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WESLEYAN HERITAGE Library Commentaries CLARKE'S COMMENTARY ANCILLARY DATA By Adam Clarke, LL.D., F.S.A., &c. “Follow peace with all men, and holiness, without which no man shall see the Lord” Heb 12:14 Spreading Scriptural Holiness to the World Wesleyan Heritage Publications © 1998 Adam Clarke's Commentary on the Old and New Testaments A derivative of Adam Clarke's Commentary for the Online Bible produced by Sulu D. Kelley 1690 Old Harmony Dr. Concord, NC 28027-8031 (704) 782-4377 © 1994, 1995, 1997 © 1997 Registered U.S. Copyright Office $#&&220000((1177$$55<<#$$11''#&&55,,77,,&&$$//#112277((66 ON THE ++22//<<#%%,,%%//(( 2/'#$1'#1(:#7(67$0(176 DESIGNED AS A HELP TO A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE SACRED WRITINGS %%<<#$$''$$00#&&//$$55..((/#//1'1/#)161$1/#1/#))F1 A NEW EDITION, WITH THE AUTHOR’S FINAL CORRECTIONS For whatsoever things were written aforetime were written for our learning, that we through patience and comfort of the Scriptures might have hope.—Rom. xv. 4. Ancillary Items from Adam Clarke's Commentary General Preface New Testament Index Old Testament Index Observations . on Baptism Observations . on Blood Dissertation on . Parabolic Writing Observations on the Being of a God. A short account of the Bastinado, supposed to be referred to in #Heb 11:35. Lowman's Scheme - Order - Prophecies - Apocalypse Principles - Revealed in the Sacred Writings H.S. Boyd's "An Essay on the Greek Article." Postscript to the Essay on the Greek Article Supplement to the Postscript Observations on the . genealogy of our Lord Observations on the Jewish manner of DIVIDING and READING the Law and the Prophets. General Observations on the five books of Moses A Sketch of the History and Character of Moses Psalms 151 Sketch of the Life and Character of David Asiatic Proverbs Fourteenth Century Manuscript of Canticles The Gitagovinda, or the Songs of Jayedeva The Targum or Chaldee Paraphrase on the Song of Songs An Epitome of the Jewish History from the time of Nehemiah and Malachi to the birth of Christ, filling up the chasm between the Old and New Testaments ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ GENERAL PREFACE THE different nations of the earth, which have received the Old and New Testaments as a Divine revelation, have not only had them carefully translated into their respective languages, but have also agreed in the propriety and necessity of illustrating them by comments. At first, the insertion of a word or sentence in the margin, explaining some particular word in the text, appears to have constituted the whole of the comment. Afterwards, these were mingled with the text, but with such marks as served to distinguish them from the words they were intended to illustrate; sometimes the comment was interlined with the text, and at other times it occupied a space at the bottom of the page. Ancient comments written in all these various ways I have often seen; and a Bible now lies before me, written, probably, before the time of Wiclif, where the glosses are all incorporated with the text, and only distinguished from it by a line underneath; the line evidently added by a later hand. As a matter of curiosity I shall introduce a few specimens. $QG#VHLGH/#:DWK/#RU#ZHOH/#,#DP#FKDXILG1#,#VDZH#WKH#ILLU. Isa. xliv. 16. +H#HWWH#KD\H#DV#DQ#R[H/#DQG#ZLWK#GHZH#RI#KHYHQ#KLV#ERG\#ZDV#LQIRUPLG#RU#EHIRXOLG/#WLOO#KLV#KHULV#ZH[LGHQ#LQWR#OLFQHVVH RI#HJOLV/#DQG#KLV#QD\OLV#DV#QD\OLV#RU#FOHHV#RI#EULGGLV. Dan. iv. 33. +H#WKDW#LV#EHVW#LQ#KHP#LV#DV#D#SDO\XUH/#WKDW#LV#D#VFKDUS#EXVFKH/#RU#D#WKLVWHO#RU#ILUVH. Micah vii. 4. +H#VFKDO#EDSWL[H#RU#FKULVWHQG#JRX/#ZLWK#WKH#KRRO\#JRRVW#DQG#ILLU/#ZKRV#ZK\QZLQJH#FORWKH#RU#IDQ#LQ#KLV#KRQG. Matt. iii. 11, 12. :KR#HYHU#VFKDO#OHHYH#KLV#ZLLI/#JHYH#KH#WR#KHU#D#O\EHO/#WKDW#LV/#D#O\WLO#ERRN#RI#IRUVDNLQJH. Matt. v. 31. %O\QGH#PHQ#VHHQ/#FURNLG#PHQ#ZDQGUHQ/#PHVHOV#EHQ#PDDG#FOHQH/#GHHI#PHQ#KHHUHQ/#GHHG#PHQ#U\VHQ#DJHLQ/#SRUH#PHQ#EHQ WDNHQ#WR#SUHFK\JH#RI#WKH#JRVSHO/#RU#EHHQ#PDDG#NHSHUV#RI#WKH#JRVSHO. Matt. xi. 5. ,#VFKDO#ERONH#RXW/#RU#WHOOH#RXW#WKLQJLV#KLG#IUR#PDNLQJ#RI#WKH#ZRUOG. Matt. xiii. 35. =HH#VHUSHQWLV#IUX\WLV#RI#EXUURZQ\QJLV#RI#HGGULV#WKDW#VOHHQ#KHU#PRGULV/#KRZ#VFKXOQ#]HH#IOHH#IUR#WKH#GRPH#RI#KHOOH. Matt. xxiii. 33. +HURXGH#WHWUDDUFKD/#WKDW#LV/#SULQFH#RI#WKH#IRXUWK#SDUWH. Luke iii. 1. +DY\QJH#\RXU#FRQYHUVDFLRXQ#RU#OLLI#JRRG#DPRQJH#KHLWKHQ#PHQ1 1 Pet. ii. 12. *HH#VFKXOQ#UHVFH\GH#WKH#XQZHOHZDEOH#FURZQ#RI#JORULH/#RU#WKDW#VFKDO#QHYHU#IDDGH. 1 Pet. v. 4. $QR\QW#WKLQ#HHJHQ#ZLWK#FRXORU\R/#WKDW#LV/#PHGLFLQDO#IRU#HHJHQ#PDDG#RI#GLYHUVH#HUELV/#WKDW#WKRX#VHH. Rev. iii. 18. Comments written in this way have given birth to multitudes of the various readings afforded by ancient manuscripts; for the notes of distinction being omitted or neglected, the gloss was often considered as an integral part of the text, and entered accordingly by succeeding copyists. This is particularly remarkable in the Vulgate, which abounds with explanatory words and phrases, similar to those in the preceding quotations. In the Septuagint also, traces of this custom are easily discernible, and to this circumstance many of its various readings may be attributed. In proportion to the distance of time from the period in which the sacred oracles were delivered, the necessity of comments became more apparent; for the political state of the people to whom the Scriptures were originally given, as well as that of the surrounding nations, being in the lapse of time essentially changed, hence was found the necessity of historical and chronological notes, to illustrate the facts related in the sacred books. Did the nature of this preface permit, it might be useful to enter into a detailed history of commentators and their works, and show by what gradations they proceeded from simple verbal glosses to those colossal accumulations in which the words of God lie buried in the sayings of men. But this at present is impracticable; a short sketch must therefore suffice. Perhaps the most ancient comments containing merely verbal glosses were the Chaldee Paraphrases, or Targums, particularly those of ONKELOS on the Law, and JONATHAN on the Prophets; the former written a short time before the Christian era, the latter about fifty years after the incarnation. These comments are rather glosses on words, than an exposition of things; and the former is little more than a verbal translation of the Hebrew text into pure Chaldee. The TARGUM YERUSHLEMEY is written in the manner of the two former, and contains a paraphrase, in very corrupt Chaldee, on select parts of the five books of Moses. The Targum ascribed to JONATHAN ben UZZIEL embraces the whole of the Pentateuch, but is disgraced with the most ridiculous and incredible fables. Among the Jews, several eminent commentators appeared at different times, besides the Targumists already mentioned, who endeavoured to illustrate different parts of the Law and the Prophets. PHILO JUDÆUS may be reckoned among these; his works contain several curious treatises in explication of different parts of the Hebrew Scriptures. He flourished about A.D. 40. JOSEPHUS may be fairly ranked among commentators; the first twelve books of his Jewish Antiquities are a regular paraphrase and comment on the political and ecclesiastical history of the Jews as given in the Bible, from the foundation of the world to the time of the Asmoneans or Maccabees. He flourished about A.D. 80. It is well known that the MISHNAH, or oral law of the Jews, is a pretended comment on the five books of Moses. This was compiled from innumerable traditions by Rabbi Judah Hakkadosh, probably about the year of our Lord 150. The TALMUDS, both of Jerusalem and Babylon, are a comment on the Mishnah. The former was compiled about A.D. 300, the latter about 200 years after. Chaldee Targums, or Paraphrases, have been written on all the books of the Old Testament; some parts of the book of Ezra, and the book of Daniel, excepted; which, being originally written in Chaldee, did not require for the purpose of being read during the captivity any farther explanation. When the London Polyglot was put to press no Targum was found on the two books of Chronicles; but after that work was printed, a Targum on these two books was discovered in the university of Cambridge, and printed at Amsterdam, with a Latin translation, 9to, 1715, by Mr. D. Wilkins. It is attributed to Rabbi Joseph the Blind, who flourished about A.D. 400. The MASORETS were the most extensive Jewish commentators which that nation could ever boast. The system of punctuation, probably invented by them, is a continual gloss on the Law and Prophets; their vowel points, and prosaic and metrical accents, &c., give every word to which they are affixed a peculiar kind of meaning, which in their simple state multitudes of them can by no means bear. The vowel points alone add whole conjugations to the language. This system is one of the most artificial, particular, and extensive comments ever written on the word of God; for there is not one word in the Bible that is not the subject of a particular gloss through its influence. This school is supposed to have commenced about 450 years before our Lord, and to have extended down to A.D. 1030. Some think it did not commence before the fifth century. Rabbi SAADIAS GAON, about A.D. 930, wrote a commentary upon Daniel, and some other parts of Scripture; and translated in a literal and very faithful manner the whole of the Old Testament into the Arabic language.
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  • Gill's Exposition

    Gill's Exposition

    2 NEHEMIAH INTRODUCTION TO THE BOOK OF NEHEMIAH This book is, by the authors of the Vulgate Latin and Arabic versions, called the “Second” Book of Ezra, it being a continuation of the same history, and was by the Jews reckoned as one book with Ezra; Kimchi on (<230907>Isaiah 9:7), calls it Ezra, so the Talmud f1; and it has been quoted by Christian writers under his name; see the argument of the book of Ezra; but not as if it was written by him; for it is a clear case it was written by Nehemiah, whose name it bears, as appears from (<160101>Nehemiah 1:1) and throughout Nehemiah speaks of himself under the first person; and the style also is very different from that of Ezra, being plainer and easier than his. It has always had a place in the canon of Scriptures, both with Jews and Christians; and is of use to show the fulfilment of the prophecy of Zechariah, and especially of Daniel concerning the building of the wall of Jerusalem in troublesome times; to carry on the history of the Jews, and describe the state of the church in those times, what opposition was made to it, and what enemies it had, and what must be expected when any work of God is set about; it is the last of the historical books that was written, as is thought, and contains an history of the space of about twelve years, from the twentieth of Artaxerxes to the thirty second of his reign, (see <160101>Nehemiah 1:1 2:1 13:6).