roman. Together,.these.traits.and.values. Catholics. 80.9%,. Evangelicals. contribute.to.the.development.of. 2.8%,. Iglesia. ni. Cristo. [Church. the.typical.Filipino.personality”. of.Christ].2.3%,.Philippine.Inde- (Castillo.1982:106,.107). pendent. or. Aglipayan. 2%,. other. Since. I. came. from. the. USA,. Christians.4.5%,);.Islam.5%;.other. a. highly. individualistic. society,. 1.8%;. unspecified. 0.6%;. none. I.wanted.to.understand.at.least. 0.1%.(World Factbook.2006). -
Philippine Mystic Dwarfs LUIS, Armand and Angel Meet Healing and Psychic Judge Florentino Floro
Philippine Mystic Dwarfs LUIS, Armand and Angel Meet Healing and Psychic Judge Florentino Floro by FLORENTINO V. FLORO, JR ., Part I - 2010 First Edition Published & Distributed by: FLORENTINO V. FLORO, JR . 1 Philippine Copyright© 2010 [Certificate of Copyright Registration and Deposit: Name of Copyright Owner and Author – Florentino V. Floro, Jr .; Date of Creation, Publication, Registration and Deposit – _________________, 2010, respectively; Registration No. __________, issued by the Republic of the Philippines, National Commission for Culture and the Arts, THE NATIONAL LIBRARY, Manila, Philippines, signed by Virginio V. Arrriero, Acting Chief, Publication and Special Services Division, for Director Prudencia C. Cruz, and Attested by Michelle A. Flor, 1 Copyright Examiner] By FLORENTINO V. FLORO, JR. Email: [email protected], 123 Dahlia, Alido, Bulihan, Malolos City, 3000 Bulacan, Philippines , Asia - Cel. # 0915 - 553008, Robert V. Floro All Rights Reserved This book is fully protected by copyright, and no part of it, with the exception of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews, may be reproduced, recorded, photocopied, or distributed in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, or stored in a database or retrieved system, without the written consent of the Author/publisher. Any copy of this book not bearing a number and the signature of the Author on this page shall be denounced as proceeding from an illegal source, or is in possession of one who has no authority to dispose of the same. First Printing, 2010 Serial No. _____________ LCCCN, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: Floro, Florentino V., 2006, " Philippine Mystic Dwarves LUIS, Armand and Angel Meet Fortune-telling Judge", 1st edition, ____ p., FIL / ______ / ______ / 2010 2 ISBN ____________________ 3 Printed & Published by: FLORENTINO V. -
Cultural and Religious Dynamics of the Church in the Philippines1 Kenneth D
Andrews University Seminary Studies, Vol. 46, No. 1, 109-119. Copyright © 2008 Andrews University Press. CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS DYNAMICS OF THE CHURCH IN THE PHILIPPINES1 KENNETH D. MULZAC Andrews University The Philippines consist of 7,250 islands. About 700 of these are populated with approximately 89.5 million people, at an average population growth rate of 1.8 percent per year. These citizens represent a unique blend of diversity (in languages, ethnicity, and cultures) and homogeneity.2 Despite this diversity, one common element that characterizes Filipinos is a deep abiding interest in religion that permeates all strata of society. Fully 99.3 percent of the population identify with a specific religion (see Table below).3 The overwhelming Christian majority makes the Philippines the only country in Asia that is predominantly Christian. Christian behavior, therefore, is influenced not only by the convictions of the respective faith communities, but also by certain psychosocial values held in common by the Filipino people. In order to understand the Filipino Christian, these values must be apprehended and appreciated.4 As one Filipino thinker has noted, we must 1I am writing as an outside observer. From September 2000 to November 2004, I taught religion at the Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies, a graduate school owned and operated by the Seventh-day Adventist Church that is located in the Philippines. In an attempt to understand the Filipino mindset and possible response to teaching, preaching, and evangelism, I undertook this investigation. I discovered that this is a wide field that has been properly studied and documented, though in scattered places. -
Demons, Saviours, and Narrativity in a Vernacular Literature1
ASIATIC, VOLUME 4, NUMBER 2, DECEMBER 2010 Demons, Saviours, and Narrativity in a Vernacular Literature1 Corazon D. Villareal2 University of the Philippines Diliman Abstract Narratives from and on Panay and Negros in the Western Visayas region of the Philippines are generally called the sugilanon. Its origins are usually traced to the Visayan epics; the sugilanon receded in the background with the dominance of religio-colonial literature in the Spanish period (1660‟s-1898) but re-emerged as didactic narratives with the publication of popular magazines in Visayan in the 1930‟s. Tracking its development could be a way of writing a literary history of the region. The last 25 years has been a particularly exciting time in its development. Young, schooled writers are now writing with the “instinctual” writers, in a variety of languages, Hiligaynon, Kiniray-a, Filipino and even English and experiments in craft are evident. The study focuses on sugilanon in this period, in particular the sub-genre utilising spirit- lore as part of its imaginative repertoire. It explores the creative transformations of spirit-lore both in theme and narrative method in the sugilanon. Moreover, it seeks to explain the persistence of demons, dungans and other spirits even among writers with supposedly post-modern sensibilities. This may be attributed to residuality or to metaphorical ways of seeing. But the paper argues that spirit-lore is very much tied up with notions of social agency and historical continuity. Such questions could illuminate some aspects of narrativity in the vernacular. Abstract in Malay Naratif dari dan tentang Panay dan Negro di rantau Selatan Visaya, Filipina secara amnya digelar sugilanon. -
Feminine Power and Catholic Appropriation in the Early Spanish Philippines
‘SHE SERVES THE LORD’ FEMININE POWER AND CATHOLIC APPROPRIATION IN THE EARLY SPANISH PHILIPPINES A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI’I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY MAY 2018 By Steven James Fluckiger Thesis Committee: Vina A. Lanzona, Chairperson Barbara Watson Andaya Fabio López Lázaro ABSTRACT This study examines sixteenth and seventeenth century Catholic missionaries in the Philippine Islands appropriating feminine power and social power wielded by indigenous feminine figures to expand Catholic influence and authority. During initial contact, missionaries encountered an island chain dominated by indigenous animism that was headed by the maganito, the animist leaders who were typically female. To supplant this, they used indigenous women and the bayog, maganitos who were assigned the male sex at birth but took on a feminine persona, to act as a spiritual leader and appropriated their social and feminine power to build up the Catholic church and to diminish the influence of animist traditions. The study looks at the role these feminine figures, women and the bayog, played in the Christianization process and the influence they had in their communities. The powers these feminine figures wielded included their status as spiritual figures in their societies, their ability to own and control wealth, their role as owners of slaves, their leverage in marital and sexual relationships, and their influence as upper-class members of society. Through these figures, missionaries converted many indigenous people and encouraged them to remain loyal to the Catholic faith and the Church.