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Cold Dark Matter Cosmology Conflicts with Fluid Mechanics and Observations

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Cold Dark Matter Cosmology Conflicts with Fluid Mechanics and Observations Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics (accepted) 1 Cold Dark Matter Cosmology Conflicts with Fluid Mechanics and Observations Carl H. Gibson1 1 University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92122-0411, USA Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Cold dark matter hierarchical clustering (CDMHC) cosmology based on the Jeans 1902 criterion for gravitational instability gives predictions about the early universe contrary to fluid mechanics and observations. Jeans neglected viscosity, diffusivity, and turbulence: factors that determine gravitational structure formation and contradict small structures (CDM halos) forming from non-baryonic dark matter particle candidates. From hydro- gravitational-dynamics (HGD) cosmology, viscous-gravitational fragmentation produced supercluster (1046 kg), cluster, and galaxy-mass (1042 kg) clouds in the primordial plasma with the large fossil density turbulence -17 -3 12 (ρ0= 3 ! 10 kg m ) of the first fragmentation at 10 s, and a protogalaxy linear and spiral clump morphology reflecting maximum stretching near vortex lines of the plasma turbulence at the 1013 s plasma-gas transition. Gas protogalaxies fragmented into proto-globular-star-cluster mass (1036 kg) clumps of protoplanet gas clouds that are now frozen as earth-mass (1024-25 kg) Jovian planets of the baryonic dark matter, about 30,000,000 rogue planets per star. All stars form from these planets. They appear in planetary nebulae and are misinterpreted as dark energy. Observations contradict the CDMHCC prediction of large explosive Population III first stars at 1016 s, but support the immediate gentle formation of small Population II first stars in globular-star-clusters from HGD. Keywords: Cold Dark Matter, Gravitational Structure Formation, Dark Energy, Turbulence 1. INTRODUCTION theoretical support for a central gas source in spiral galaxies failed to materialize. Modern fluid mechanics requires additional gravitational structure formation The Jeans (1902) acoustic criterion for self- criteria. When viscosity, diffusion and turbulence are gravitational structure formation is derived by linear included in the analysis, a hydro-gravitational- perturbation stability analysis of the Euler fluid dynamics (HGD) cosmology emerges that is in better momentum equations with gravity, giving linear agreement with recent observations of the early acoustic equations by neglecting diffusion, viscous universe than CDM scenarios that assume collisionless forces and turbulence. Density is set to zero (the ρ fluids (Gibson 1996, 2000, 2004, 2005, 2006). Jeans swindle) to derive a critical (Jeans) length scale 1 / 2 L = V / (!G) , where V is sound speed and G is J S S From HGD cosmology (Figure 1), proto-galaxies and Newton’s gravitational constant, interpreted by Jeans proto-galaxy-clusters were formed by gravitational and astrophysicists (e.g. Springel et al. 2005) as the fragmentation of plasma at the Schwarz viscous scale only gravitational stability criterion, thus forbidding 1 / 2 L = (!" / #G ) , where γ is the rate-of-strain, ν is the gravitational structures at scales smaller than L . Sir SV J kinematic viscosity, ρ is the density, and G is James Jeans (1929) claimed observational support for Newton’s constant, preserving various parameters of his theory is provided by spiral galaxies. He assumed these irreversible transitions as fluid mechanical hot gas from a (mysterious) central spinning source 1 / 2 fossils. Because the Kolmogorov scale L = (! / " ) , collapses to stars in such galaxies only when chilled K by the coldness of space, thus reducing L . 1 / 2 J and because ! / ( "G ) # 1 for a flat universe, it follows that L ! L ! L for the conditions of proto- This evidence weakened as better telescopes showed SV N K the “stars” observed were really globular star clusters galaxy formation shown in Fig. 1. The first condensation was to form primordial fog particle (GCs) containing millions of stars. Observational and (PFP) planets in Jeans mass proto-globular-star-cluster Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics 2 (PGC) clumps as the plasma proto-galaxies became diffusion from PGs to form >1021 m galaxy halos of gas with much smaller viscosity. Stars form as baryonic dark matter (BDM), with diffusivity D ~ 1027 binaries when these planets merge in a binary cascade m2 s-1 calculated from L and the size and ρ of the to form larger and larger mass Jovian planets (JPPs), SD halos. now frozen as the baryonic (proton-neutron) dark matter. JPPs randomly dim supernovae in planetary Flat rotation curves observed outside the 1020 m spiral nebulae, creating the now commonly accepted “dark galaxy cores reflect this huge diffusivity. Luminous energy” misconception (Gibson & Schild 2007). >1020 m accretion disks and spiral patterns of star formation in globular-star-clusters (GCs) reflect 2. DILEMMAS OF JEANS’ THEORY torques developed in the chain-like morphology of the proto-galaxy-clusters as they split into spiral galaxies The Jeans criterion presents major dilemmas for hot from the expansion of space. The tiny first stars still big bang cosmology in an expanding universe. In the exist in GCs and dim proto-GCs that are bound by H-He plasma epoch, the Jeans scale of the plasma L J gravity and friction from the evaporated gas provided always exceeds the “horizon” scale of causal by heating of their trillion frozen gas planets. connection L = ct because the enormous sound H 4. CDM COSMOLOGY 1 / 2 speed V = c / 3 is of order the speed of light c, S Orthodox collisionless cosmology explains galaxy and where t is the time, so plasma structures are galaxy cluster formation using “cold dark matter” forbidden. The primordial gas at transition has a (CDM): a postulated non-baryonic fluid of 36 13 collisionless massive particles produced during the Jeans mass of a million stars ( M J = 10 kg), t = 10 nucleosynthesis epoch with particle velocity . s (300,000 years), and T0 = 4000 K. Fragmentation vCDM < c in the primordial plasma occurs when the Schwarz Based on Jeans theory and collisionless N-body viscous scale matches the horizon scale at simulations, it is assumed deus ex machina, Binney & LSV LH Tremaine (1987), that gravitationally bound CDM 12 10 s (30,000 years), and in the primordial gas at the chunks form and merge gravitationally like point mass Jeans mass from heat transfer considerations and N-bodies are forced to do in computer simulations. simultaneously at to form Earth-mass primordial Large mergers (“halos”) of CDM chunks then serve as LSV planets. growing baryon bottles that guide the gravitational formation of larger structures by hierarchical clustering (CDMHC) for 300 Myr dark ages without 3 / 2 The Jeans mass M = M (T / T ) ! / ! from the J J 0 0 stars and billions of years without galaxies or galaxy 0 Jeans criterion, so from Jeans’ theory the first stars clusters. are large and explosive, Madau (2006), and can form only after a “dark ages” period of about 300 Myr Pop-III superstars form as the gas cools by radiation (1016 s) to permit sufficient cooling and density and promptly explode in the merging CDM-halos, decrease. These Population III superstars rapidly Mori et al. (2004). Jupiter mass gas planets are ruled disintegrate as dusty class II supernovas to re-ionize out by the Jeans criterion because they require an the gas and explain its absence in absorption spectra impossible cooling of their H-He gas to 0.004 K to from early quasars, Mori and Umemura (2006). permit Jeans instability. However, Jovian planets circling the sun in outer orbits and now detected in However, recent γ-ray spectra from blazars refute the great multitudes in tight orbits around other stars, intense high-energy starlight expected, Aharonian et Lovis et al. (2006), contradict the Jeans acoustic al. (2006). The intergalactic medium is free of any criterion and support the basic tenet of HGD that all high density of Pop-III photons that would scatter the hot gas after transition fragments into dense PGC blazar γ-rays by pair production. Chemical searches globular star cluster mass clouds of Earth mass PFP also fail to detect the large amounts of stardust Pop- primordial fog particles. III superstars would have produced had they existed. How can the postulated CDM chunks remain 3. HGD COSMOLOGY gravitationally bound and merge to form larger After the big bang and a fragmentational cascade to chunks? Because fundamental particles of CDM are form protogalaxies (Fig. 1, Gibson 2006), HGD assumed to be collisionless and the chunks are not cosmology predicts primordial gas planets were the point masses but must occupy finite volumes, CDM first collapsing gravitational objects. Superstars of chunks have no physical mechanisms to stick to each CDM cosmology are not necessary to explain the other on collision or resist tidal forces 3 missing gas since it was sequestered as planets. F = d Gm M / r , where d is the diameter TIDAL CDM CDM CDM CDM Some of the planets gently formed larger planets and of CDM chunks of mass m attracted by a larger small stars in dark proto-globular-clusters (PGCs) of CDM dense, dark, cooling proto-galaxies (PGs). Freezing chunk of mass M at distance r. weakly collisional PGC clumps expanded by CDM Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics 3 triggering star formation as they move through each The tidal distortion x per free fall oscillation is other’s highly combustible BDM halos. TIDAL 2 3 . Diffusivity D = Lv in a gas is mean free path xTIDAL / dCDM = (t / ! ) (DCDM / r) M CDM / 2mCDM > 1 L = m / ! " times the particle velocity Small chunks are torn to smaller and MFP particle gas collision mCDM << M CDM , so whatever fundamental particle emerges as smaller masses by any larger v particle mCDM ! mCDM " particle #1 / 2 that of the unknown (neutrino or neutrino-like) non- masses M in a few free fall times ! = ("G) CDM baryonic dark matter (NBDM) will certainly have a (Figure 2), contradicting the hierarchical merging very large L and large diffusivity D since the MFP NBDM process postulated in CDM cosmology.
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