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The Contribution of Missouri River Reservoir Side-Channel And South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Theses and Dissertations 2016 The onC tribution of Missouri River Reservoir Side-Channel and Floodplain Habitats to Mainstem Fish Populations: The ffecE ts of Losing Connectivity Between Hipple Lake and Lake Sharpe William Joseph Radigan South Dakota State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons Recommended Citation Radigan, William Joseph, "The onC tribution of Missouri River Reservoir Side-Channel and Floodplain Habitats to Mainstem Fish Populations: The Effects of Losing Connectivity Between Hipple Lake and Lake Sharpe" (2016). Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1005. This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE CONTRIBUTION OF MISSOURI RIVER RESERVOIR SIDE-CHANNEL AND FLOODPLAIN HABITATS TO MAINSTEM FISH POPULATIONS: THE EFFECTS OF LOSING CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN HIPPLE LAKE AND LAKE SHARPE. BY WILLIAM JOSEPH RADIGAN A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Major in Wildlife and Fisheries Science Specialization in Fisheries South Dakota State University 2016 iii To the Radigan family and their great Irish legacy. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I’d like to thank my father, Kelly Radigan, for fostering a love for the outdoors and appreciation for the natural world. I am forever grateful for numerous hunting and fishing trips with my brothers Greg and Josh. I greatly appreciate Dan and Missy Radigan for helping my brother and I, and my uncle Gregg for hunting and fishing memories and stories shared. I also want to thank my mother Susie for being strong. My grandfather and uncle with whom I share my full name have forever led me to push myself and believe that good isn’t good enough. I would like to thank my fiancé Danielle McCabe for countless hours listening to my fish talk, and for unwavering love and support. I also thank the rest of the McCabes (Jeff, Jessie, and Sydnie) for memories shared. Professionally, I would like to thank my advisors Brian Graeb and Mark Fincel. I appreciate Brian’s guidance with all things work and for his advice. I want to thank Mark Fincel and Mike Greiner for hunting/running trips together. I’d like to thank Brian Beel, Hilary Meyer, Mike Smith, Mike Greiner and especially Robert Hanten and Kyle Potter at South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks for help catching fish and for various advice given. I’d like to thank Austin Cole at UC Davis for aiding me in mass spectrometry and for good times shared. I will always be in debt to John Hawkins at Colorado State University for starting my career in fisheries. Sean Seal and Lynn Bjork at Colorado State I consider more my friends than co-workers. In addition, without the Big Sioux River in Sioux Falls, SD, I would have never gotten immersed in the world of fisheries. Although those waters were likely questionable to be swimming in, I have revisited that river often in my memories. v Snapping turtles, channel catfish, and carp out of that river will always be some of the highlights of my childhood. I would also like to thank Seth Fopma, Jeremy Kientz, and Chance Kirkeeng for being good friends the last few years. Hunting trips with Seth Fopma, Chance Kirkeeng, Jason Breeggeman, Matt Wagner, Ryan Johnston, and Chad Kaiser were highlights of my masters. Thanks to Jake Meachum, Alex Rosberg, Aaron Suehring, Tobias Rapp, John Lorenzen, Andrew Carlson, Josh Leonard, Dan Nelson, Brandon White, and Hector Menendez for conversations had and time killed in the office. I would like to thank Riley Novak, Allan De Goei, and Craig Schake for laboratory assistance on my project. A special thanks goes to Riley Novak, Jeremy Kientz, Andrew Carlson, and Seth Fopma for aiding in ablation trips to California. I thank Terri Symens, Kate Tvedt, Dawn Van Ballegooyen, Di Drake, and Michele Dudash for office assistance. Funding for this project was provided by the Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration program, Project 3M5526, Study 1531, administered by the South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks and United States Fish & Wildlife Service, and by South Dakota State University. vi CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES………………………...…………………………..………………...ix LIST OF TABLES…………………………….……………..........................……….….xii ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………..…...……..xv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION…………………………………..……………………..1 Side-Channel and Floodplain Habitats……………………...……………………1 River-Floodplain Connectivity…………………………………………………….2 Impact of Dams on Side-Channel and Floodplain Habitats……..…….....,,...........3 Sedimentation Resulting From the 2011 Missouri River Flood…………………....4 Project Overview…………………………………………………….....................5 References……....…………………………………………………………………7 CHAPTER 2: USE OF OTOLITH MICROCHEMISTRY TO EVALUATE ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF GIZZARD SHAD DOROSOMA CEPEDIANUM IN A MISSOURI RIVER RESERVOIR………………………………………………...12 Abstract…………………………………………………………………..............13 Introduction………………………………………………………………………14 Study Site………………………………………………………………………...18 Methods……………………………………………………………......................19 Trace Element Sampling……………………………………………........19 Fish Sampling……………………………………………………………20 Otolith Microchemistry…………………………………………………..21 Statistical Analysis……………………………………………………….23 Results……………………………………...…………………………………….24 Natal Recruitment…..…………………..……………………...………...24 Movement………………………………………………………………...26 Discussion………………………………………………………………..............27 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………33 References…………………………………………………………......................34 Tables…………………………………………………………………………….46 Figures……………………………………………………………………………52 CHAPTER 3: IMPORTANCE OF SIDE-CHANNEL AND FLOODPLAIN HABITATS TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF WALLEYE IN LAKE SHARPE, SOUTH DAKOTA………………………………………………………………………………...58 vii Abstract……………………………………………………………......................59 Introduction………………………………………………………………………60 Methods…………………………………………………………………………..63 Study Site ..………………………………………………………………..63 Trace Element Sampling …………………………………………………63 Fish Sampling ……………………………………………………………65 Otolith Microchemistry …………………………………………………..65 Statistical Analysis ……………………………………………………….67 Results……………………………………………………………………………68 Natal Recruitment. ………………….……………………………………68 Movement ………………………………………………………………...70 Discussion…………………………………………………………......................71 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………79 References…………………………………………………………......................80 Tables………………………………………………………………………….....88 Figures……………………………………………………………………………94 CHAPTER 4: OTOLITH MICROCHEMISTRY REVEALS ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF SIX SPORT FISH SPECIES IN LAKE SHARPE, SOUTH DAKOTA……………………………………………………………………………….100 Abstract……………………………………………………………………........101 Introduction……………………………………………………………………..102 Methods……………………………………………………………………........105 Study Site.. ………………………………………………………………105 Trace Element Sampling ………………………………………………..105 Fish Sampling ………………………………………………………......106 Otolith Microchemistry …………………………………………………107 Statistical Analysis ……………………………………………………...109 Results…………………………………………………………………………..110 Natal Recruitment. …………………………………………...................110 Movement …….………………...……………………………………….112 Discussion…………………………………………………………....................114 Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………..120 References…………………………………………………………....................121 viii Tables…………………………………………………………………………...130 Figures…………………………………………………………………………..139 CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS, AND RESEARCH NEEDS………………………………………………………..………….147 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1. Sampling sites for water chemistry (all) and age-0 (all but IRN) and adult (underlined) Gizzard Shad on Lake Sharpe, SD collected between Spring 2013 and Fall 2015. Site abbreviations (upstream to downstream) are as follows: STB = Stilling Basin, MAR = Marion’s Garden Complex, BAD = Bad River, LAF = La Framboise Embayment, HIP = Hipple Lake Embayment, FTG = Fort George (mainstem), JOE = Joe Creek (mainstem), IRN = Iron Nations (mainstem), WBD = West Bend (mainstem), NOS = North Shore (mainstem)……………………..52 Figure 2-2. Mean water (A) Sr:Ca (mmol/mol) and (B) Ba:Ca (mmol/mol) concentrations for Lake Sharpe sites sampled in summer 2012 (black bars) and 2014 (grey bars). Site abbreviations (upstream to downstream) are as follows: STB = Stilling Basin, BAD = Bad River, HPD = Hipple Lake Embayment (Docks), JOE = Joe Creek (mainstem), GRY = De Grey (mainstem), WBD = West Bend (mainstem), NOS = North Shore (mainstem). Error bars represent 1 SEM…………………………...53 Figure 2-3. Mean water (a) Sr:Ca and (b) Ba:Ca for the main channel of Lake Sharpe in Pierre, SD from October 1983 to August 2000 for strontium and for October 1978 to December 1998 for barium…………………………………………..………..54 Figure 2-4. Mean water (a) Sr:Ca and (b) Ba:Ca values at the habitat types where water samples were collected in Fall 2014. Means with the same letter are not significantly different (ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD test on log 10 transformed values; P ≤ 0.05). Error bars represent 1 SEM…………………………….…….55 Figure 2-5. Linear regression of age-0 Gizzard shad mean terminal otolith
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