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Home , Clark Clifford, Estes Kefauver, George McGovern, Harry Reasoner, Hubert Humphrey, James Farley

AdlaiAdlai StevensonStevenson

Adlai Ewing Stevenson II (/ˈidle/; February 5, 1900 – July 14, 1965) was an American politician and diplomat, noted for his intellectual demeanor, eloquent public speaking, and promotion of progressive causes in the Democratic Party. He served as the 31st , and received the Democratic Party's nomination for president in 1952 even though he had not campaigned in the primaries. John Frederick Martin says party leaders selected him because he was "more moderate on civil rights than , yet nonetheless acceptable to labor and urban machines—so a coalition of southern, urban, and labor leaders fell in behind his candidacy in ."[2] Stevenson was defeated in a landslide by Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election. In 1956 he was again the Democratic presidential nominee against Eisenhower, but was defeated in an even greater landslide. He sought the Democratic presidential nomination for a third time in the election of 1960, but was defeated by Senator John F. Kennedy of . After his election, President Kennedy appointed Stevenson as the Ambassador to the . He served from 1961 to 1965, dying on July 14, 1965, in London after suffering a heart attack. 1 TheThe LiberalLiberal WingWing ofof thethe DemocraticDemocratic PartyParty

• Consistently liberal positions on domestic/foreign issues • Championed a vigorous role for Government • Social programs • More in favor of dialogue with the than solely • Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) • Joseph Rauh • Eugene McCarthy • • Adlai Stevenson 2

Eleanor Roosevelt 3 RichardRichard M.M. NixonNixon • Richard Milhous (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974 when he became the only U.S. president to resign the office. Nixon had previously served as a U.S. Representative and Senator from and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. • Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife, , moved to in 1942 to work for the federal government. He subsequently served on active duty in the U.S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950. His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti‐communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president. He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for to in 1962. In 1968 he ran again for the presidency and was elected when he defeated . • He was reelected by one of the largest landslides in U.S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern. • The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, and a continuing series of revelations about the . The scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9, 1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, . In retirement, Nixon's work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a debilitating stroke on 4 April 18, 1994, and died four days later at the age of 81. Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979) was an American businessman, philanthropist, public servant, and politician. He served as NelsonNelson RockefellerRockefeller the 41st Vice President of the United States (1974–77) under President Gerald Ford, and as the 49th Governor of (1959–73). He also served in the administrations of Presidents Franklin Roosevelt regarding Latin America and Dwight Eisenhower regarding welfare programs. A member of the wealthy , he was also a noted art collector, as well as administrator of Rockefeller Center. Rockefeller, a Republican, was often considered politically liberal and progressive,[1] or in other cases moderate. He successfully altered the political platform of the Republican Party just prior to the 1960 Republican Convention in what is termed the Treaty of . In his time, liberals in the Republican Party were called "Rockefeller Republicans". As Governor of New York from 1959 to 1973 his achievements included the expansion of the State University of New York, efforts to protect the environment, the building of the Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza in Albany, increased facilities and personnel for medical care, and creation of the New York State Council on the Arts. After unsuccessfully seeking the Republican presidential nomination in 1960, 1964, and 1968, he served as Vice President from 1974 to 1977 under President Gerald R. Ford. Ford ascended to the presidency following the August 1974 resignation of over the Watergate Scandal, and Ford selected Rockefeller as his replacement, only the second vice president to be appointed under the provisions of the 25th Amendment, Ford having been the first. However, Rockefeller did not join the 1976 Republican national ticket with President Ford, marking his retirement from politics. 5 Barry Morris Goldwater (January 1, 1909[1] – May 29, 1998) was an American BarryBarry GoldwaterGoldwater politician and businessman who was a five‐ term United States Senator from Arizona (1953–65, 1969–87) and the Republican Party's nominee for President of the United States in the 1964 election. Despite losing the election by a landslide, Goldwater is the politician most often credited for sparking the resurgence of the American conservative political movement in the . He also had a substantial impact on the libertarian movement.[2] Goldwater rejected the legacy of the and fought through the conservative coalition against the . He mobilized a large conservative constituency to win the hard‐fought Republican primaries. 5] Goldwater's conservative campaign platform ultimately failed to gain the support of the electorate[6] and he lost the 1964 presidential election to incumbent Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson, bringing down many conservative Republican office‐holders as well. Jeff Fishel says, "The conservative faction of 6 the party was on the defensive as a result of the magnitude of the election losses."[7] TheThe FaultFault LinesLines inin thethe RepublicanRepublican PartyParty

The Eastern Establishment America First • Wall Street Community • Major Investment banks • Major law firms • Republican Old Guard Henry Cabot Lodge • Liberal wing of the Republican party • Edward Brooke (MA); Jacob Javits (NY); Thomas Keating (NY); Clifford Case (NJ); (CA); • Governor Knowland of California Senator Jenner of Indiana Senator Bricker of 7 19601960 PrimaryPrimary StrategyStrategy (Democrats)(Democrats)

Kennedy Other Democrats •Organization, Organization, •Humphrey Organization • Similar strategy to Kennedy •Continue to build on national reputation •Johnson; Symington •Establish credibility via the • Deadlocked convention Democratic primaries (7/16—New Hampshire, Indiana, Maryland, , Oregon, and…) •Stevenson • ** • Background as Democratic • ***West standard bearer, party •Meet the religious issue head‐on leader, iconic liberal, •Overtures to the liberal wing • Sentimental favorite •Richardson Dilworth 8 9 PrimaryPrimary StrategyStrategy (Republicans)(Republicans)

Nixon Other Republicans •Nelson Rockefeller withdrew in Dec 1959, concluding Nixon had the regular party delegates sewed‐up •No significant effort mounted by Goldwater

10 James Barrett Reston (November 3, 1909 – December 6, 1995), nicknamed "Scotty", was an JamesJames RestonReston American journalist whose career spanned the mid‐ 1930s to the early 1990s. He was associated for many years with . After working briefly for the Springfield, Ohio Daily News, he joined the in 1934. He moved to the London bureau of The New York Times in 1939, but returned to New York in 1940. In 1942, he took leave of absence to establish a U.S. Office of War Information in London. Rejoining the Times in 1945, Reston was assigned to Washington, D.C., as national correspondent. In 1948, he was appointed diplomatic correspondent, followed by bureau chief and columnist in 1953. •In subsequent years, Reston served as associate editor of the Times from 1964 to 1968, executive editor from 1968 to 1969, and vice president from 1969 to 1974. He wrote a nationally syndicated column from 1974 until 1987, when he became a senior columnist. During the Nixon administration, he was on the master list of Nixon political opponents. •Reston retired from the Times in 1989. •Reston interviewed many of the world's leaders and wrote extensively about the leading events and issues of his time. He interviewed President John F. Kennedy immediately after the 1961 Vienna summit with on the heels of the Bay of Pigs invasion. Stephen Kinzer's 2013 book The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War portrayed Reston as a key contact of former CIA chief Allen Dulles and that he had collaborated with the CIA in Operation Mockingbird, 11 in which the CIA sought to influence global reporting and TheThe 19601960 ConventionsConventions

Democrats Republicans • • Chicago • Organization • Rockefeller movement • Communications • Rockefeller Panel Reports • Candidates • Informed position papers • Humphrey’s bid at ended in West on contemporary issues— Virginia both foreign and domestic • • Johnson & Symington sidelined th awaiting a deadlock • “The Pact of 5 Avenue” • Tremendous outpouring of • Rockefeller declines Vice‐ sentiment for Adlai Stevenson Presidential spot • U2 incident • Nixon chooses Henry Cabot • Eugene McCarthy’s nominating Lodge for VP speech • 2 and done • Kennedy’s first round victory • Wyoming • Kennedy chooses LBJ for VP 12 ChoicesChoices forfor ViceVice PresidentPresident

Henry Cabot Lodge LBJ (Democrats) (Republicans)

The South

13 Political Oratory: Eugene McCarthMcCarthyy’s Nominating Speech of Adlai Stevenson , 1960 Democratic Convention

14 TheThe PactPact ofof 55th AvenueAvenue

22 July 1960, on the eve of the Republican convention, at Rockefeller’s Apartment. Previous discussions had reconciled Nixon & Goldwater Almost complete turnaround by Nixon in discussions with Rockefeller 1.Federal intervention to stimulate the economy 2.Federally sponsored medical program for the aged 3.A strong civil rights plank 4.Repeal of right‐to‐work laws under Taft‐Hartley Conservatives term this the “Surrender of 5th Avenue,” and Goldwater regards Nixon as untrustworthy 15 PoliticalPolitical PartiesParties inin AmericaAmerica

• Brief History • Washington warned against political conflict; and Madison In the Federalist Paper 10 counselled against political factionalism • Federalists (Hamilton) ultimateFederalists (Hamilton) ly adapted Whig policies and emerged as the Republican Party—the Party of Lincoln • Anti‐Federalist (Jefferson) (Democratic‐Republican Party or (Jefferson Jeffersonian Republicans)Democrat‐Republican split into the Whig party and the Jacksonian Democrats. The Jacksonian Democrats ultimately emerged as the Democratic Party. • Purposes • Serve as a channel for differing viewpoints/philosophies of government • Provide candidates/party platforms for primaries/elections • Centripetal counter‐balance to divergent views based on economic classes; geographic regions; political philosophies • Help to formulate public policy • Educative role • Symbolic value 16 • The importance of Parties have declined in the modern era TheThe IndependentIndependent VoterVoter inin AmericanAmerican PoliticsPolitics

Year Strong Weak Ind Pure Ind Weak Strong Dem Dem Dem Ind Rep Rep Rep

1952 22 25 10 6 7 14 14

2000 19 15 15% 12% 13% 12 12

17 The Role of Party Bosses/Political Machines “Vote Early, Vote Often” (Richard J. Daley ,Mayor of Chicago)

• Some Other Party Leaders/Bosses/Political Machines • Richard J. Daley • Colonel Jake Arvey (Chicago/Cook County) • • William Green () • David Lawrence () • Carmine de Sapio () • Michael DiSalle (Ohio) • Robert Meyner () • Thomas Prendergast (St. Louis) • E.H. Crump (Memphis) • Jesse Unruh (California) 18 • John Bailey; (CT) Fact Sheet: Left‐Right Continuum in American Political Life

The Left: the Liberal Tradition in America (Louis Hartz) •Liberalism in the United States is a broad political philosophy centered on the unalienable rights of the individual. The fundamental liberal ideals of freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion for all belief systems, and the separation of church and state, right to due process, and equality under the law are widely accepted as a common foundation across the spectrum of liberal thought. •Focus on the individual as constantly changing and reshaping himself/herself • Open to new departures in outlook, philosophy and experience • Abhors ideologies—particularly those that define mankind in a certain way •Since the 1930s, without a qualifier the term "liberalism" in the United States usually refers to "modern liberalism", a political philosophy exemplified by Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal and, later, Lyndon Johnson's Great Society. It is a form of social liberalism, whose accomplishments include the Works Progress Administration and the Social Security Act in 1935, the , and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. 19 •According to Louis Hartz, liberalism in the United States differs from liberalism elsewhere in the world because America never had a resident hereditary aristocracy,[3] and so avoided much of the "class warfare" that swept .[4] Fact Sheet: Left‐Right Continuum in American Political Life

• American Conservatism • Political Conservatives • Small government • Low taxes • Economic Conservatives • Actually economic liberalism • Laisse‐faire economy • Free market/enterprise focus • Small role for government in fiscal/monetary policy • Little regulatory oversight • Social Conservatives • Respect for traditional values and the “settled order” • Emphasis on gradual & evolutionary change rather than precipitous change • Abhorrence for revolution • Religious Conservatives • Gender issues; family issues; abortion • Legal Conservatives • Emphasis on precedence • Strict constructionalist interpretation of the Constitution • Literalism/textualism 20 • Howard Kingsbury Smith (May 12, 1914 – February HowardHoward K.K. SmithSmith 15, 2002) was an American journalist, radio reporter, television anchorman, political commentator, and film actor. He was one of the original Edward R. Murrow boys. In 1969, the veteran reporter became the co‐ anchor of the ABC Evening News, first with , then the following year with another CBS alumnus, Harry Reasoner. He began making increasingly conservative commentaries, in particular adopting a hard‐line stance in support of the . He contrasted President Lyndon B. Johnson's decisive stance in Vietnam with the international failure to take preemptive action against Hitler.[4] During this period, his son, future ABC newsman, Jack Smith (April 25, 1945—April 7, 2004), was serving with the U.S. Army 7th Cavalry Regiment in [7] and fought at the Battle of Ia Drang.[8] These commentaries endeared him to President Nixon, who rewarded him with a rare, hour‐long, one‐on‐one interview in 1971, at the height of the administration's animus against major newspapers, CBS, and NBC, despite Smith's having broadcast his "political obituary" only nine years earlier. Smith remained as co‐anchor at ABC until 1975, after which Reasoner anchored solo until joined the broadcast a year later. Continuing as an analyst until 1979, Smith left the network as the era was beginning at ABC News and full retirement age approached. Sources say that Smith was embittered over the reduction in time allowed for his commentaries and hence resigned after he criticized the revamped World News Tonight format as a "Punch and Judy show."[9] 21 THETHE 19601960 ELECTIONELECTION 22 FactFact Sheet:Sheet: CyclesCycles ofof AmericanAmerican Elections/RealignmentElections/Realignment • Electoral Realignment is indicated by a change in the dominance of one major party by that of another (a Republican era ends and a Democratic one begins), or a change in the prevailing political philosophy (liberal‐ conservative), or both. Realignments are principally cause by shifting coalitions in the voting public • Walter Dean Burnham wrote of “cycles of American electoral politics” in which “realigning elections” occur every 30‐26 years • Political historians acknowledge the following realignments: • The election of in 1800 ending Federalist Party dominance • The election of in 1828 representing the 23 triumph of the of a frontier democracy FactFact Sheet:Sheet: CyclesCycles ofof AmericanAmerican Elections/RealignmentElections/Realignment

• The election of in 1860 and the advent of the Republican Party • The election of William McKinley in 1896 representing a victory of industrialism over the agrarianism of the Democrats • The election of Franklin Roosevelt in 1932 and the triumph of New Deal liberalism and social welfare • The election of Richard Nixon in 1968 signaling a new coalition of the South, the West (the Sunbelt) suburban voters, social conservatives, economic liberals ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ • Reagan in 1980 • +36 years‐‐2016 24 19601960 ElectionElection StrategyStrategy • Nixon Kennedy •The O’Brien Manual • Reinforce the connection of •Major theme: “Let’s get this country moving the Nixon candidacy to the again” • Economy Eisenhower presidency • Defense • Emphasize Nixon’s • Science experience and Kennedy’s • Own youthfulness •Debates lack of •Political base: • Avoid debates • Unify the Democratic party • Reinvigorate the Roosevelt coalition • Strong stance against that had dominated American politics since 1932 —both domestic • Labor, farmers, white urban ethnic and international voters, Catholics, Afro‐Americans, regaining the South because of LBJ, • Solidify the Republican base city & state political machines, party and the Republican party leaders •State/regional focus: • Campaign in all 50 states • New England • Northeast & Mid‐Atlantic • Parts of the Midwest: Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin, , • As large a part of the South as feasible given LBJ’s presence 25 TheThe NixonNixon‐‐KennedyKennedy TelevisedTelevised DebatesDebates

26 TheThe RoleRole ofof ““ImageImage”” inin AmericanAmerican PoliticsPolitics

• Television fundamentally changed the nature of politics & elections in the modern era (Marshall McLuhan) • The shaping/projection of a candidate’s image has taken importance over the discussion of issues • Print is more suitable to ideas; Television to image • Candidates are measured primarily not against standards such as their viewpoints and experience, but on the basis of photogenic qualities • Style supplants substance • Style can also have symbolic value • Candidates are packaged as with any other product (The Selling of the President, 1968) • Advertising and Marketing approaches dominate • How do we assess the role of the internet and social media? 27 TheThe AdvisorsAdvisors

• Nixon • Kennedy • Len Hall • Jerry Bruno • Robert Finch • Mike Feldman • Herbert Klein • • Richard Goodwin • Robert F. Kennedy • Larry O’Brien • Ken O’Donnell • David Powers • • Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. • Steven Smith • Theodore Sorensen • Byron White 28 PartyParty Influentials:Influentials: ClarkClark CliffordClifford

Clark McAdams Clifford (December 25, 1906 – October 10, 1998) was an American who served as an important political advisor to Democratic Presidents Harry S. , John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson and . His official government positions were Counsel (1946– 1950), Chairman of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board (1963–1968), and Secretary of Defense (1968–1969); Clifford was also influential in his role as an unofficial, informal presidential advisor in various issues.[1] A successful Washington lawyer, he was known for his elite clientele, charming manners and impeccable suits.[1] In his later years, Clifford became involved in several controversies. He was a key figure in the Bank of Credit and Commerce International scandal, which led to a grand jury indictment. 29 The Economy The Role of Government The Soviet Union Communist Education/science Civil Rights 30 31 The 1960 Presidential Election

# of States Popular Electoral Kennedy 23 34.2M (49.72%) 303 Nixon 26 34.1M (49.55%) 219 Harry F. 1 .5M(.7%) 15 32 Byrd/Other

Totals 50 68.8 (62.8%) 537 (270) 33 Kennedy Nixon

Men 52 48

Women 49 51

Protestant 38 62

Catholic 78 22

White 49 51

Nonwhite 68 32

College 39 61

White Collar 48 52 34 Midwest 48 52 Louis Harris (born January 6, 1921) is an American opinion polling entrepreneur, LouLou HarrisHarris journalist, and author. He ran one of the best‐ known polling organizations of his time, Louis Harris and Associates, which conducted The Harris Poll.] Harris began working in the field of public opinion and marketing research in 1947, when he joined the Elmo Roper firm as Roper's assistant. In 1956 Harris left Roper's business and started his own firm, Harris and Associates, Inc.[2][3] The Harris firm conducted polling for political candidates. In 1960 Harris became the first presidential pollster, working for the campaign of John F. Kennedy, who was elected U.S. President that year.[3] In 1962, Harris devised a new analysis technique for CBS News to enable the television network to predict the outcome of an election based on computer analysis of voting results from a small number of "key precincts."[4] In January 1992, Lou Harris retired from Louis Harris & Associates, which had by then been owned by a corporation for some time, and formed his own company, LH Associates.[3] In 1996, the Gannett Corporation sold Louis Harris & Associates to the Gordon S. Black Corporation, which operated under the name Harris Black International before becoming a publicly traded company, Harris Interactive, in December 1999.[2] In February 2014, The Harris Poll was acquired by Nielsen. [5] 35 TheThe ElectionElection ofof 20162016 MoneyMoney && PoliticsPolitics

The costs of the 2012 Election – both Presidential and State & Congressional races—is estimated at $7 billion

36 TheThe ElectionElection ofof 20162016 MoneyMoney && PoliticsPolitics (1)(1)

• Campaign finance law in the United States changed drastically in the wake of two 2010 judicial decisions : Citizens United and Speech Now. According to the Congressional Research Service, these decisions constitute “the most fundamental changes to campaign finance law in decades.” • Citizens United v. FEC (2010): ThCitizens United v. FEC (2010): e Court struck down on free speech grounds the limits on the ability of organizations that accept corporate or union money from running electioneering communications. The Court upheld its limitations on individual contributions to political campaigns (Buckley v. Valeo, 1976), but ruled these limitations did not apply to corporate donations to independent organizations. • Speech Now (2010): the Court declared unconstitutional limits oSpeech Now (2010): n donations to organizations that only made “independent” expenditures— i.e., expenditures “uncoordinated” with an individual candidate’s campaign. Both of these decisions led to the rise of “independent expenditure only” Political Action Committees or “Super PACs.” This is the 37 so‐called “dark money” in American politics. TheThe ElectionElection ofof 20162016 MoneyMoney && PoliticsPolitics (2)(2) Background •Campaign financing laws/regulations govern the amounts that can be contributed and the level of disclosure these contributions require •Campaign financing laws can change based on the nature of the election—federal, state or local •Four sources of campaign funds: small contributors; large individual contributors; political action committees; and self‐financing candidates •Political Action Committees (PACs) • Connected PACs • Non‐connected PACs • Leadership PACs • Super PACs •501C(4) Organizations •527 Organizations •Bundlers History • Federal Election Campaign Act (1971) • Buckley v. Valeo (1976) • Bipartisan Campaign reform Act (2002) also known as the Mc Cain‐Feingold Act 38 CitizenCitizen KochKoch The Koch family (/ˈkoʊk/ KOKE) is an American family engaged in business and philanthropy, most noted for their political activities and control of Koch Industries, the second‐largest privately owned company in the United States (with 2013 revenues of $115 billion).[1] The family business was started by Fred C. Koch, who developed a new cracking method for the refinement of heavy crude oil into gasoline.[2][3] Fred's four sons litigated against each other over their interests in the business during the 1980s and 1990s.[4] Charles and David Koch have been active in American politics since at least 1980, when David Koch was the Libertarian Party's vice‐presidential nominee. Their political contributions began to attract widespread attention from media outlets in 2008, when, through their family foundations, the brothers contributed to 34 political and policy organizations, three of which they founded, and several of which they directed.[13] They have since organized a network of libertarian and conservative donors, candidates, think tanks, and other groups. They, and their political allies, have been described as a rival to the "establishment" wing within the Republican Party, and have expressed frustration with establishment candidates running in the 2016 Presidential election.[14][15] As an example of their influence, Jane Mayer noted House Speaker John Boehner's appeal to David Koch in 2011 when Boehner needed votes to prevent a government 39 shutdown.[16] Bibliography:Bibliography: 19601960 ElectionElection

Stephen E. Ambrose, Nixon (New York: Simon & Shuster), 1987 ______, Eisenhower (New York: Simon & Shuster), 1990 David Broder, The Party’s Over (new York: Harper & Row), 1971 Gary A. Donaldson, The First Modern Campaign (London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers), 2007 Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 1984 , The Fifties (New York: Fawcett), 1993 Kenneth P. O’Donnell and David F. Powers, “Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye” (New York: Simon & Shuster), 1972 Nelson Polsby and Aaron Wildavsky, Presidential Elections (London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers), 2004 Nelson Rockefeller, Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports (New York: Doubleday, 1961 Clinton Rossiter, The American Presidency (New York: Harvest Books), 1956 ______, Parties and Politics in America (New York: Cornell University), 1960 Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., (New York: Fawcett Books), 1965 ______, Kennedy of Nixon (New York:Macmillan Company), 1960 Theodore C. Sorensen, Kennedy (New York: Harper & Row), 1965 Theodore K. White, The Making of the President 1960 (New York: New American Library), 1961 Garry Wills, Nixon Agonistes (New York: Signet Books), 1971 ______, The Kennedy Imprisonment (Boston: Little, Brown), 1981 40