Uptake and the Success of Insect Farming Projects in Papua New
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Declaration of Originality I hereby declare that the dissertation ‘Uptake and the Success of Insect Farming in Papua New Guinea: Implications for Biodiversity Conservation’ is substantially my own unaided work. All information derived from published literature and other sources is acknowledged and referenced within the text. This work is being submitted for no other purpose other than the Master of Philosophy examination and does not exceed 15,000 words in length. Rob Small Date of Submission: 27/8/04 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following institutions and organisations for their financial assistance that enabled me to conduct this research: The Royal Geographical Society Rufford Small Grants for Conservation DEFRA Darwin College Department of Geography, Cambridge University I would like to thank the following individuals for all the help and support that I received from them during the course of my work: David Whittaker Mike Hudson Catherine and Stanley Aisi Peter Clark Tim Bayliss-Smith Max Ketternacker My parents and most of all Lizzie King 3 Contents DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 LIST OF FIGURES 7 LIST OF TABLES 8 LIST OF MAPS 8 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS 8 ACRONYMS 9 INTRODUCTION 10 CHAPTER 1 13 POST INDEPENDENT PAPUA NEW GUINEA 13 Colonial History 13 Economic Development 16 Population Growth and Urbanisation 18 Environment and Development 20 Conclusion 21 4 CHAPTER 2 24 INTERNATIONAL AND PAPUA NEW GUINEAN CONSERVATION 24 History of Conservation Thought 24 Integrating Conservation and Development 26 Sustainable Use of Wild Populations 29 Papua New Guinean Conservation 32 Sustainable Use Projects in Papua New Guinea 33 CHAPTER 3 35 BUTTERFLY COLLECTION AND TRADE IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA 35 The Origins of Butterfly Collecting 35 Insect Trade in Papua New Guinea 39 Development of the Insect Farming and Trading Agency 41 CHAPTER 4 51 UPTAKE AND LONGEVITY OF INSECT FARMING AND COLLECTION 51 Investigating the Success of Insect Farming Projects 51 Methods 52 Results 53 Location of Insect Farmers and Collectors 53 Provincial Longevity of Collecting and Farming 53 Total Farmer and Collector Income 53 Annual Provincial Earnings 54 Average Provincial Income 54 Patterns of Provincial Income 54 Range of Individual Income 55 Number of Insect Farmers and Collectors 55 Duration of Insect Farmers and Collectors 55 Summary of results 55 5 Discussion 56 CHAPTER 5 67 CASE STUDIES OF THE BRANDS OF COLLECTORS AND FARMERS 67 Case Study 1 – Ken Kube 67 Case Study 2 - Pine Lodge Hotel and the Illegal Trade 71 Case Study 3 – Farming Goliath in Gumi Village 74 Case Study 4 – Wau Butterfly Farmers 77 CONCLUSION 83 REFERENCES 87 6 List of Figures Figure 1 The Process of Butterfly Farming ..................................................................................................49 Figure 2 The Number of Provinces with Individuals Collecting and Farming Insects (1995-2002)................61 Figure 3 Total Income for Papua New Guinean Insect Farmers and Collectors, 1995 – 2002.........................62 Figure 4 The Income of Insect Farmers and Collectors by Province, 1995 – 2002 .........................................62 Figure 5 Income for Insect Farmers and Collectors in National Capital District, 1995-2002 .........................63 Figure 6 Income for Insect Farmers and Collectors in New Ireland Province, 1995-2002 .............................63 Figure 7 Income for Insect Farmers and Collectors in Western Province, 1995-2002 ...................................63 Figure 8 Income for Insect Farmers and Collectors in Central Province, 1995-2002.....................................63 Figure 9 Income for Insect Farmers and Collectors in Sandaun Province, 1995-2002...................................64 Figure 10 Income for Insect Farmers and Collectors in Gulf Province, 1995-2002........................................64 Figure 11 Income for Insect Farmers and Collectors in East New Britain Province, 1995-2002 ....................64 Figure 12 Income for Insect Farmers and Collectors in Southern Highlands Province 1995-2002.................64 Figure 13 Income for Insect Farmers and Collectors in West New Britain Province, 1995-2002 ...................64 Figure 14 Income for Insect Farmers and Collectors in Manus Province, 1995-2002 ...................................64 Figure 15 Income for Insect Farmers and Collectors in Madang Province, 1995-2002 .................................64 Figure 16 Income for Insect Farmers and Collectors in Western Highlands Province, 1995-2002 .................64 Figure 17 Income for Insect Farmers and Collectors in Milne Bay Province, 1995-2002 ..............................65 Figure 18 Income for Insect Farmers and Collectors in Northern Province, 1995-2002 ................................65 Figure 19 Income for Insect Farmers and Collectors in East Sepik Province, 1995-2002 ..............................65 Figure 20 Income for Insect Farmers and Collectors in Eastern Highlands Province, 1995-2002 ..................65 Figure 21 Income for Insect Farmers and Collectors in Simbu Province, 1995-2002 ....................................65 Figure 22 Income for Insect Farmers and Collectors in North Solomons Province, 1995-2002......................65 Figure 23 Income for Insect Farmers and Collectors in Morobe Province, 1995-2002 ..................................65 Figure 24 The Range of Insect Farmer and Collector Incomes in 2002 for Papua New Guinea .......................66 Figure 25 The Number of Individuals Farming and Collecting between 1995 and 2002.................................66 Figure 26 The longevity of Insect Farmers and Collectors............................................................................66 Figure 27 Ken Kube’s Butterfly Collecting Income, 1996-2002 ...................................................................81 Figure 28 Gumi Village Income from the Farming of O. goliath....................................................................81 7 List of Tables Table 1 Average per Annum Income per Province for Insect Farming and Collecting, 1995-2002..................63 List of Maps Map 1 Papua New Guinea...........................................................................................................................12 Map 2 Areas of Known Forestry Potential in Papua New Guinea .................................................................23 Map 3 Sites of Mineral Exploitation in Papua New Guinea...........................................................................23 Map 4 Insect Farming and Collecting Locations, 1995.................................................................................60 Map 5 Insect Farming and Collecting Locations, 1998.................................................................................60 Map 6 Insect Farming and Collecting Locations, 2001.................................................................................61 List of Photographs Photograph 1 Typical Papua New Guinean Marketplace..............................................................................22 Photograph 2 Woman and Child on way to Market .....................................................................................22 Photograph 3 Village Based Coffee Production............................................................................................22 Photograph 4 Male Goliath Birdwing Butterfly (Ornithoptera goliath).........................................................46 Photograph 5 A Woman with her Pet Doria’s Tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus dorianus)..................................47 Photograph 6 Northern Cassowary (Casucrius unappendiculatus) ...............................................................47 Photograph 7 Long-Beaked Echidna (Zaglossus bruijnii) ............................................................................47 Photograph 8 Hercules Moth (Coscinocera Hercules)...................................................................................48 Photograph 9 The Birdwing Butterfly Troides oblongomaculatus ................................................................48 Photograph 10 An Assortment of Beetles in the Process of Being Sorted at IFTA..........................................50 Photograph 11 The World’s Largest Grasshopper, Siliquofera grandis..........................................................50 Photograph 12 Ken Kube............................................................................................................................80 Photograph 13 Ken Kube Collecting in the PNG Forest Products Plantation .................................................80 Photograph 14 Ken Kube’s Method for Catching the Butterfly Papilio ulysees .............................................80 Photograph 15 Bob Kuri .............................................................................................................................82 Photograph 16 Gumi Butterfly Farmers – Koni Gedisa, Hans Hiob and Gedisa Eauko ....................................82 Photograph 17 Wau Butterfly Farmer – Robert Banabas .............................................................................82 8 Acronyms CBD – Convention on Biological Diversity CITES – Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species DEC – Department of Environment and Conservation IFTA – Insect Farming and Trading Agency ICDP – Integrated Conservation and Development Project IUCN – The World Conservation Union NIF – National Insect Farming OISCA – Organisation for Industrial, Spiritual and Cultural