AdlaiAdlai StevensonStevenson Adlai Ewing Stevenson II (/ˈidle/; February 5, 1900 – July 14, 1965) was an American politician and diplomat, noted for his intellectual demeanor, eloquent public speaking, and promotion of progressive causes in the Democratic Party. He served as the 31st Governor of Illinois, and received the Democratic Party's nomination for president in 1952 even though he had not campaigned in the primaries. John Frederick Martin says party leaders selected him because he was "more moderate on civil rights than Estes Kefauver, yet nonetheless acceptable to labor and urban machines—so a coalition of southern, urban, and labor leaders fell in behind his candidacy in Chicago."[2] Stevenson was defeated in a landslide by Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election. In 1956 he was again the Democratic presidential nominee against Eisenhower, but was defeated in an even greater landslide. He sought the Democratic presidential nomination for a third time in the election of 1960, but was defeated by Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts. After his election, President Kennedy appointed Stevenson as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations. He served from 1961 to 1965, dying on July 14, 1965, in London after suffering a heart attack. 1 TheThe LiberalLiberal WingWing ofof thethe DemocraticDemocratic PartyParty • Consistently liberal positions on domestic/foreign issues • Championed a vigorous role for Government • Social programs • More in favor of dialogue with the Soviet Union than solely containment • Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) • Joseph Rauh • Eugene McCarthy • Orville Freeman • Adlai Stevenson 2 Eleanor Roosevelt 3 RichardRichard M.M. NixonNixon • Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974 when he became the only U.S. president to resign the office. Nixon had previously served as a U.S. Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. • Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife, Pat Nixon, moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government. He subsequently served on active duty in the U.S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950. His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti‐communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president. He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968 he ran again for the presidency and was elected when he defeated Hubert Humphrey. • He was reelected by one of the largest landslides in U.S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern. • The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, and a continuing series of revelations about the Watergate scandal. The scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9, 1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, Gerald Ford. In retirement, Nixon's work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a debilitating stroke on 4 April 18, 1994, and died four days later at the age of 81. Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979) was an American businessman, philanthropist, public servant, and politician. He served as NelsonNelson RockefellerRockefeller the 41st Vice President of the United States (1974–77) under President Gerald Ford, and as the 49th Governor of New York (1959–73). He also served in the administrations of Presidents Franklin Roosevelt regarding Latin America and Dwight Eisenhower regarding welfare programs. A member of the wealthy Rockefeller family, he was also a noted art collector, as well as administrator of Rockefeller Center. Rockefeller, a Republican, was often considered politically liberal and progressive,[1] or in other cases moderate. He successfully altered the political platform of the Republican Party just prior to the 1960 Republican Convention in what is termed the Treaty of Fifth Avenue. In his time, liberals in the Republican Party were called "Rockefeller Republicans". As Governor of New York from 1959 to 1973 his achievements included the expansion of the State University of New York, efforts to protect the environment, the building of the Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza in Albany, increased facilities and personnel for medical care, and creation of the New York State Council on the Arts. After unsuccessfully seeking the Republican presidential nomination in 1960, 1964, and 1968, he served as Vice President from 1974 to 1977 under President Gerald R. Ford. Ford ascended to the presidency following the August 1974 resignation of Richard Nixon over the Watergate Scandal, and Ford selected Rockefeller as his replacement, only the second vice president to be appointed under the provisions of the 25th Amendment, Ford having been the first. However, Rockefeller did not join the 1976 Republican national ticket with President Ford, marking his retirement from politics. 5 Barry Morris Goldwater (January 1, 1909[1] – May 29, 1998) was an American BarryBarry GoldwaterGoldwater politician and businessman who was a five‐ term United States Senator from Arizona (1953–65, 1969–87) and the Republican Party's nominee for President of the United States in the 1964 election. Despite losing the election by a landslide, Goldwater is the politician most often credited for sparking the resurgence of the American conservative political movement in the 1960s. He also had a substantial impact on the libertarian movement.[2] Goldwater rejected the legacy of the New Deal and fought through the conservative coalition against the New Deal coalition. He mobilized a large conservative constituency to win the hard‐fought Republican primaries. 5] Goldwater's conservative campaign platform ultimately failed to gain the support of the electorate[6] and he lost the 1964 presidential election to incumbent Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson, bringing down many conservative Republican office‐holders as well. Jeff Fishel says, "The conservative faction of 6 the party was on the defensive as a result of the magnitude of the election losses."[7] TheThe FaultFault LinesLines inin thethe RepublicanRepublican PartyParty The Eastern Establishment America First • Wall Street Community • Major Investment banks • Major law firms • Republican Old Guard Henry Cabot Lodge • Liberal wing of the Republican party • Edward Brooke (MA); Jacob Javits (NY); Thomas Keating (NY); Clifford Case (NJ); Thomas Kuchel (CA); • Nelson Rockefeller Governor Knowland of California Senator Jenner of Indiana Senator Bricker of Ohio 7 19601960 PrimaryPrimary StrategyStrategy (Democrats)(Democrats) Kennedy Other Democrats •Organization, Organization, •Humphrey Organization • Similar strategy to Kennedy •Continue to build on national reputation •Johnson; Symington •Establish credibility via the • Deadlocked convention Democratic primaries (7/16—New Hampshire, Indiana, Maryland, Nebraska, Oregon, and…) •Stevenson • **Wisconsin • Background as Democratic • ***West Virginia standard bearer, party •Meet the religious issue head‐on leader, iconic liberal, •Overtures to the liberal wing • Sentimental favorite •Richardson Dilworth 8 9 PrimaryPrimary StrategyStrategy (Republicans)(Republicans) Nixon Other Republicans •Nelson Rockefeller withdrew in Dec 1959, concluding Nixon had the regular party delegates sewed‐up •No significant effort mounted by Goldwater 10 James Barrett Reston (November 3, 1909 – December 6, 1995), nicknamed "Scotty", was an JamesJames RestonReston American journalist whose career spanned the mid‐ 1930s to the early 1990s. He was associated for many years with The New York Times. After working briefly for the Springfield, Ohio Daily News, he joined the Associated Press in 1934. He moved to the London bureau of The New York Times in 1939, but returned to New York in 1940. In 1942, he took leave of absence to establish a U.S. Office of War Information in London. Rejoining the Times in 1945, Reston was assigned to Washington, D.C., as national correspondent. In 1948, he was appointed diplomatic correspondent, followed by bureau chief and columnist in 1953. •In subsequent years, Reston served as associate editor of the Times from 1964 to 1968, executive editor from 1968 to 1969, and vice president from 1969 to 1974. He wrote a nationally syndicated column from 1974 until 1987, when he became a senior columnist. During the Nixon administration, he was on the master list of Nixon political opponents. •Reston retired from the Times in 1989. •Reston interviewed many of the world's leaders and wrote extensively about the leading events and issues of his time. He interviewed President John F. Kennedy immediately after the 1961 Vienna summit with Nikita Khrushchev on the heels of the Bay of Pigs invasion. Stephen Kinzer's 2013 book The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World