The Coordination Committee formed by GR No. Abhyas - 2116/(Pra.Kra.43/16) SD - 4 Dated 25.4.2016 has given approval to prescribe this textbook in its meeting held on 29.12.2017 and it has been decided to implement it from the educational year 2018-19.

History and Civics

Standard Eight

Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune - 411004. The digital textbook can be obtained through DIKSHA App on a smartphone by using the Q.R Code given on title page of the textbook and useful audio-visual teaching-learning material of the relevant lesson will be available through the Q.R Code given in each lesson of this textbook. First Edition : 2018 © Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Reprint : January 2021 Research, Pune - 411 004. The Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research reserves all rights relating to the book. No part of this book should be reproduced without the written permission of the Director, Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, ‘Balbharati’, Senapati Bapat Marg, Pune 411004.

History Subject Committee Writing Group Shri. Rahul Prabhu Prof. Shivani Limaye Dr. Sadanand More, Chairman Shri. Bhausaheb Umate Shri. Sanjay Vazrekar Shri. Mohan Shete, Member Shri. Prashant Sarudkar Prof. Sadhana Kulkarni Shri. Pandurang Balkawade, Member Dr. Shubhangana Atre, Member Translation Dr. Somnath Rode, Member Dr. Priya Gohad Prof. Ajinkya Gaikwad Shri. Bapusaheb Shinde, Member Scrutiny Shri. Balkrishna Chopde, Member Dr. Ganesh Raut Dr. Vaibhavi Palsule Shri. Prashant Sarudkar, Member Cover and Illustrations Shri. Mogal Jadhav, Member-Secretary Shri. Dilip Kadam Carteographer Civics Subject Committee Shri. Ravikiran Jadhav Dr. Shrikant Paranjape, Chairman Prof. Sadhana Kulkarni, Member Typesetting Dr. Prakash Pawar, Member DTP Section, Balbharati Prof. Ajinkya Gaikwad, Member Paper : 70 GSM Creamwove Prof. Sangita Aher, Member Print Order : N/PB/2021-22/Qty.- 50,000 Dr. Mohan Kashikar, Member Printer : Chakradhar Offset Printers,Nagpur Shri. Vaijnath Kale, Member Coordination Shri. Mogal Jadhav, Member-Secretary Mogal Jadhav Special Officer, History and Civics History and Civics Study Group Varsha Sarode Shri. Rahul Prabhu Shri. Vishal Kulkarni Assistant Special Officer, History and Civics Shri. Sanjay Vazarekar Shri. Shekhar Patil Production Shri. Subhash Rathod Shri. Ramdas Thakar Sachchitanand Aphale Smt Sunita Dalvi Dr. Ajit Apte Chief Production Officer Dr. Shivani Limaye Dr. Mohan Khadse Prabhakar Parab, Shri. Bhausaheb Umate Smt Shivkanya Kaderkar Production Officer Dr. Nagnath Yevale Shri. Gautam Dange Shri. Sadanand Dongre Dr. Vyankatesh Kharat Shashank Kanikdale, Shri. Ravindra Patil Shri. Ravindra Jinde Asst. Production Officer Smt Rupali Girkar Dr. Prabhakar Londhe Publisher Dr. Minakshi Upadhyay Dr. Manjiri Bhalerao Dr. Raosaheb Shelke Prof. Shashi Nighojkar Vivek Uttam Gosavi, Controller Dr. Satish Chaple Maharashtra State Textbook Bureau, Prabhadevi, Mumbai - 400 025.

NATIONA��ANT��� Preface

Dear Students, From standard III to standard V you have studied the subjects of history and civics in ‘Environmental Studies’. In the syllabus of standard VI onwards history and civics are independent subjects. From standard VI onwards both these subjects are included in one textbook. We are happy to place this textbook of standard VIII in your hands. The structure of the textbook is designed with the objective that the subject should be properly understood, felt interesting and get inspired by the work done by our ancestors. By studying this textbook we hope that along with knowledge your learning will also become meaningful. For this purpose coloured pictures, maps are given in the textbook. Every chapter of the textbook should be studied attentively. Those parts which are difficult to understand can be explained by your teachers and parents. The content given in the table will increase your curiosity. If you want to know more, then through the medium of App using the QR code useful audio visual material related to the chapter will be available to you. It will definitely be useful for your study. An attempt is made to make history interesting and it will surely develop within you a liking for the subject. The history part deals with Modern Indian History. The textbook is written by combining new trends in history and core values of national education. By studying the textbook it will be clear as to how the principles of liberty, equality, fraternity, and justice evolved in the history of Modern India. There is an introduction to sources of history of Modern India in the textbook. Similarly an overview of the expansion of British rule in India is taken. Information about the unforgettable fight given by the Indian people to free India from the chains of British rule is given in the part of history. In the part of civics an introduction to Parliamentary Government System is given. It tells that the working of our country is based on constitution, laws and rules. Indian Parliament, Central Legislative Assembly, Judicial system of India, working of State government, Bureaucratic structure and their role in the process of democracy is made clear in this textbook.

Dr. Sunil Magar Pune Director Date : 18 April 2018, Akshaya Tritiya Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Indian Solar Date : 28 Chaitra 1940 Production and Curriculum Research, Pune For the Teachers

We have studied ancient and mediaeval history of India in the syllabus of Standard VI and VII respectively. History syllabus of Standard VIII includes the process of colonialisation and decolonialisation in India as well as the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement in post independence period. Due to the study of intellectual inspiration behind the freedom struggle, rise and development of Nationalism in India and the contribution of freedom fighters, the sense of responsibility towards Nation and patriotism among students will increase. History is a scientific subject in which sources of history are exceptionally important. While considering the changing nature of sources of history as per the time period, the sources of history are included in the first unit. There was growth of imperialism in Europe due to the age of Renaissance and revolution which led to the growth of the process of colonialisation in Asian and African continents. We are going to think about how India fell prey to the western imperialist ambition, what were the effects of British rule over India, later how did the Indians develop a sense of Identity and attained inspiration of independence. While teaching the Indian freedom struggle a complete information of events such as freedom struggle of 1857, establishment of Indian National Congress, work of Indian National Congress in the moderate and extremist phase, the Satyagrahi movements during Gandhi era, armed revolutionary movement, struggle of Indian National Army, independence of India, integration of princely states, liberation of French and Portuguese colonies can be provided to the students through the medium of audio visual sources (films, documentaries, recordings etc.), field visits, exhibitions, newspapers etc. While thinking about the political events, the students can be introduced to how the changes in social and economic fields of India took place, how the thought of social and economic equality was inculcated among the Indians. While studying the background of Indian history we have to consider the events in the formation of state of Maharashtra and the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement. In the part of Civics of Standard VII we have studied the philosophy, values expressed through the Constitution. In standard VIII the system of government created by constitution, administrative system, judicial machinery and judicial system is thought about. The relevant content should be taught with the help of contemporary events. It should be associated with the philosophy of constitution and the values and ideals reflected through it. The students should be made aware that Constitution is a living document through which democracy and rule of law comes into reality. It will help the students to be more mature in social and economic consciousness. It will be possible for the students to find the relation between democratic Institutions and various political processes. On basis of the contents given in the textbook, activities like discussions, group discussions, projects, posters, understanding different political facets based on a single subject can be done from the students. While designing the textbook constructive education and activity based teaching is given specific importance. For this purpose additional and interesting information related to the chapter is given in tabular format. Along with it through let us discuss, do it etc. how the student will remain active in the learning process is thought about. With a view to give scope to the action, thought and self expression, the self study and project is designed. For providing additional sufficient information regarding the chapter the QR code is included in the textbook, by using it effective teaching will be easier for you. History (History of Modern India)

INDEX

S.No. Name of the Chapter Page No.

1. Sources of History...... 1

2. Europe and India...... 5

3. Effects of British rule...... 10

4. The Freedom Struggle of 1857...... 15

5. Social and Religious Reforms...... 21

6. Beginning of Freedom Movement...... 25

7. Non-co-operation Movement...... 31

8. Civil Disobedience Movement...... 36

9. Last Phase of Struggle for Independence...... 40

10. Armed Revolutionary Movement...... 45

11. Struggle for Equality...... 50

12. India gains Independence...... 56

13. Fulfillment of Struggle for Independence...... 59

14. Formation of State of Maharashtra...... 62

S.O.I. Note : The following foot notes are applicable : (1) © Government of India, Copyright : 2018. (2) The responsibility for the correctness of internal details rests with the publisher. (3) The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line. (4) The administrative headquarters of Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab are at Chandigarh. (5) The interstate boundaries amongst Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya shown on this map are as interpreted from the “North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act. 1971,” but have yet to be verified. (6) The external boundaries and coastlines of India agree with the Record/Master Copy certified by Survey of India. (7) The state boundaries between Uttarakhand & Uttar Pradesh, Bihar & Jharkhand and Chattisgarh & Madhya Pradesh have not been verified by the Governments concerned. (8) The spellings of names in this map, have been taken from various sources. Learning Outcomes

Suggested Pedagogical Processes Learning Outcomes

To give opportunities to study Individually or Students in the group of two or more and to motivate the students in undertaking following activities 08.73H.01 Understand various sources of History and clarify its use in rewriting the • Raise questions on different issues and history of this period. events like ‘Why the British East India 08.73H.02 Distinguishes ‘the modern period’ from Company felt it necessary to involve the ‘mediaeval’ and the ‘ancient’ itself in the internal hereditary feuds periods through the use of sources, amongst the Indian rulers ?’ nomenclatures used for various regions of the Indian sub-continent and the • Visit places of historical importance historical events that took place in the particularly those associated with centres particular period. of colonial administration and Indian 08.73H.03 Explains how the East India Company national movement. became the most dominant power. • Gandhiji’s idea of non violence and its 08.73H.04 Explains the differences in the impact impact on India’s national movement, of colonial agrarian policies in different regions of the country like the ‘Indigo • Drawing up a timeline on significant events of India’s national movement, rebellion’. 08.73H.05 Describes the forms of different tribal • Enacting a role play on the Chauri societies in the 19th century and their Chaura incident, relationship with the environment. • Locating on an outline map of India, ‘the 08.73H.06 Explains the policies of British regions most affected by commercial crop administration towards the tribal cultivation during the colonial period’, communities. undertaking of such such projects and 08.73H.07 Explains the origin, nature and spread activities. of the freedom struggle of 1857 and the lessons learned from it. • Familiarise with the sources like 08.73H.08 Analyses the decline of pre-existing vernacular and British accounts, urban centres and handicraft industries autobiographies, biographies, novels, and the development of new urban paintings, photographs, contemporary trade centres and industries in India writings, documents, newspaper reports, during the British rule. films, documentaries and also recent 08.73H.09 Explains the institutionalisation of the writings to understand and reconstruct new education system in India. histories of various movements. 08.73H.10 Analyses the issues related to caste, women, widow remarriage, child • Expose to pedagogically innovative and marriage, social reforms and the laws criterion-referenced questions for self and policies of British administration assessment like ‘What are the causes of towards these issues. Battle of Plassey?’ 08.73H.11 Outlines major developments that occured during the modern period in the field of arts. 08.73H.12 Outlines the course of the Indian national movement from the 1870 till independence. 08.73H.13 Analyses the significant developments in the process of nation building. 1. Sources of History

We have studied the sources of Do you know ? ancient and mediaeval Indian history. This year we are going to study the Museums and History : For sources of Modern Indian History. the study of History various objects, Historical sources include material, written paintings, photographs and such and oral sources. Similarly sources based other things are preserved in a on modern technology such as audio, museum. At the Aga Khan Palace video and audio-visual are included. in Pune, we can see different objects, documents giving information about Material Sources : Various objects, the life of Mahatma Gandhi. monuments, places, coins, sculptures etc. can be included in the material sources of history. Buildings and Places : The period of Modern Indian History is believed as period of European, especially the British rulers, and governance of Princely States. In this period various buildings, bridges, roads, water supply system, fountains etc. were built. These buildings include government offices, residences of officers, Aga Khan Palace, Pune leaders and revolutionaries; palaces of rulers of princely states, forts, prisons etc. Statues and Memorials : During the Among these monuments many buildings Pre Independence and Post Independence are intact even today. Some are declared period, memorials of many personalities as national monuments, where as some were erected in the form of statues. These are converted into museum. For eg. statues are also important for the study Cellular Jail in Andaman. of modern Indian history. The various While visiting these sites we get statues provide information about the contemporary rulers and eminent information about contemporary history, personalities. The display plaque on the architecture, nature of the monument and statues gives us information about the full also the economic condition of that name of the concerned person, birth and particular period. Just as during the visit death details, brief information about their to Cellular jail in Andaman we get contribution and a biographical sketch of information about the revolutionary work the person. Just as the statues of Mahatma of V.D.Savarkar; by visiting Manibhavan Jyotirao Phule, Lokmanya Tilak, Dr. in Mumbai or Sevagram Ashram at Babasaheb Ambedkar, there are memorials Wardha we get information about the which are erected in the memory of history of Gandhian era. various events which give information 1 about the concerned event, period, people Vishnushastri Chiplunkar and Shatapatre related to the event etc. For e.g. Hutatma written by Lokahitawadi alias Gopal Hari Smarak at various places. Deshmukh in the weekly ‘Prabhakar’ comments on various social and cultural Do it. issues. Let us know : Trace out the statues and Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar and memorials in your neighbouring areas. newspapers : In January 1920, Note down the information, of an Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar started the event or personality, that you obtain fortnightly ‘Mooknayak’. But later, through it. Dr. Ambedkar had to leave for higher studies to England and hence he Written Sources : The following handed over this paper to his colleagues. aspects are included in the written sources In April 1927, Dr. Ambedkar started of Modern Indian History. the newspaper ‘Bahishkrut Bharat’. Through the medium of Bahishkrut Foreign Correspondence Accounts Newspapers Biographies Bharat he wrote for the reformation of common people and bringing unity among them. Apart from this he also Written Sources started two more newspapers, namely, ‘Janata’ and ‘Prabuddha Bharat’.

Periodicals Factory Autobiographies Books Records

Newspapers and Periodicals : Newspapers provide us information about the contemporary events. Along with it, detail analysis of a particular event, views of eminent people, editorials are also published. We get information about the political, social, economic and cultural Maps and Drawings : Map is also happenings of that period. In the pre regarded as an important source of history. independence period, newspapers like The changing nature of a city or a Dnyanoday, Dnyanprakash, Amrit Bazaar particular location can be traced through Patrika, Deenbandhu, Kesari acted as maps. The Survey of India was an important source of awakening the minds independent department established during of the people. Through the newspapers the British period. Through scientific we can study the British policies regarding methods of survey, they have created India and their effects on India. During maps of India, various provinces of India, the British period, newspapers were not cities etc. Similarly, the plans designed by only the source of political events but the architects prove important from the also acted as a source of social view of study of architecture of a building reformation. The ‘Nibandhmala’ by as well as phases of development process 2 of a particular area. For example, the among the people. Apart from freedom Department of Mumbai Port Trust has the movement, the Powadas were composed original plan of the Bombay Port. based on the work of Satyashodhak Information about development of Bombay Samaj for awakening among the oppressed city can be understood through the plans classes, the Samyukta Maharashtra drafted by architects and engineers. movement and such other events. Oral Sources : The following sources Video, Audio and Audio-Visual are included in the oral sources of Modern Sources : During the modern period, due Indian history. to the development of Technology there was a development in the art of Folk songs photography, recording, Films etc. Inspirational Powada Obviously, these photographs, records Songs or films can be used as a source of Rythmic Oral Sources Folk history. Tales prose (Ovee) Photographs : Photographs are visual Fairs, Jalsa, source of modern Indian history. With the Art Groups Interviews Narrations discovery of art of photography, photograph of various persons, events, Inspirational Songs : During the objects, structure, places were clicked. period of freedom movement various Through these photographs we get inspirational songs were composed. At information of the person or an event in present some of these songs are available a visual format. In case of mediaeval in written form, but there are many other period there are paintings available that unpublished inspirational songs memorised depict the physical features of a person by freedom fighters. Through these or visual description of a particular event, inspirational song we can get information but the authenticity of these paintings is about the conditions during pre doubtful. Comparatively photographs are independence period and also the spirit considered to be more reliable. The behind the freedom struggle could be photograph of a person gives information understood. about the physical features, dressing style Powada : Powada is a source for etc. Photograph of an event give a visual getting information about a historical image of the event whereas photograph event or the work of a person. There are of an object or a structure helps in various Powadas composed on freedom understanding its nature. struggle of 1857, valour of revolutionaries Recordings : The discovery of during British rule etc. These Powadas technique of recording was also as were used to create motivation and spirit important as photography. Recording is a form of audio source of history. During Do it. modern period, the speeches of leaders or important personalities, songs etc are Collect and present the inspirational available in the form of recordings. They songs and Powadas related to the can be used as a source of history. For period of Indian freedom movement. example. National anthem ‘Jana Gana Mana’ sung by Rabindranath Tagore 3 himself or the speeches of Subhash Compared to ancient and mediaeval Chandra Bose can be used as an audio period, the sources of study of modern source for the study of history of Modern Indian history are found in abundance India. and variety. The archaeological sources Films : Films are considered as a of this period are to a great extent found unique discovery of modern technology. in a better state. There are many written In the 20th century, there was a great sources preserved in the archives. But development in the technique of while referring the written sources, the filmmaking. Dada Saheb Phalke, in the ideology and opinions of the author year 1913, laid the foundation of Indian regarding the particular event needs to be film industry. Audio visual recording of examined. There is a great need of Dandi Yatra, Salt Satyagraha, Quit India preserving these historical sources through Movement and such other historical which the rich tradition of history can be incidents are available. Through these handed over to the next generation. films the events could be seen in reality.

Exercise

1. Rewrite the statements by choosing the 3. Write short notes. appropriate options. (1) Photographs (2) Museums and History (1) Among the historical sources ...... (3) Audio sources sources are based on Modern 4. Complete the following diagram. technology. (a) Written (b) Oral (c) Material (d) Audio-visual (2) The ...... is a museum in Pune Material which gives information about the Sources history of Mahatma Gandhi. (a) Aga Khan Palace (b) Sabarmati Ashram Project (c) Cellular Jail (d) Lakshmi Vilas Palace (1) Collect the photographs related to Indian Freedom movement with the (3) A unique discovery of modern help of internet. technology in 20th century is ...... (2) Gather information about the important (a) Powada (b) Photograph leaders of Indian freedom movement (c) Interviews (d) Films and their biographies and read aloud. 2. Explain the following statements with reasons. (1) During the British period newspapers also acted as source of social reformation. (2) Audio Visual Recordings are considered as the most trustworthy source for the study of Modern Indian History.

4 2. Europe and India

During the modern period, the various point of all ideologies. happenings in Europe had its impact on The reform movement spread India. Therefore, while studying the period throughout all sectors of human life. of modern Indian history, we have to Through knowledge, science as well as study the events happening in Europe different sections of art, we can observe during this period. the discoveries of reform movement. Period of Renaissance : In history of The art and literature of renaissance Europe, the last phase of mediaeval period period depict sentiments and emotions of i.e. 13th to 16th century is known as the human being. Literature was produced in period of renaissance. During this period local language for better understanding to reformation, religious reform movement the common people. During 1450 AD, and geographical discoveries laid the Johannes Gutenberg, from Germany foundation of the modern era. Hence this discovered the printing press. Due to this period is also known as the ‘Age of discovery new ideas, concepts and Renaissance’. knowledge reached to all sections of During this period, in the field of art, society. architecture, philosophy etc. there was a Religious Reform movement : The revival of Greek and Roman tradition independent intellectuals attacked the old which gave momentum to an overall religious ideologies of Roman Catholic development. During the Renaissance Church. The Christian priests were taking humanitarianism was given great impetus. advantage of the ignorance of the people There was a change in the outlook of and were indulged in unnecessary rituals. treating each other as a human being. They looted the people in the name of Instead of religion, man became centre religion. The movement that began against it is known as ‘Religious Reform Leonardo da Vinci : He is Movement’. Due to this movement, human recognised as an all freedom and rationalism gained more round personality of importance. the period of Renaissance. He was Geographical discoveries : In 1453 well versed in AD, the Ottoman Turks conquered different branches of Constantinople (Istanbul) which was the science and art. He capital of Byzantine Empire. The overland had mastery over trade routes joining Asia and Europe went varied subjects such as sculpture, through this city. Since the Turks blocked architecture, mathematics, engineering, this route, there was a need of finding music, astronomy etc. But he became alternative trade routes for the European world renowned as a painter. His countries to reach Asia. This led to a new paintings of ‘Monalisa’ and ‘The Last phase of geographical discoveries. Supper’ became immortal. 5 took place.Due to the various revolutionary Let us know events during 18th as well as 19th century, this period is known as the ‘Age of Geographical discoveries : Revolutions’. During this period, there During 15th century, European sailors was development of Parliamentary went on expedition to discover sea Democracy in England. There was a route to India. change in the form of Cabinet System. • In 1487 AD Bartolomeu Dias, a The Bill of Rights 1689 laid limitations Portuguese sailor, began his on the power of the King. The sovereignty expedition in search of India. But of Parliament was established. reached the tip of African continent, American war of Independence : which we now know as the ‘Cape With the background of revolutionary of Good Hope ’. development in Europe, it is equally • In 1492 AD, Christopher Columbus important to think about the American set on his journey to India by War of Independence. With the discovery sailing towards west but reached of America, the European countries turned on the eastern coast of the continent their attention towards this continent. The of America. Imperialist European countries took control • In 1498 AD, Portuguese sailor of different regions of America and Vasco-da-Gama managed to sail established their colonies. England past the Cape of Good Hope and established thirteen colonies on the East reached the Indian coast in Calicut. coast of America. Initially England had nominal domination over these colonies, but later English Parliament laid oppressive Do it. restrictions and taxes on these American colonies. The people in America revolted • On an outline map of the World against it. England declared war to show the new sea routes and supress these colonies. American colonies regions discovered by the sailors. organised the army under the leadership Intellectual Revolution in Europe : of George Washington and finally won Due to the changes during the Renaissance against England. This event is known as period, Europe proceeded from mediaeval ‘American War of Independence’. A new to modern age. Intellectual revolution nation known as the United States of took place in the same period. The society America, with a federal government, starts stepping out of the past ignorance written constitution and based on the and blind faith. The pre established principles of Democracy, was born. customs and traditions came to be seen French Revolution : In 1789 AD, from a critical point of view. All these the people of France revolted against the changes are addressed as ‘Intellectual uncontrolled and unjust monarchy and Revolution’ which gave further momentum feudalism and established a Republic. to scientific discoveries in Europe. This event is known as ‘French Revolution’. Revolution in political sphere : In The French Revolution gave to the world the early stage of beginning of Modern the three values of Liberty, Equality and period in Europe many political changes Fraternity. 6 In World history, among the political This is known as Colonialism. This revolutions, the American war of tendency of Colonialism led to rise of Independence and French Revolution have imperialism among the Europeans. a very important place. Imperialism : Imperialism means a Industrial revolution : In the latter system in which a powerful country period of 18th century, there were many controls other countries by establishing its technological innovations in Europe. There overall domination and establishing many was production with the help of machines colonies. Many countries from Asian and running on steam. The cottage industries African continent fell prey to this were replaced by big factories. Machines imperialist aspiration of the European came to be used instead of handlooms. Nations. Railway and steamer became the mode Imperialism of British East India of transportation. The age of Machines Company in India : There was began and that is known as ‘Industrial competition among European countries Revolution’. for acquiring trade Monopoly in India. Industrial Revolution began in England The British established British East India and then spread in other parts of West. Company in 1600 AD to carry out trade During this period England enjoyed in India. This company took permission industrial prosperity and came to be from Emperor Jahangir and established its described as ‘World Factory’. factory in Surat. The trade between India Rise of Capitalism : With the and England was carried out through this discovery of new sea routes, began a new company. era of trade between Europe and Asia. The British - French Conflict : Many traders came forward to trade with England and France were rivals in the Eastern countries through the sea route. It competition for trade in India. Due to was not easy to carry out trade single this there were three Wars fought handedly and hence many traders came between them which are known as together and started trade. Thus there was ‘Carnatic Wars’. In the third Carnatic rise of many Trading Companies. Trade War England finally defeated France. with Oriental countries was very profitable Therefore, now there was no strong and responsible for economic prosperity. European competitor for British East Hence European rulers started giving India Company in India military protection and trade concessions Foundation of rule of British East to these trading companies. This led to India Company in Bengal : The Bengal accumulation of wealth in Europe. This province was one of the most prosperous property was used in the form of capital province in India. In 1756 AD Siraj-ud- for trade and Commerce which led to rise Daulah became the Nawab of Bengal. of capitalist economic system in Europe. East India Company officers misused the Colonialism : Colonialism means one trade concessions obtained from Mughal country exploiting another country by Emperor in Bengal province. The English making it into a colony. A powerful built fortification around the factory at country on the basis of economic and Kolkata without the permission of the military strength occupies another region Nawab. Hence Siraj-ud-Daulah captured and establishes its political Supremacy. the factory at Kolkata. This created 7 discontent in England. Robert Clive British control over Sindh : To diplomatically bribed Mir Jafar, the strengthen the British power in India, the Commander in chief of the Nawab’s army English turned their attention towards and also promised to make him the North West frontier. They feared that Nawab of Bengal. Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah Russia might attack India through and the British Troops met at Plassey in Afghanistan and hence the English started 1757 AD. But under the leadership of Mir establishing their influence over Jafar the Nawab’s army made no move Afghanistan. The route towards to actually join the battle and hence Siraj- Afghanistan went through Sindh. The ud-Daulah was defeated. British understood the importance of Mir Jafar became the Nawab of Sindh and hence captured it in 1843. Bengal with the support of British but Fall of Sikh power : In the beginning later he started protesting against the of 19th century the power in Punjab was British and hence, his son-in-law, Mir in the hands of Ranjit Kasim was made the Nawab. Mir Kasim Singh. After the death tried to put restrictions on the illegal trade of Ranjit Singh, his of British and hence once again Mir Jafar minor son, Duleep Singh was made the Nawab of Bengal. came to the throne. On To restrict the activities of British in his behalf, his mother Bengal, Mir Kasim, Shuja-ud-Daulah, the Queen Jindan looked Nawab of Ayodhya and Mughal Emperor after the state affairs, Shah Alam formed an alliance and ran but could not keep control over the officers. a campaign. In 1764 AD battle of Buxar Ranjit Singh was fought in Bihar. After this battle, Taking advantage of this British East India Company got the right situation the British bribed some of the to collect the revenue from Bengal Sikh Sardar. The Sikh community thought province as per the Treaty of Allahabad. that the British will attack Punjab and In this manner, the foundation of British hence they launched an attack on the rule in India was laid in Bengal. British. In this first Anglo Sikh war the British-Mysore Sikhs were defeated. But still Duleep struggle : Hyder Ali Singh remained on the throne. But the from Mysore State growing impact of British over Punjab rebelled and took was not acceptable to the Sikhs. Mulraj, control of Mysore. officer of Multan, revolted against the After the death of English. Thousands of Sikh soldiers Haider Ali, his son participated in the war against the British. Tipu Sultan became In the second war the Sikhs had to face the ruler of Mysore. defeat again. In 1849 the British finally He tried his best to captured the entire region of Punjab. fight against the Tipu Sultan The Marathas were important strong British. At the end, Tipu Sultan died in rulers in India. How did the British the battle at Srirangapatna in 1799. In strengthen their foundation of rule in India this manner the British took control of the by defeating the Marathas will be studied Mysore territory. in the next chapter. 8 Exercise

1. Rewrite the statements by choosing the (2) The European countries felt the appropriate options necessity of finding new trade routes (1) In 1453 the city of ...... was to Asia. conquered by Ottoman Turks. (3) European rulers started giving military (a)Venice (b) Constantinople protection and trade concessions to (c) Rome (d) Paris the trading companies. (2) The Industrial Revolution began in 4. Complete the following table...... Sailor Contribution (a) England (b) France Reached to the tip of South (c) Italy (d) Portugal ...... Africa. (3) ...... tried to put restrictions on Christopher ...... the illegal trade of British. Columbus ...... (a) Siraj-ud-Daulah (b) Mir Kasim ...... Reached the West coast of (c) Mir Jafar (d) Shah Alam India at Calicut port. 2. Explain the following concepts. Project (1) Colonialism (2) Imperialism (3) Age of Renaissance (4) Capitalism Collect information and pictures about the work of famous painters, writers, scientists 3. Explain the following statements with during rennaissance period with the help reasons. of reference books and internet. Present a (1) Siraj-ud-Daulah was defeated in the project on it in the classroom. Battle of Plassey.

9 3. Effects of British Rule

In this chapter, we are going to study help. There were some terms laid on the effects of British rule over India. them. The Indian rulers have to maintain Establishment of East India British army in their court and have to Company : We have seen that due to pay cash or part of their territory to the geographical discoveries, the European company for its maintenance. The ruler powers reached the Indian coast. All the would not have any alliance with any European including Portuguese, Dutch, other power or declare war against any French and British entered the race for power without the intervention of the capturing the Indian market. When the British. The ruler would accept a British British came to India for trade purpose, resident in his state. Some Indian rulers the Portuguese had already settled here accepted the system and lost their freedom. and they gave a bitter resistance. Later In 1802, Bajirao II signed the friendly relations developed between them. Subsidiary Alliance treaty with the British. But, to establish the domination over This alliance is well known as the Treaty India, the British had to face opposition of Vasai. But this treaty was not from French, Dutch and local rulers. acceptable to some Maratha sardars. This The British and The Marathas : led to the second Anglo Maratha war. Mumbai was the main centre of British After the victory of the British, there was in western India. They were trying to increased interference of British into the acquire the nearby territories but the Maratha state. This became intolerable Marathas had strong hold over it. After and Bajirao II waged a war against the the death of Peshwa Madhavrao, his British. He was defeated in this battle uncle, Raghunathrao approached for help and in 1818 he surrendered to the British. from the British due to his greed for In the mean time, the capital of Mughals Peshwaship. This led to the entrance of was under the control of Daulatrao the British in Maratha politics. Shinde. By defeating the troop of Shinde, During 1774 to 1818, three wars were General Lake captured the Mughal fought between the Marathas and the emperor and gained victory over British. During the first war the Marathas Hindustan. unitedly faced the British and hence Chhatrapati Pratapsingh : Although proved superior. In 1782, with the Treaty the Peshwaship came of Salbai, the first Anglo-Maratha war to an end, Chhatrapati came to an end. Pratapsingh of Satara The Subsidiary Alliance : In 1798, was still ruling. Lord Wellesley arrived in India as Britishers signed a Governor General. His objective was to treaty with Chhatrapati establish the British Dominion all over Pratapsingh and India. For this he signed the Subsidiary appointed Grant Duff Alliance with many Indian rulers. as an officer to assist him in the state According to this Alliance the Indian Chhatrapati rulers were assured of British military affairs. But later, the Pratapsingh 10 Chhatrapati was dethroned and exiled to envied them. The working system of the Kashi. He died there in 1847. company in India received criticism in Rango Bapuji Gupte, a loyal officer England and British Parliament introduced of the Chhatrapati fought the legal battle some important laws to keep control over and went up to England but his efforts the company. were unsuccessful. Later Lord Dalhousie Acts passed by Parliament : rejected the adoption policy and in 1848 According to Regulating Act of 1773, the annexed the state of Satara. Bengal Governor came to be known as the Governor General. According to this Do you know ? act, Lord Warren Hastings became the Governor General of India. He got the Chhatrapati Pratapsingh made right to control the policies of Mumbai provision of water to the city by and Madras provinces. A committee of building a water tank on the back four members was set up to assist him. side of Yevteshwar temple and In 1784, Pitt’s India Act was passed. Mahadara in Satara. Roads were built The Act provided for appointment of a in the city. Trees were planted on permanent Board of Control for better both sides of the road. Schools were regulation and management of affairs of built for boys and girls for teaching the East India Company in India. In 1813, Sanskrit, Marathi and English. Printing 1833 and 1853 new laws were passed by press was set up and many useful the Parliament to make certain changes in books were published. In 1827, the working of the company. In this way ‘Sabhaniti’, a book on polity, was there evolved an indirect control of the printed. He built road from Satara to British Government on the administration Mahabaleshwar to Pratapgad. The of East India Company. same road further extended to Mahad. With the emergence of British rule, a Chhatrapati Pratapsingh used to write new administrative system got developed personal daily diary. in India. Civil Services, military, police force and judicial system became the Effect of British rule on India main pillars of British administration in Dual Government : Robert Clive, in India. 1765, introduced the dual government The Civil Service : To strengthen the system in Bengal. The company undertook British rule in India there was a need of the work of revenue collection whereas bureaucrats. Lord Cornwallis introduced the Nawab of Bengal had to maintain bureaucracy. Civil services became an law and order. This was known as Dual important part of British government. He Government system. restricted the private trade carried out by The ill effects of dual government the company officers and for this purpose system could be seen after certain time he increased their salary. period. Money in the form of taxes went For the convenience of administration into the pockets of the company officers. he divided the British occupied territories The Monopoly of Trade in India was into districts. The District Collector was given to East India Company and hence the chief of district administration. He many trading companies in England was responsible for collection of revenue, 11 giving justice, maintaining law and order. prevailed. Hence they inculcated an The officers were appointed through economic system in India which was competitive examinations known as Indian conducive to economic system in England. Civil Services (ICS). Due to this Britishers gained economic The Military and Police force : The benefit, but India started facing economic duty of military was to safeguard the exploitation. British occupied regions in India, acquire Land revenue policy : Before the new territories and break down any revolt British rule, the village economic system against the British in India. To maintain was self sufficient. Through agriculture law and order in the country was the and related services the needs of the duty of the police force. village were fulfilled in the village itself. Judicial system : The British Land revenue was the main source of established a new judicial system in India income of the state. During the Pre British on the basis of judicial system in England. period, revenue was based on the type of Every district had a Civil and Criminal cultivated crop. The farmer was exempted Court to solve the local cases. For from taxation in case of loss of crops. reconsideration of their judgements a High Revenue was mainly collected in the form Court was established. of grains. Even in case of late payment Equality before law : In early times, of tax, the farmer’s land was not law in India differred from place to place. confiscated. There was difference in judgement on the To increase income, the British made basis of casteism. Under the leadership of important changes in the revenue system. Lord Macaulay, a committee was setup Land was measured and as per the area to create the code of law. The Indian of the land, the tax was fixed. Payment Penal Code was enforced all over British of tax was made compulsory in the form India with British principle of equality of cash. If the farmer failed to pay tax before law. in time, then his land would be confiscated. But there were some defects in it. The British system of land revenue There were seperate courts and different collection differed from place to place laws for the Europeans. New laws were which led to exploitation of all farmers. difficult to be understood by common Consequences of new Land revenue people. Legal cases became an expensive system : There were undesirable effects affair for the community and the cases of the new land revenue system on the remained pending for years together. rural life. For payment of taxes, Indian Economic policies of the British : farmers started selling the crops at Since ancient times there were invasions whatever price it received. The merchants in India. Many invaders settled in India and brokers started purchasing their goods and were absorbed in the Indian culture. at minimum rate. At certain times the Even though they ruled here, they never farmer had to mortgage his land to the made any changes in the basic Indian money lender for arrangement of money economic system. The Britishers were an to pay the tax. Farmer became bankrupt. exception. In case of non repayment of loan, the farmer had to sell his land. The farmer England was a modern nation. Due was exploited by the government, to industrial revolution, capitalist economy zamindar, money lenders and merchants. 12 Commercialisation of agriculture : Decline of traditional industries in Initially food grains were cultivated by India : The British government obtained the farmers. It used to fulfill their domestic huge taxes on goods exported from India needs as well as the needs of the village. to England. On the other hand very less The British Government started giving tax was imposed on goods imported from more encouragement to cash crops like England to India. Also the goods cotton, indigo, tobacco, tea etc. The manufactured in England were machine process of giving stress on cultivation of made and hence there was maximum profit giving cash crops instead of food production at minimum cost. To compete grains is known as the commercialisation with such cheap products was difficult for of agriculture. the Indian artisans. Eventually it led to Famine : From 1860 to 1900, India closing down of traditional industries and faced great famine but the British rulers many artisans became unemployed. did not take much efforts to overcome it. Development of new industries in Similarly not much expenditure was made India : Due to the lack of British support, on provision of water supply. experience of management and capital, Development in transport and the Indian businessmen could not come communication system : For increase in forward in large numbers. Yet some of trade and convenience of administration, them built up their business by overcoming the British developed modern facilities these problems. like transport and communication in India. In 1853, In 1853, first Railway ran on the route Kawasjee of Mumbai to Thane. In the same year Nanabhoy Davar, British started Telegraph system in India. started the first Due to it all cities and military stations textile mill in got connected to one another. Similarly Mumbai. In 1855 the British also started the Postal System. the first Jute mill was started at Rishra in Bengal. In 1907 Jamshedji Jamshedji Tata Tata established the Tata Iron and Steel company at Jamshedpur. In India coal, metals, sugar, cement and chemical Industries came to be started. Social and cultural effects : In the 19th Century Europe, a new era took shape on basis of values like Mumbai-Thane Railway (1853) humanitarianism, democracy, nationalism, liberalism etc. This change in west led to Due to all these developments, there obvious repurcussions on India. For was a long term impact on the social life carrying out administration the British of the Indians. Due to this there was had to understand the Indian society. For increasing sense of unity among them. this purpose they started studying the

13 tradition, history, literature, as well as remarriage act. These acts were responsible music, flora-fauna of India. In 1784, Sir for social reforms. William Jones, an English officer For carrying out administration in established the ‘Asiatic Society of Bengal’ India, the British required English educated at Kolkata. Max Mueller, a German Indians. According to recommendation of thinker was a devout scholar of Indian Lord Macaulay, in 1835, English education religion, language and history. Due to started being imparted in India. Through these examples, there aroused feelings new education Indians were introduced to among newly educated Indians to study western thoughts, modern reforms, science Indian religion, history and tradition. and technology. In 1857, universities were The British introduced many laws in established at Kolkata, Mumbai and India. In 1829, Lord William Bentinck Madras (Chennai). The Western educated passed the Sati Prohibition Act. In 1856 middle class Indians led the social reform Lord Dalhousie passed the widow movement in India.

Exercise

1. Rewrite the statements by choosing the 3. Explain the following statements with appropriate options. reasons. (1) Portuguese, ...... , French, British (1) Farmers in India became bankrupt. participated in the competition of (2) There was decline of traditional capturing Indian market. industries in India. (a) Austrian (b) Dutch 4. Complete the following table. (c) German (d) Swedish Person Work (2) In 1802 Peshwa ...... signed the Lord Cornwallis ...... Subsidiary Alliance with the British. Passed Sati (a) Bajirao I (b) Sawai Madhavrao ...... Prohibition Act (c) Peshwa Nanasaheb (d) Bajirao II Lord Dalhousie ...... (3) Jamshedjee Tata started the manufacturing of steel at Tata Iron ...... Established ‘Asiatic and Steel industry established in Society of Bengal’ ...... (a) Mumbai (b) Kolkata Project (c) Jamshedpur (d) Delhi Prepare detailed information with pictures about the development by British in 2. Explain the following concepts. administration, education, transport and (1) Civil Services communication in India. (2) Commercialisation of Agriculture (3) Economic policies of British

14 4. The Freedom Struggle of 1857

In 1857, a great struggle took place exploited in every strata due to the in India which completely shook the company's rule. This resulted in increase British Government. This struggle did not of discontent against their rule. arise all of a sudden. Earlier as well Farmers and common people became many such struggles took place in India bankrupt during the company rule. In 1770, against the British. The scope of the there was major famine in the Bengal struggle of 1857 and its background was province. But the British rulers were taken into consideration by V.D.Savarkar indifferent and in his book ‘The Indian War of insensitive towards Independence 1857’. Later many Indian people. From revolutionaries got inspiration from it to 1763 to 1857 the fight against the British. peasants of Bengal Struggle before 1857 : At every participated in the place where the British rule was established rebellion led by in India, the local people had to bear the Sanyasi-Fakir. Similar ill effects of British government. The revolts took place Indians started feeling that they are Umaji Naik in Gujrat, Rajastan, Maharashtra and South India. Umaji Naik Do you know ? also gave a strong fight. He organised the Ramoshis and the local youth to revolt Paika Rebellion : From mediaeval against the British. They drew a declaration times, there was a system of Paikas and appealed to fight against the British existing in Odisha. The standing army and overthrow the government. They of various independent kings were inspired people in Pune, Satara, known as ‘Paika’. Rent free lands Ahmednagar, Solapur, Nasik, Bhor etc. In were granted to them for cultivation 1832, Umaji Naik was arrested and hanged by the king. The Paikas earned their to death in Pune. livelihood through it. In return, they The Indian tribes and forest were supposed to stand by the king’s communities also challenged the British side in case of eruption of war. rule. Their livelihood was dependent on In 1803, the English conquered forest resources. The British laws put Odisha. They took over the hereditary restrictions on it. Consequently, Bihar, rent free lands granted to the Paikas. Kolam area of Chota Nagpur, Gonds of This made the Paikas angry. Similarly, Orissa, Santhals of Bihar fought against common man’s life had also become the British. The Gadkaris from Kolhapur miserable because of rise in salt price and Fond-Sawant from Konkan also due to tax imposed on it by the challenged the British. Before 1857, some British. This resulted in an armed zamindars and royal class from different rebellion of Paikas against the British territories rebelled against the British. in 1817. Bakshi Jaganbandhu In the army of East India Company Bidyadhar led this revolt. there were many Indian sepoys. They 15 were ill treated by the company. Their Sati prohibition, widow remarriage act salary and allowances were very less were correct from social point of view, compared to the British soldiers. In 1806 but the Indians thought that it is an at Vellore and in 1824 at Barrackpore the interference in their lifestyle and hence revolt took up a fierce form. they were dissatisfied. All these rebellions took place in Political causes : After 1757 the their respective territories. They were British took charge of many Indian states. local in nature and single handed. The Later Lord Dalhousie annexed many British forcibly broke down the revolts. princely states on various causes. The Public unhappiness was supressed but it Nawab of Ayodhya was dethroned on did not vanish. This anger burst out in grounds of maladministration whereas the the freedom struggle of 1857. At various princely states of Satara, Nagpur and places the rebellion took place against the Jhansi were annexed through the doctrine British. The discontent in the minds of of lapse. Due to the policies of Dalhousie diverse classes blowed out in the form of the Indians did not consider the British this struggle and its outbreak was in the as trustworthy. form of an armed rebellion. Discontent among Indian soldiers : Causes for the struggle of 1857 : The Indian soldiers were given low status During Pre British period there were many by the British officers. They could not kingdoms in India. Whatever changes gain any post higher than the Subhedar. took place at the centre never affected the They were paid less compared to the village system. The village system British soldiers. The allowances were also continued as it is. But the British changed gradually decreased. Due to these reasons the prevalent system and tried to set up there was growing discontent among the a new system. Looking at the changing Indian soldiers. nature of village system created a feeling Immediate cause : In 1856, the of instability and insecurity in the minds British provided long range enfield rifles of the people. to the Indian sepoys. The sepoys were Economic causes : The British required to bite the end of the cartridges. introduced new revenue system to increase The news spread out that these cartridges their income. Taxes were forcibly extracted were smeared in the fats of cow and pig. from the farmers. As a result of it the Due to this the religious sentiments of agriculture system collapsed. To sell the Hindu and Muslim sepoys were hurt and British goods in India and enjoy profit made them unhappy. was the policy of the British. They The outburst : Disciplinary action imposed heavy taxes on the local was taken on those sepoys who refused industries. The handicraft and textile to use the smeared cartridges and were industry of India were ruined. Many given severe punishment. Mangal Pandey Indian artisans became unemployed. They from Barrackpore cantonment shot an had growing discontent in their mind English officer as a reaction to unjust against the British. nature of British officers. Social causes : The Indians felt that Mangal Pandey was arrested and the Britishers were interfering in the hanged to death. This news spread like culture, tradition and customs of India. 16 fire. The entire freedom struggle of 1857 the descendant regiment of Indian of Mughals, Bahadur Shah, was incapable sepoys at Meerut of fighting against the British. took part in the Understanding the condition, Nanasaheb freedom struggle and Peshwa, Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi and marched towards Tatya Tope took up the charge of the Delhi. Thousands of freedom struggle of 1857. Its effect could Indians voluntarily be seen on the Hindu-Muslim unity in joined them on the this struggle. Maulavi Ahmed Allah, way. They handed Kunwar Singh, Mangal Pandey over the leadership of Mughal commander the freedom struggle to Mughal Emperor Bakht Khan, Begum Bahadur Shah and proclaimed him as the Hazrat Mahal led Emperor of India. the revolt in various Scope of the struggle : The self regions. The nature confidence of the sepoys increased with of revolt in Delhi, the capture of Delhi. It also gave Kanpur, Lucknow, inspiration to other soldiers. The revolt Jhansi, West Bihar Nanasaheb Peshwa soon spread in North India. The Indian was more fierce. soldiers revolted in cantonments from Crushing of the struggle : The Bihar to Rajputana. The revolt spread in Indians whole heartedly fought against Lucknow, Allahabad, Kanpur, Banaras, the British, including soldiers, zamindars, Bareli, and Jhansi. Later it spread to kings, commanders and common people. South India. In the revolt, Chhatrapati The Indian sepoys started the freedom Pratapsingh of Satara and his officer struggle before the fixed time. Initially Rango Bapuji, Chimasaheb of Kolhapur, they succeeded but military strength and Babasaheb Bhave of Nargund, Bhagoji Naik of Ahmednagar were in the forefront. Royal queen of Peth, Surgana from Nasik district also participated in the struggle. In 1857, under the leadership of Kajarsingh, the Bhills revolted, whereas Shankarshah led the revolt in Satpura region. 400 Bhill women participated in the revolt at Khandesh. Tatya Tope Rani Laxmibai Leadership of the struggle : Durings the 18th C.A., after the weakening of Mughal Empire, invaders like Nadirshah, Abdali attacked India. The Marathas understood that Mughal Empire cannot react to these foreign invasions and took up the responsibility of safeguarding India. The Marathas fought against Abdali at Panipat for the same reason. In the Begum Hazrat Mahal Kunwar Singh 17 administration of British rule was vast. British but due to betrayal he was caught The British crushed down the struggle by and hanged to death. In this way, by the all means. The British made quick end of 1858, the British ruthlessly crushed recovery and within next six months down the struggle. regained the lost territories. Rani Laxmibai, Even though the struggle began with Kunwar Singh, Ahmedullah laid their the discontent among Indian soldiers, but lives. later the peasants, artisans, common Bahadur Shah was imprisoned at people, tribes came together to fight Rangoon. Nanasaheb and Begum Hazrat against the British. In this rebellion, Mahal took shelter in Nepal, Tatya Tope Hindus, Muslims stood up with a great fought for next ten months against the force. Their common aim was

18 overthrowing the International situation was favourable British from India. to the British : The Crimean war with There was an Russia was just over. The British won the inspiration of gaining war. They had trade relations with independence behind different countries in the world. The naval this struggle and strength of British was vast. Whereas the therefore this freedom Indian rebels were isolated. struggle gained a Consequences of the Freedom Struggle- national form. End of rule of East India Company Bahadur Shah Causes of failure of Due to the Company rule there was the struggle : The growing dissatisfaction among the Indians struggle of 1857 became unsuccessful due and the British rule had to face the to the following reasons- struggle of 1857. It forced the British The struggle was not comprehensive : Parliament to end the rule of the Company The struggle did not take place and instead take over the responsibility of simultaneously all over India. Its intensity ruling over the people of India through was more severe in North India, but the Government of India Act 1858. The Rajputana, Punjab, some parts of Bengal Governor General was now designated as and North west India remained aloof. the Viceroy of India. Lord Canning Lack of central leadership : There happened to be the last Governor General was no commonly accepted leader to and the first Viceroy of India. A new post fight against the British. Due to this there called Secretary of State was created in was no uniformity in the struggle against the British Government to look after the British. affairs of India. Most of the feudatory princes Queen’s Proclamation : Queen remained aloof : Just as the common Victoria of England issued a Declaration people suffered due to British rule, addressing the people of India. All Indians similarly the princes also were suffering. are our progeny. Henceforth they will not But except a few others remained faithful be discriminated on basis of race, religion, to the British. caste or birth place. Government services Lack of military tactics : Indian will be given on merit. There will be no soldiers were brave but did not use tactics. interference in religious affairs. It was They captured Delhi but could not retain made clear that the British crown will it. Similarly, the Indian rebels had limited honour all treaties and agreements made armed supply. The British had economic by the company with the rulers of princely strength, disciplined army, enough stock states and no princely state will be of latest arms and experienced army annexed henceforth. generals. Since transport and Change in composition of army : communication was in the hands of The proportion of British soldiers was British, their movements were swift. Due increased in the army. English officers to this the Indian sepoys could not were placed at strategic locations. Artillery succeed. Wars are fought not only based was kept exclusively in the hands of the on bravery but also through military British. There was division of military on strategies. basis of caste. Proper care was taken to 19 avoid Indians to unite and rebel again religion, race, territory etc. They adopted against the British. the policy of polluting the minds of Change in Policy : The British Indians by following the ‘Divide and Rule accepted the policy of non interference in policy’. social and religious aspects of Indians. Due to the freedom struggle of 1857, They also started taking care that the the Indians felt of giving a united fight Indian society will not be united on social against the British rule. The freedom grounds. They saw to it that there will struggle of 1857 became an inspiration of be constant conflicts on grounds of caste, Indian freedom movement.

Exercise

1. Rewrite the statements by choosing the (4) After the struggle, Indian army was appropriate options. divided on the basis of caste (Umaji Naik, War of Independence, Lord (5) The British imposed heavy taxes on Dalhousie, Secretary of State, Tatya Indian industries. Tope) 3. Answer the following question in brief. (1) V.D.Savarkar named the struggle of 1857 as ...... (1) What were the social causes behind the struggle of 1857 ? (2) ...... united the Ramoshis to rebel against the British. (2) Why did the Indians fail in the struggle of 1857 ? (3) After the struggle of 1857 the post of ...... was created in the British (3) Write down the consequences of Government to look after the affairs struggle of 1857. of India. (4) What were the changes in British (4) ...... was the Governor General policy after the struggle of 1857 ? who annexed the princely states. Project 2. Explain the following statements with (1) Search for the book written by V. D. reasons. Savarkar entitled ‘The Indian War of (1) The Paikas made armed rebellion Independence 1857’ and read it. against the British. (2) On an outline map of India indicate (2) There was discontent among the the regions where the freedom struggle Hindu and Muslim sepoys. of 1857 took place. (3) The Indian sepoys could not keep stand in front of the British army.

20 5. Social and Religious Reforms

Along with spread of english awareness through the newspaper ‘Samvad education, there was spread of new Kaumudi’. thoughts, new ideas, new philosophy. Prarthana Samaj : Indians were also introduced to western Dadoba Pandurang thoughts and culture. Due to it, there were Tarkhadkar established changes in social, religious, economic and Paramhansa Sabha in cultural aspects of Indian society. Mumbai in 1848. Later The modern educated Indians became Paramhansa Sabha was aware that the backwardness of India dissolved and some of was due to superstitions, casteism, old its members founded customs, class system and lack of critical the Prarthana Samaj. outlook. It was necessary to eradicate the Dadoba P. Tarkhadkar Dadoba’s brother, flaws and undesirable tendency for Dr.Atmaram Pandurang, progress of the country. And to create a was the first President of Prarthana new society based on the principles of Samaj. The prestige of the institution Humanity, Equality, and Fraternity. The increased due to the enrollment of young educated thinkers started social awareness graduates from Mumbai University. through writings to solve the various Justice Ranade, Dr. R. G. Bhandarkar problems in the society. The intellectual carried forward the work of Prarthana awakening in the contemporary society is Samaj. The opposition to idol worship, called ‘Indian Rennaissance’. monotheism, opposition to rituals were Era of Religious and Social Reforms the principles of Prarthana Samaj. They Brahmo Samaj : stressed on devotion and prayers. For In 1828, Raja reforming the society, Prarthana Samaj Rammohan Roy started orphanage, women’s education established the institutes, night schools for workers and Brahmo Samaj in society for dalits. Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Bengal. He had Shinde, a member of Prarthana Samaj, studied many established ‘Depressed Classes Mission’. languages and Through the mission an attempt was made religions. Through to solve the social problems. it his ideology of Satyashodhak Samaj : Mahatma Raja Rammohan Roy Advaita philosophy Jyotirao Phule started the Satyashodhak was developed. Monotheism, caste and Samaj in 1873. Satyashodhak Samaj class equality, protest against rituals and worked on the principle of formation of following the way of prayers were the society on basis of equality. They protested principles of Brahmo Samaj. He opposed against untouchability. They advocated Sati practice, child marriage, Purdah education among the depressed classes system. He promoted widow remarriage and women. Mahatma Phule reformed the and female education. He founded Hindu society through the medium of books like College in Kolkata. He created public ‘Brahmananche Kasab’, ‘Gulamgiri’, 21 ‘Shetkaryacha Asud’ an excellent orator. He attended the and ‘Sarvajanik Satya Parliament of Religions at Chicago in Dharma’. He severly 1893 as representative of Hinduism. criticised the traditions ‘Arise, Awake and stop not till the and customs that made goal is achieved’ was the message given discrimination by him to the Indian youth. between man and Social reforms among the Sikhs : woman, or rather The Singh Sabha was established at human being himself. Amritsar to achieve reforms in Sikh Mahatma Jyotirao Phule religion. This institute worked for spread Arya Samaj : of education among the Sikh community Arya Samaj was and bring in modernisation among them. founded by Swami Later the Akali movement continued their Dayanand Saraswati tradition of reformation. in 1875. He wrote Emancipation of the book ‘Satyarth Women : During the Prakash’ as a expansion of British commentary on rule in India, the Vedas. Ancient vedic position of women religion is true Swami Dayanand Saraswati was very miserable. religion which had They had no right of no place for casteism and there existed education. They were gender equality. ‘Go Back to the Vedas’ not treated equally. Gopal Hari Deshmukh was the slogan of Arya Samaj. The Child marriage, dowry branches of Arya Samaj were opened all system, sati, keshavapan, opposition to over India. Many education institutions widow remarriage such customs prevailed were established through the medium of in the society. The then Governor Lord Arya Samaj. Bentinck took help of social reformers Ramkrishna Mission : Ramkrishna like Raja Rammohan Roy to pass the Mission was established by Swami Sati Prohibition Act. Gopal Hari Vivekananda, a close disciple of Deshmukh, popularly known as Ramkrishna Paramhansa, in 1897. ‘Lokhitwadi’ advocated gender equality Ramkrishna Mission worked for service to through his writings in ‘Shatapatre’. the society. The In 1848, Mahatma Phule started the mission worked first school for girls at for providing help Bhide Wada in Pune. to the famine His wife Savitribai striken people, Phule supported him. patients, medical Savitribai Phule had to help to the poor, face great criticism female education from the Society but and spiritual she continued to work growth. Swami Swami Vivekananda in education. Mahatma Vivekananda was Savitribai Phule Phule established the 22 ‘Bal Hatya Pratibandhak Gruha’ in his own closing down many unjust practices in the house. He conducted a strike of barbers society. The voice for problems against against the custom of shaving the heads of the women broke out. Women started the widows. putting up their own thoughts through For gaining permission to widow their writings. Their performance in every remarriage, Pandit Ishwarchandra sectors of life flourished due to education. Vidyasagar, Vishnushastri Pandit, and Just think about it ? Vireshalingam took up special efforts. * If the social reformers had not started In his newspaper, the education of women ? Sudharak, Gopal Ganesh * At present, what kind of transformation Agarkar gave his is seen in the life of women due to staunch opinion about education ? child marriage, law of * Do you think there is a need for taking consent. Maharshi further efforts regarding education of women ? If yes, then what efforts need Vitthal Ramji Shinde to be taken ? organised a conference against the practice of Vireshlingam Pantulu Religious reforms among the Devdasi. In her book, Muslims : Abdul Latif started the social ‘Stri Purush Tulana’, reform among the muslim community. He Tarabai Shinde very established ‘The Mohammedan Literary fiercely put up her Society’ in Bengal. views about women’s Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan founded rights. Maharshi ‘The Mohammedan Anglo Oriental Dhondo Karve College’. It later started the ‘Anath developed into the Balikashram’ an ‘Aligarh Muslim Maharshi Karve orphanage for girls. University’. He His intention was to give education advocated western to all women and make them stand on science and their own feet. Through his efforts, the technology. He firmly first women’s university was set up in the believed that Muslims 20th century. Pandita Ramabai founded could make progress the Sharada Sadan and took up the only by studying Sir Sayyad Ahmad responsibility of taking care of disabled modern education and Khan children and women. Ramabai Ranade, science. through the medium of Seva Sadan Movement in Hindu Society : In Institute, started the Nursing course for 1915, ‘Hindu Mahasabha’ was established women. She demanded the right to vote to give a respectable position to the Hindu for women. Through articles, Dr.Ambedkar community. Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya spoke about the injustice towards women. laid the foundation of ‘Banaras Hindu Mahatma Gandhi also advocated education University’. Dr. Keshav Baliram of women. Women have given valuable Hedgewar, in 1925, established Rashtriya contribution during the freedom movement. Swayamsevak Sangh at Nagpur. Its aim Women’s reform movement helped in was to set up a disciplinary and virtuous 23 organisation of Hindu up Modern India. Stories, novels gave youth. V.D.Savarkar inspiration to gain independence. They also built the ‘Patit Pawan expressed thoughts on social reforms. Temple’ at Ratnagiri, During this period, women also took open to all castes of up writing. New newspapers and magazines Hindu religion. became a source of social reform and political awakening. Common dining There was development in the field of programmes were art as well. Music became more popular. Dr. Keshav also arranged. Indian style and western techniques were Baliram Hedgewar combined and a new school of painting came forward. Do you know ? Many books were written based on Science. People started realising that Manifestation of Rennaissance in experimentation and scientific attitude were other areas : Just as the reform movement, important for the progress of the Country. the development in various fields of literature, art and science during the In the history of Modern India, the rennaissance period is also important. In movement of rennaissance is very the field of literature, Rabindranath important. On the principles of Liberty, Tagore and in the field of Science Equality and Nationalism, the Indian C.V.Raman received the Nobel prize. This social reformers set up a nation wide gives us an idea of the progress in India. political movement. The study of this This progress was responsible for building movement will be dealt in the next chapter.

Exercise

1. Rewrite the statements by choosing the 3. Explain the following statements with appropriate options. reasons. (Sir Sayyad Ahmad Khan, Swami (1) The Social and religious reform Vivekanada, Maharshi Vitthal Ramji movement began in India. Shinde) (2) Mahatma Phule conducted a strike of (1) ...... established the Ramkrishna barbers. Mission. 4. Write Short notes. (2) The Anglo-Mohammedan Oriental (1) Ramkrishna Mission College was established by ...... (2) Reforms for women by Savitribai (3) The Depressed Classes Mission was Phule founded by ...... Project 2. Complete the following table. (1) Organise an essay competetion on the Work of Name of social Newspaper topic ‘Education of women’. Organisation the reformer / Book organisation (2) Collect the photographs of social Raja Rammohan ...... Samvad ...... reformers. Roy Kaumudi ...... Arya Samaj ...... Mahatma Phule ...... Gulamgiri ......

24 6. Beginning of Freedom Movement

English education made mixed effects of western education, new ideas such as on the Indian society. The seeds of Justice, Liberty, Equality, Democracy etc. nationalism were sown by the reforms of were introduced to the Indians. Rationalism, newly educated society. Due to various Scientific attitude, humanity, nationalism movements in different parts of India a these principles were accepted by the favourable situation was created to build Indians. Therefore there inculcated a a political organisation on an all India feeling that we are capable of carrying out level which will bring together the various the work of the country and its progress provincial political organisations, different is possible by following these principles. groups of politically aware people and to India is a country of diverse languages but express the aspiration of the nation by with the introduction of English language diverting the public attention towards the India got a new medium of communication. questions of the nation. Study of Ancient Indian History : Centralisation of administration The ‘Asiatic Society’ during British rule : Due to the British was established at administration, its implementation on India Kolkata by the British. brought the nation under one roof in its Many Indian and true sense. Due to identical reforms all western scholars started over the country and equality before law, study of Indian culture. the feeling of nationalism developed among The manuscripts in the people. For the convenience of Sanskrit, Persian and administration and swift movement of the other languages were army the British built network of roads examined and research and railways. But these facilities benifited Dr. Bhau Daji Lad was published. the Indians as well. People from different Indian scholars like Dr.Bhau Daji Lad, parts of India came in contact of each Dr. R. G. Bhandarkar made intensive study other, there was increase in communication of ancient Indian culture. After and the feeling of nationalism grew up. understanding that we Economic exploitation : The Indian are blessed with wealth was flowing towards England by all glorious ancient means. Due to the imperialist policy of tradition, the Indians England there was beginning of economic were awakened with exploitation of India. Farmers were a sense of Identity. compelled to take cash crops, burden of The ‘Bhandarkar land taxes, continuous famines all this Oriental Research broke down the backbone of Indian Institute’ is working agriculture. Traditional industries declined since last 100 years in which led to rise in unemployment. The Pune. Dr. R. G. Bhandarkar Capitalists exploited the worker class. Contribution of Newspapers : During Various new taxes were imposed on the this period, English and Vernacular middle class. This led to growth of discontent newspapers and periodicals came to be among the people. published. Through these newspapers, Western Education : Due to spread political and social awakening took place. 25 Newspapers like Darpan, methods. They had a hope that if we Prabhakar, Hindu, Amrit demand through constitutional methods Bazar Patrika, Kesari, then the British will give justice to our Mahratta started criticising demands. Gopal Krishna Gokhale, the Government. Ferozshah Mehta, Surendranath Banerjee Establishment of were all moderate leaders. Indian National In the session of Indian National Congress : On 28 Wyomesh Chandra Congress different resolutions were put December 1885, the first Banerjee forward by them such as, to get session of Indian National Congress was representation in provincial legislature, held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit School in jobs for educated Indians, cutting down the Mumbai. 72 delegates from different increasing expenses on military, Legislature provinces of India participated in this and Judiciary should be seperated for session. Wyomesh Chandra Banerjee, a safeguarding legal rights of Indians etc. renowned lawyer from Kolkata, was the To cause a split in the national President of this session. In this session movement the British implemented the they established the Indian National policy of ‘Divide and rule’. Congress. Allan Octavian Hume, a British Extremist Phase officer, took lead in the establishment of the (1905-1920) : All Indian National Congress. Increased Indian leaders who proportion of Indians in the administration, were politically aware reduction of military expenses by the British kept aside their government such statements were sent to differences of caste, the British. religion, language, Objectives of the Indian National province and gathered Congress : To make the people from on a single platform of Indian National different parts of India forget the differences Lokmanya Tilak in religion, race, caste, language, Congress. There were geographical territories and bring them on unanimous decisions regarding the a common platform, to understand each objectives of the Congress and taking others problems and views, to increase the forward the movement by constitutional feeling of oneness among the people, to means, but there were differences regarding take efforts for the development of the the working system. These were ideological country were the objectives of the Indian differences. From these differences two National Congress. main political groups were formed. The Moderate Phase (1885-1905) : The Moderates who advocated peaceful and early ten years after establishment of constitutional manners and the Extremist Indian National Congress their contribution who believed in severe struggle for was very slow but consistent. The leaders attainment of freedom. Lala Lajpat Rai, of Indian National Congress were realistic Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra and highly educated. They were aware that Pal were believed to be extremist leaders. through organised work a strong foundation In the early period, the Extremist needs to be built up. Western thinker’s, leaders, for bringing political awakening philosophy of liberalism, freedom, equality, among the Indians used methods like fraternity these values had an impact on newspapers, national festivals and national them. They believed in constitutional education. ‘Kesari’ and ‘Maratha’ were 26 the newspapers through which Lokmanya Partition of Bengal : The British Tilak made severe criticism on the decided to use the policy of ‘Divide and suppressive policy of the British. In Bengal Rule’ to create a rift between Hindu-Muslim province, ‘Amrit Bazar Patrika’ was a community. The then Viceroy Lord Curzon mouthpiece of extremist ideology. By contributed to it. Bengal was a very large forgetting the internal differences people province. To carry out the work of this should come together and exchange their province was difficult from administrative ideas, common people should get point of view. By putting up this reason, in inspiration from contribution of national 1905, he declared the partition of Bengal personalities, with these objectives Tilak province. With this partition, arrangement started organising of Shiv Jayanti and was made such that majority Muslims will Ganesh Utsav. For political reasons if remain in East Bengal and West Bengal for people come together then government majority of Hindus. The hidden strategy of will ban them, but for religious reasons the British was, if the Hindu-Muslims were if people come together the government divided, due to partition, then the freedom will not ban them was his opinion. In the movement will be weakened. Mandalay prison, Tilak wrote ‘Geeta- Anti Partition Movement : There rahasya’. Its core was philosophy of was public awakening against partition not karmayoga and stressed that people should only in Bengal but all over India. 16 always be in action. The extremist leaders October, the day of partition was observed established education institutions for as National Mourning Day. All over India creating a generation concerned about own there were protest meetings to condemn the language and tradition. The extremist Government’s decision. ‘Vande Mataram’ leaders were of the opinion that if lakhs came to be sung everywhere. As a symbol of people take part in the freedom of unity, ‘Raksha Bandhan’ programmes movement and challenge the British were held. Students in large number government by struggling against them boycotted government schools and colleges only then success will be achieved. They and participated in the movement. The unanimously believed that the movement leadership of this movement was in the should be made more severe. But they did hands of Surendranath Banerjee, Anand Mohan Bose, Rabindranath Tagore and not adopt the means of armed revolution such other leaders. The extent of Indian rather insisted for an extensive public National Congress increased due to the agitation. The moderates laid the foundation anti partition movement. It became a of freedom movement and the extremists national movement. Owing to the severity carried forward the movement. of dissatisfaction, the British anulled the In 1897, in Pune, the epidemic of partition of Bengal. Plague had spread on a large scale. Four point programme of Indian Hundreds of people died due to it. An National Congress : Gopal Krishna officer named Rand was appointed. The Gokhale was the President of Indian plague patients were searched out and National Congress session of 1905. He oppressive measures were adopted. As a supported the anti partition movement. revenge, the Chapekar brothers assasinated Dadabhai Nowrojee was the President of Rand. The government tried to connect 1906 session. For first time he pronounced relation of Lokmanya Tilak with this the word ‘Swaraj’ from the stage. In his conspiracy. After being unsuccessful the Presidential speech he gave the message government imprisoned Tilak with revenge. that remain united, try sincerely and fulfill 27 the aim of Swaraj, so extremist trying that this opposition should that today we will be not be successful. Gopal Krishna Gokhale, able to save lakhs of Surendranath Banerjee, Ferozshah Mehta people suffering from such moderate leaders blamed that the poverty, hunger, extremist leaders are trying to capture the diseases and India Indian National Congress. Lala Lajpat Rai will get a respectable tried to act as a mediator. As per Tilak's position among opinion, Indian National Congress was a developed countries. national platform, hence it should not be In the same session divided. During the session the tension Swaraj, Swadeshi, Dadabhai Nowrojee increased and since no compromise was National Education and Boycott, this 4 possible finally there was a split in the point programme was unanimously accepted Indian National Congress. by the Indian National Congress. Due to Supression of the British : After anti Swadeshi movement we will be self partition movement, the government was sufficient. To follow the path of Swadeshi disturbed looking at the influential public we need to bring together capital, resources, protest. To control this movement, the manpower and such other forces and from Government used the policy of suppression. this the benefit of the country could be Holding of public meetings was legally achieved. It was decided that boycotting of banned. Strict punishments were given to foreign goods is the first step and boycott those who broke the law. School children of foreign rule will be the next step. Due were also beaten up. Many restrictions to boycott we will be able to attack the were imposed on newspapers. Many roots of British imperialism, was the printing press were confiscated on grounds opinion of some of the leaders. of blame of criticising the government. Writers and editors were imprisoned. Strict Do you know ? actions were taken against the extremist leaders. This led to a severe reaction in Gopal Krishna Bengal. The revolutionaries adopted, the Gokhale founded the means of firing, bomb blasts etc. These ‘Servants of India bomb attacks were advocated through Society’ in 1905. To Kesari newspaper by Lokmanya Tilak. create love for the The charge of sedition was put on country, teach them sacrifice of self interest, differences between religion and Gopal Krishna Gokhale caste should be destroyed and to create social harmony, spread of education were the main objectives of the servants of India society. Differences between Moderates and Extremists : The differences between the ideologies of Indian National Congress rose to great extent in the Surat session in 1907. The moderates were trying to keep aside the resolution of swadeshi and boycott. The Lal-Bal-Pal 28 Lokmanya Tilak for which he was sent to 1916, under the leadership of Lokmanya Mandalay jail at Myanmar for 6 years Tilak, an attempt was made to resolve the imprisonment. Bipin Chandra Pal was dispute in the Indian National Congress. sentenced to jail and Lala Lajpat Rai was In the same year there was an agreement deported from Punjab. between Indian National Congress and Establishment of Muslim League : Muslim League known as the ‘Lucknow The British became very disturbed looking Pact’. According to this pact, the Indian at the overwhelming response to the Indian National Congress agreed to seperate National Congress in the anti partition electorates to Muslims and Muslim League movement. The British once again followed agreed to support the Indian National the policy of ‘divide and rule’. They Congress in its work for getting political started using the propaganda that for rights to India. Home Rule safeguarding the interest of Muslims they Movement : In 1914, should have a seperate political when Lokmanya Tilak organisation. Due to the motivation of the was released from the British government a committee of upper Mandalay Jail, the first class Muslims under the leadership of Aga world war had begun Khan met Governor General Lord Minto. in Europe. The direct Due to the motivation from Lord Minto consequences of this and other British officers, the Muslim war had to be beared League was established in 1906. by India as well. The Morley-Minto Act : There was Dr. Annie Besant rates of basic necessary dissatisfaction among the Indians regarding commodities increased. the work of British government. The Many restrictions were put up on the Indians Indians felt that the reason of poverty in by the British government. This led to India was the economic policy of the increased dissatisfaction in the minds of British. Oppressive policy of Lord Curzon, Indians. In these circumstances, Dr. Annie exclusion of educated Indians in Besant and Lokmanya Tilak started the government services, unjust behaviour Home Rule movement. Home Rule means towards Indians in Africa, all this added self government. Such movement also to the dissatisfaction of the Indian people. began in Ireland against Colonialism. On As a temporary remedy on the discontent similar lines, Home Rule movement among Indians, the Morley Minto Reform demanded right of self government in India. Act of 1909 was passed. According to this Annie Besant and Lokmanya Tilak made act, it increased the number of Indian extensive tour in different parts of the members in the Legislative Assembly and country and the demand for self government provision of inclusion of some elected reached the common people. Tilak firmly Indian representatives in Legislative stated that, ‘Swaraj is my birthright and I Assembly was made. In the same act shall have it’. seperate electorates were provided to the First World War and India : The war Indian Muslims. Due to this conspiracy of atmosphere in Europe, growing the British the seeds of division in India dissatisfaction in the minds of Indians, were sown. popularity of Home Rule movement; in Lucknow Pact : In the Lucknow such conditions it was necessary for the session of Indian National Congress in British to get cooperation from the Indians.

29 The British government decided to provide Chelmsford Reform Act’. According to this some political rights to the Indians. In 1917, Act, less important departments were Montague, Secretary of State for India, transfered to the Indian ministers, whereas declared that step by step Indians will be the important departments like Finance, given the right to self government and Home affairs and Revenue were under the responsible political system. Tilak also control of the Governor. The 1919 Act did declared that if the government is going to not give much exposure to the demand for show sympathy and considerable attitude Responsible Government of Indians. towards the demands of the Indians, only Everybody was disappointed due to this then Indian public is ready to co-operate act. Tilak criticised the act in following the British. This policy of Lokmanya Tilak words, ‘This is neither Swaraj nor its is known as ‘Responsive Cooperation’. foundation’. The Indians understood that Montague Chelmsford Reform Act : if they have to subdue the British In 1919, the British Parliament passed government then the agitation needs to be another act to bring constitutional reforms more rigorous. India got prepared for a in India. This act is known as ‘Montague new movement.

Exercise

1. (A) Rewrite the statements by choosing 3. Write Short Notes. the appropriate options. (1) Objectives of Indian National (1) The Servants of India Society was Congress founded by ...... (2) Anti Partition Movement (a) Ganesh Vasudev Joshi (3) Four point program of Indian (b) Bhau Daji Lad (c) M.G.Ranade National Congress (d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale 4. Explain the background behind the (2) The first session of Indian National establishment of Indian National Congress was held at ...... Congress with the help of following (a) Pune (b) Mumbai points. (c) Kolkata (d) Lucknow • Centralisation of administration (3) ...... wrote the Geeta Rahasya. • Economic exploitation (a) Lokmanya Tilak • Western education (b) Dadabhai Nowrojee • Study of Ancient Indian History (c) Lala Lajpat Rai • Role of newspapers (d) Bipinchandra Pal (B) Write the names Project (1) Moderate leaders ______Collect additional information about the (2) Extremist leaders ______leaders of early phase of Indian National 2. Explain the following statements with Congress with the help of internet. reasons. (1) In the struggle for independence, a sense of identity was awakened among the Indians. (2) Two groups were formed in the Indian National Congress. (3) Lord Curzon decided to partition Bengal. 30 7. Non-co-operation Movement

In the Indian national movement the of Satyagraha to gain justice for common period from 1920 to 1947 is known as the people. ‘Gandhian era’. After the death of Philosophy of Satyagraha : Gandhiji Lokmanya Tilak in 1920, the reigns of brought in a novel technique of Satyagraha national movement went into the hands of in the popular movement. Satyagraha Mahatma Gandhi. He gave a new direction means insistence of truth. The main to the freedom movement with the principles objective of Satyagraha is through patience of Truth, Non violence and Satyagraha. and Satyagraha an unjust person is made Due to the influential leadership of aware of truth and justice and also bring Mahatma Gandhi the national movement transformation in his views. A person became more comprehensive. This led to following satyagraha should never use the beginning of a new era in the freedom violence and untruth means, was the movement of India. teachings of Gandhiji. Role of Gandhiji in South Africa : Later, not only in India but in Mahatma Gandhi went to South Africa many parts of world people adopted the for some legal work path of Satyagraha to fight against in 1893. South injustice. Gandhiji’s path of Satyagraha Africa was a colony made on impact on Martin Luther King of the British. Many who was struggling for the rights of the Indians had settled Blacks in America, as well as on Nelson there for business, Mandela in South Africa. trade and such Champaran Satyagraha : In Bihar, other work. The the farmers of Champaran region were Indians in South forced to cultivate indigo. The cultivators Mahatma Gandhi Africa were treated suffered economically since they received as criminals and humiliated at all times. fixed amount from the planters. Gandhiji In 1906, the Government declared that went to Champaran in 1917. He organised the it was compulsory for the blacks to the farmers in Champaran and launched carry an identity card and their freedom agitation by following the way of was restricted as well. Gandhiji followed Satyagraha. Gandhiji’s first war of the path of Satyagraha against the independence in India became successful injustice and gained justice for the people. and the farmers were given justice. Ganhiji arrives in India : On 9th Kheda Satyagraha : Due to constant January 1915, Gandhiji returned to India famines in Kheda district, Gujrat, the crop from South Africa. As suggested by Gopal had failed. Still land tax was forcibly Krishna Gokhale, he made a tour of the collected by the Government. Gandhiji entire nation. He became sad looking at suggested that the farmers should refuse the misery and poverty of the people. He to pay the tax. The farmers began the took up the vow of service to the nation. movement for scraping of tax at Kheda in He stayed at the Sabarmati Ashram in 1918. Gandhiji accepted the leadership of Ahmedabad. He followed a new technique this movement. Within a short period of 31 time, the Government suspended the tax. entering the province of Punjab. General Workers movement at Ahmedabad : Dyer issued orders of ban on public During the first world war there was great meetings in Amritsar. Important leaders inflation. Mill workers demanded for rise like Dr.Satyapal and Dr.Kitchelu were in salary. But the mill owners rejected arrested for their involvement in Amritsar this demand. As per Gandhiji’s advice, Hartal case. the workers went on hunger strike. Finally, As a protest against this, on 13th the mill owners had to back off and the April 1919, on a Baisakhi day, the people salary of workers was increased. of Amritsar assembled at a place named Satyagraha against Rowlatt Act : Jallianwala Baug. General Dyer arrived In the first world war, the Indians had with armed force. The place was enclosed helped the British. The Indians felt that from all sides and had only one small after the world war is over there will be gate. General Dyer positioned his army a system of governance for taking decisions and closed down the only gate. Without for well being of the Indians. There was giving any prior notification to the growing unrest among the Indians regarding disarmed innocent people, he ordered his the increasing prices, taxes etc. soldiers to fire. 1660 rounds, had been To supress this discontent and to fired. The army continued firing until the suggest measures about it, a Committee ammunition was over. In this massacre was appointed under Sir Sydney Rowlatt. about 400 people including men and According to recommendations of this women were killed. Many people were committee a new law was passed without wounded. After firing curfew was considering the opposition of Indian announced and hence immediate treatment members in Central Legislative Assembly to the injured could not be made available. on 17 March 1919. This law came to be In entire Punjab, military law was known as ‘Rowlatt Act’. This Act gave the enforced and many were sent to jail by right to the government to arrest anybody the government. without any warrant or imprison without General Michael O’Dwyer, Governor any trial. Appeal was prohibited against of Punjab, was responsible for this the punishment given through this act. The massacre. All over India there was protest Indians called this act as ‘Black Act’ and against this act. As a a tide of anger arouse all over India against protest against this this act. Gandhiji launched a Satyagraha massacre, against it. On 6th April 1919, he appealed Rabindranath Tagore to the Indians to follow Hartal all over gave away the title of India against the Act. Indians responded to ‘Sir’ bestowed on him this appeal on a large scale. by the British Jallianwala Baug Massacre : The Government. Later movement that aroused against the Indians demanded for Rabindranath Tagore Rowlatt Act took over a fierce form in enquiry of this the province of Punjab. Amritsar became massacre, hence the British government the main centre of this movement. The appointed the Hunter Commission. Government had started the spate of Khilafat Movement : Muslims all supression. Gandhiji was prohibited from over the world regarded the ruler of Turkey 32 as their religious leader. During the first Das etc. boycotted the court by giving up world war Turkey fought against the their practice. During this period, with the British. To get the support of the Indian boycott of schools and colleges, the Muslims in the war, the British had assured scheme of national education was run. that after the end of the war, Khalifa’s Many National schools, colleges and empire will not be harmed. But after the universities were established. There was end of First World War England did not boycott of coming elections, boycott and stick to its assuarance. A tide of great bonfire of foreign clothes. Due to this the discontent aroused among the Muslims. import of foreign clothes decreased. The movement started by Indian Muslims In 1921, during the visit of Prince of to support the Khalifa was called ‘Khilafat Wales, he was welcomed by organising Movement’. Gandhiji thought that on this hartal. Lonely roads and closed shops problem if the Hindus and Muslims come welcomed the Prince. The movement together and start a national movement spread from the planters in Assam to rail then the government can surely be brought workers in Bengal. To bring the movement to its senses. Therefore Gandhiji supported under control the British government the Khilafat Movement. The Khilafat undertook supressive measures. Committee accepted Gandhiji’s proposal In February 1922, the Police opened of following non-co-operation to the fire on a peaceful procession at Chauri government. Hindu-Muslim unity was seen Chaura in Gorakhpur district of Uttar especially during this period. Pradesh. The people were angry and set Non-co-operation Movement : The fire to the police station in which along concept behind the Non-co-operation with one officer, 22 policemen were killed. movement was that, the British government Due to this incident, Gandhiji was hurt. in India is dependent only on the On 12 February 1922, Gandhiji suspended co-operation of the Indians. If the Indians the Non-co-operation Movement. adopted complete non-co-operation then the British government will completely Do you know ? collapse. With this intention he evoked Mulshi Satyagraha : During the non- the people of India to take part in this co-operation movement, the farmers of movement. Mulshi Taluka in Pune district launched In 1920, the Indian National Congress satyagraha against the government. session was held at Nagpur. The resolution Senapati Pandurang Mahadev Bapat led of Non-co-operation movement put forth by the Mulshi satyagraha, for which he was Chittaranjan Das was accepted. All reigns punished with six years of imprisonment. of the movement were given in the hands of Gandhiji was arrested in March 1922 Mahatma Gandhi. According to this for writing three anti-national articles in resolution, a programme was framed to ‘Young India’. Special court was set up boycott Government offices, courts, foreign at Ahmedabad and Gandhiji was sentenced goods, Government schools and colleges. six years of imprisonment. Progress of Non-co-operation Later, on grounds of ill health, Gandhiji Movement : On the background of Non- was released from the jail. Gandhiji, along co-operation movement, many eminent with non-co-operation movement, took up lawyers like Motilal Nehru, Chittaranjan constructive programmes which mainly 33 included spread of Swadeshi, Hindu- Muslim unity, prohibition of alchohol, removal of untouchability, popularise use of Khadi, national education etc. Due to these constructive programmes, the national movement became more comprehensive in rural areas. Swaraj Party : The members of Indian National Congress such as Chittaranjan Das, Motilal Nehru put up the idea of contesting elections and obstructing the work of the British Simon Go Back government. In 1922, the Swaraj Party shouting the slogans like ‘Simon Go was established. In 1923, many members Back’. of Swaraj Party were elected in the Central There was lathi charge on the Legislative Assembly and Provincial demonstrators. At Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai Legislative Council, mainly including was leading the demonstration against the Motilal Nehru, Madan Mohan Malviya, Simon Commission. The police lathi Lala Lajpat Rai and N.C.Kelkar. When charged the demonstrators. Saunders, a the political movement in the country police officer, calmed down, then the fight in the attacked Lalaji with Legislative Assembly was strengthened by a lathi. After the the Swaraj Party. They severely opposed attack, in a protest the unjust policies of British. They meeting, Lalaji said, demanded that Responsible Government “Every blow on my should be given to India in future. They body will prove a made a resolution to be passed in the nail in the coffin of Legislative Assembly for the release of the British Empire”. political leaders from prison, to call for Within few days of Lala Lajpat Rai the Round Table Conference. The the attack Lalaji died. government rejected most of the resolutions. Nehru Report : Berkenhead, Secretary Simon Commission : The reforms of State of India, criticised that the Indian introduced by the Montague Chelmsford leaders cannot draft a unanimously Act of 1919 were unsatisfactory. Hence accepted constitution. This challenge was there was discontent among the Indian accepted and an all party Committee was people.On this background, the British formed. Pandit Motilal Nehru was the appointed a commission under the Chairman of this Committee. chairmanship of Sir John Simon. In this To establish self government in the commission, none of the Indian member colonies of India, implement Adult Franchise was included. Hence the Congress decided system, linguistic division of provinces such to boycott the commission. proposals were put up in this report. This In 1928, the commission arrived in report was known as ‘Nehru Report’. India. Wherever it travelled, the people By the end of 1929, an indication was made demonstrations against them, by given that if the Nehru report is not accepted 34 by the government then the civil disobedience objective of National movement was movement will be started. On this complete independence of India. background, in December 1929, the Lahore On 31st December 1929, Pandit Nehru session presided by Pandit Jawaharlal unfurled the tri colour flag and a resolution Nehru became memorable in history. was passed in which 26 January was Demand for Poorna Swaraj : The declared to be objective of Indian National Congress of celebrated as Dominion status was not acceptable to Independence Day. On many young members. Young leaders like 26 January 1930, Pandit Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose people all over the were demanding complete independence. country took pledge i.e. poorna swaraj. Due to the influence of for carrying out the this young group, in the Lahore session of freedom movement Indian National Congress, resolution of with non violent means attainment of complete independence was Pandit Nehru for attainment of passed. Through this resolution Indian independence of India. Everywhere in the national Congress gave up the objective of country, the atmosphere was charged with dominion status. From here onwards, the a new spirit.

Exercise

1. Rewrite the statements by choosing the 3. Answer the following questions in 25- appropriate options. 30 words. (1) Gandhiji began his career from the (1) Explain the philosophy of Satyagraha. country of ...... (2) Why was the Swaraj Party (a) India (b) England established ? (c) South Africa (d) Myanmar 4. Explain the following statements with (2) The farmers started the no-tax reasons. movement in the district of ...... (1) Rowlatt Act was opposed by the (a) Gorakhpur (b) Kheda people of India. (c) Solapur (d) Amravati (2) Gandhiji suspended the Non-co (3) As a protest to Jallianwala Baug -operation Movement. massacre, Rabindranath Tagore (3) The Indians boycotted the Simon returned the title of ...... bestowed Commission. upon him by the British Government. (4) Khilafat Movement was started in (a) Lord (b) Sir India. (c) Raobahadur (d) Raosaheb Project 2. Answer the following questions in one Trace out the pledge of independence sentence. that was taken on 26th January 1930 (1) Which restriction were put up on the and read it aloud collectively in the Blacks in South Africa according to classroom. the declaration of 1906? (2) Where did Gandhiji launch the first satyagraha in India? (3) Which officer gave orders of firing in the Jallianwala Baug ?

35 8. Civil Disobedience Movement

After the resolution of Complete fearless and join the Civil Disobedience Independence was passed in the Lahore Movement. Due to Gandhiji’s speeches session, Mahatma Gandhi decided to message of Civil Disobedience Movement launch the Civil Disobedience Movement. spread everywhere and a favourable Before beginning this movement, Gandhiji atmosphere was created. On 5 April 1930, put up various demands in front of the Gandhiji reached Dandi. On 6 April British Government. One of the important Gandhiji broke the salt act by picking up demand was to cancel the salt tax and the salt laying on the sea shore of Dandi monopoly of British Government for and the Civil Disobedience Movement manufacture of salt. But because the started all over the country. demands of Gandhiji were rejected by the The Peshawar Satyagraha : In the Government he decided to launch North West Frontier, Khan Abdul Gafar Satyagraha all over India by breaking the Khan was the most loyal follower of salt act. Mahatma Gandhi. He was also known as ‘Frontier Gandhi’. He had founded the organisation called ‘Khuda-i-Khidmatgar’. On 23 April 1930, he started satyagraha at Peshawar. The town was in the hands of the satyagrahis nearly for a week. The British Government gave orders to the Garhwal regiment to carry out open firing on the Satyagrahis, Dandi March but Chandrasing Salt is an important ingredient in the Thakur, an officer of food of common people. Hence it was Garhwal Regiment, unjust to impose tax on an essential refused to open fire. commodity like salt. Therefore Gandhiji He was court Khan Abdul started the Salt Satyagraha. Salt Satyagraha martialled and was Gafar Khan was symbolic. The extensive objective given a severe punishment. behind it was to break the oppressive and The British Government found itself in unjust laws of the British Government a difficult situation due to the satyagraha through peace and Satyagraha. launched by Mahatma Gandhi. On 4 May Gandhiji chose Dandi, a seashore, in 1930 Gandhiji was arrested. Supressive Gujarat to begin the Salt Satyagraha. On measures were undertaken all over the 12 March 1930 Gandhiji set out from country. There was protest all over the Sabarmati Ashram with 78 followers for country due to the arrest of Mahatma launching the Salt Satyagraha. A distance Gandhi. of approximately 385 km was covered on Solapur Satyagraha : The mill foot and Gandhiji delivered speeches in the workers were on the forefront in the Solapur villages on the way. Through the speeches satyagraha. On 6 May 1930, hartal was Gandhiji appealed to the people to be observed in Solapur. A huge procession 36 was organised in Solapur. The District continued endlessly. In Maharashtra, salt Collector gave orders of firing on the satyagraha took place at Wadala, Malvan procession. and Shiroda. Many volunteers along with Shankar Where there were no salt-pans, the Shivdare died in the firing. As a result, forest laws were broken. There were jungle people started attacking police stations, satyagrahas at Bilashi, Sangamner, railway station, courts, municipal buildings Kalavan, Chirner and Pusad in Maharashtra. etc. The Government declared Martial Law The tribal people also took part in the and the agitation was supressed. Those satyagraha in large numbers. who took lead in this movement, such as Sacrifice of Babu Genu : In Mumbai, Mallappa Dhanshetti, Shrikrishna Sarda, there was agitation against foreign goods. Qurban Hussain and Jagannath Shinde The vehicles transporting foreign goods were hanged to death. were obstructed. Babu Genu Said, a mill worker, from Mumbai was in the forefront in this movement. A truck carrying foreign goods, safeguarded by the police, came in front of Babu Genu. To stop the truck he lied down on the road. Police threatened him, but he did not move Mallappa Dhanshetti Shrikrishna Sarda from his place. Finally he was crushed under the truck. Babu Genu Babu Genu gained martyrdom. This

Do you know ? Features of Civil Disobedience Movement : • All the movements, till now, were Qurban Hussain Jagannath Shinde limited only to urban areas. But this Dharasana Satyagraha : The movement became a nationwide satyagraha at Dharasana in Gujarat was led movement. People from rural areas by Sarojini Naidu. registered their participation. The police lathi • Women also took part in large charged on the numbers. Kasturba Gandhi, Kamladevi satyagrahis who came Chattopadhyay, Avantikabai Gokhale, forward to break the Lilavati Munshi, Hansaben Mehta led Salt Act. The the satyagraha. satyagrahis silently • This movement was based on complete tolerated the blows non violence. The British Government of the lathi. When was trying to greatly suppress the they were taken away Sarojini Naidu movement, but the people protested for medical aid, another batch of satyagrahis unarmed. Due to this the Indian came forward to replace them. This people became fearless. 37 sacrifice of Babu Genu gave inspiration to of India. Consequently Indian National the national movement. Congress withdrew the Civil Disobedience Round Table Conference : In the Movement and agreed to attend the Round opinion of British Prime Minister Ramsay Table Conference. Mac Donald, while the Civil Disobedience Second Round Table Conference : In Movement was going on , the constitutional 1931, the second round table conference issues regarding India should be thought was organised. Mahatma Gandhi attended over. For this purpose he organised a this conference as a representative of the conference at London. This conference is Indian National Congress. Along with the known as ‘Round Table Conference’. In Indian National Congress, representatives the period between 1930 to 1932, three of various castes and communities, political round table conferences were organised. parties as well as princely states were First Round Table Conference : invited. The Government put forth the issue Ramsay MacDonald was the chairman of of minorities in the Round Table Conference. the Round Table Conference. There were differences regarding this issue Representatives of England and India and also regarding the nature of the participated in the Conference. These prospective Federal constitution. Gandhiji included Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Sir tried to bring unanimity in the opinion but Tej Bahadur Sapru, Barrister Jinnah etc. In was unsuccessful. Finally Gandhiji became the conference there were discussions on disappointed and returned back to India. various topics such as Responsible Poona Pact : Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Government at central level, establishment represented the of federal State in India etc. Representatives Dalits in the Round of different political parties in India and Table Conference. rulers of Princely states participated in the He demanded conference. However, the Indian National seperate electorates Congress did not participate in it. The for the Dalits. After Indian National Congress was a body that the Second Round represented the country. Without its Table Conference participation, the deliberations in the Round the British Prime Table Conference were indeed meaningless. Minister Ramsay Gandhi-Irwin Pact : The British Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar MacDonald declared Prime Minister expressed his hope of ‘Communal Awards’. According to it, Dalits participation of Indian National Congress were given seperate electorates. Gandhiji in the Second Round Table Conference. In went on fast unto death at Yerwada jail view of the appeal made by the Prime protesting against the granting of seperate Minister, the Viceroy released Mahatma electorate on the basis of caste. The leaders Gandhi and other leaders from prison. of Indian National Congress requested Dr. Thus, a conducive atmosphere was created Babasaheb Ambedkar to reconsider the for the Congress to discuss the issues demand for seperate electorates. Keeping freely. A pact was signed between Mahatma in mind the interest of the nation Gandhi and Viceroy Irwin which is known Dr.Ambedkar was ready to accept this as the ‘Gandhi-Irwin Pact’. According to request. In 1932 Mahatma Gandhi and this pact, the British Government assured Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar signed the that the system of Responsible Governemt famous Poona Pact. According to this pact would be added in the proposed constitution seperate electorates for the Dalits was 38 cancelled and a provision for reserved was immediately arrested. Hence there was seats was made. discontent among the people. Third Round Table Conference : In Government responded to this November 1932 the Third Round Table movement by using inhuman oppressive Conference was organised in England. The methods. There was strangling of civic Indian National Congress boycotted the rights everywhere. The Indian National conference. Thus this conference proved to Congress and its associated institutions be futile. were declared illegal. Restrictions were Second Phase of Civil Disobedience levied on national newspaper and literature. Movement : Gandhiji returned to India Finally in April 1934 Gandhiji withdrew from the Second Round Table Conference the movement and the historic phase of with a dejected mind. He decided to restart Civil Disobedience Movement came to an the Civil Disobedience Movement. Gandhiji end.

Exercise

1. Rewrite the statements by choosing the withdraw the Civil Disobedience appropriate options. Movement ? (Mahatma Gandhi, Khuda-i-Khidmatgar, 4. Complete the following timeline of Civil Ramsay Mac Donald, Sarojini Naidu) Disobedience Movement. (1) ...... organised the Round Table 12 March 6 April 23 April 4 May 6 May Conference in London. 1930 1930 1930 1930 1930 (2) Khan Abdul Gafar Khan established the organisation named ______. (3) ...... led the Dharasana Satyagraha. (4) In the Second Round Table Conference Project ...... participated as a representative of Indian National Congress. (1) Gather additional information along with photographs about the work of 2. Explain the following statements with following personalities in the Civil reasons. Disobedience Movement and exhibit (1) Chandrasingh Thakur was court it in the class. (a) Sarojini Naidu martialled and severely punished. (b) Khan Abdul Gafar Khan (c) Babu (2) The Government declared Martial Genu Said. Law at Solapur. (3) The deliberations in the First Round (2) Plot on an outline map of India ,the Table Conference proved to be places mentioned in the chapter where meaningless. the Civil Disobedience Movement (4) Gandhiji began fast unto death in the took place. Yerwada jail. 3. Answer the following questions in 25 to 30 words. (1) Why did Gandhiji decide to break the Salt Act to begin the satyagraha all over the country ? (2) Why did the Indian National Congress

39 9. Last Phase of Struggle for Independence

In this chapter we are going to study proposal of India in front of the Indians. the Quit India Movement, underground But none of the political party was satisfied movement and the contribution of Indian with this proposal. The Indian National National Army. Congress rejected the proposal since there Act of 1935 : This Act made a was no clear mention of complete provision for the British governed Indian independence. Since there was no mention provinces and Princely States to form a of creation of Pakistan, the Muslim League federation. According to this act, the also rejected the Cripps Mission. working of British governed provinces will Second World War and Indian be handed over to the Indian representatives. National Congress : The Second World If the princely states join the federation War began in Europe in 1939. The then then they would lose their autonomy, hence Viceroy Lord Linlithgo declared that India they refused to join. Therefore the proposal has joined the war on the side of the of federal state in the Act was not brought British. England claimed that it is fighting into practice. to save Democracy in Europe. The Indian Provincial Cabinets : The Indian National Congress demanded that if the National Congress was not satisfied with claim was true then England should the Act of 1935, but still decided to take immediately grant freedom to India. part in the elections of Provincial legislature England refused to fulfill this demand and provided by the Act. In 1937, elections therefore the provincial ministers of Indian were held in eleven provinces in the National Congress resigned in November country. Among these, Indian National 1939. Congress gained majority over eight Quit India Movement : After the provinces and came to power. In other Cripps mission, the Indian National three provinces none of the party could Congress decided to start an intense achieve majority and therefore mixed movement for attaining independence. The cabinet was formed. Working Committee of the Congress passed The Cabinet ministers of Indian a resolution on 14 July 1942 at Wardha. National Congress did useful work for the The resolution demanded that the British people such as release of political prisoners rule in India be ended immediately and from jail, introduction of basic education, India should be given independence. If this prohibition of liquor, measures undertaken demand was not fulfilled then the Indian to improve condition of the Dalits, passing National Congress warned to start a non of Act giving debt relief to the farmers etc. violent movement for freedom of India. Cripps Mission : During the second Quit India Resolution : On 7 August world war, England supported America 1942, the session of Indian National against Japan. The Japanese army reached Congress was held at Gowalia Tank the eastern borders of India. The British (Kranti Maidan) in Mumbai. Maulana realised that if Japan attacks India, then Abul Kalam Azad was the President of they will need co-operation from the this session. The British should leave India, Indians. Hence the British Prime Minister this resolution passed by Congress Working Winston Churchill sent Sir Stafford Cripps Committee at Wardha was to be finally to India. In March 1942, he put up a approved in the Mumbai session. On

40 8 August the resolution British. They tried to take control of of ‘Quit India’ put Government offices. In Maharashtra, the forth by Jawaharlal young and old struggled with determination Nehru got passed with and boundless courage at places like great majority. It was Chimur, Ashti, Yavali, Mahad, Gargoti also decided to start a etc. and made the struggle immortal. nation wide non violent agitation under Do you know ? the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. Inspirational accounts of brave children : Gandhiji said, “Every The school students also Maulana Azad one of you should, contributed in the freedom movement. At Nandurbar, from this moment onwards, consider the school children, under yourself a free man or woman and behave the leadership of like a citizen of free India.... we shall either Shirishkumar, carried out free India or die in the attempt.” Gandhiji procession holding the tri made an inspirational appeal to the public colour flag. The slogan of to be ready to sacrifice with the feeling of ‘Vande Mataram’ was Shirishkumar ‘Do or Die’. given. The police became Beginning of People’s Movement : furious and opened firing on small children as The news of arrest of important leaders of well. In this firing Shirishkumar, Laldas, Indian National Congress spread out all Dhansukhlal, Shashidhar, Ghanashyam, these over the country. The angry mob took out school children became martyr. processions at various places. Even though Underground Movement : At the end police lathi charged and opened firing on of 1942 the public the public but still people were not afraid. movement got a new The agitators attacked some places jails, turn. The leadership police stations, railway stations etc. which of this movement symbolised the suppressive policy of the went into hands of Let us know... young socialist Individual Satyagraha : The British activists. Jayprakash Government was Narayan, Dr. Ram constantly neglecting the Manohar Lohia, demands, hence the Jayprakash Narayan Chhotubhai Puranik, Indian National Congress Achyutrao Patwardhan, Aruna Asaf Ali, decided to start anti war Yusuf Meher Ali, Sucheta Kriplani, S.M. propoganda. For this it Joshi, Shirubhau Limaye, N.G. Gore, was decided that instead Yashwantrao Chavan, Vasantdada Patil, of a collective movement, Maganlal Bagdi, Usha Mehta such leaders every single person were in the forefront. The activist disrupted should disobey the laws. Acharya Vinobha the transport and communication as well This was known as Bhave ‘Individual Satyagraha’. Acharya Vinoba as the government machinery by causing Bhave was the first satyagrahi of individual the breakdown of Railway routes, cutting satyagraha. He was followed by nearly 25,000 of telephone line, blowing up bridges etc. satyagrahis who accepted imprisonment for The impact of the movement was seen all their participation. over India. Hemu Kalani, in Sindh province, 41 Government. People started accepting the verdict passed by the People’s Court appointed by the Parallel Government. Opposition to money lenders, prohibition on liquor, spread of literacy, opposition to caste distinctions many such Aruna Asaf Ali Achyutrao Patwardhan constructive work was done by this government. tried to destroy the railway along with his Due to it the Parallel companions when he received the news of Government became a passing of a railway carrying British troops Krantisinh Nana source of inspiration for Patil and supplies. The court punished him to be the public. hanged to death. Importance of Quit India Movement : Bhai Kotwal’s ‘Azad Dasta’ in Karjat The 1942 movement took up the form of a taluka of modern day Raigad district, nationwide agitation. To fulfill the objectives General Awari’s ‘Lal Sena’ in Nagpur of gaining independence lakhs of Indians such groups made the government helpless made unlimited sacrifices. Many sacrificed and witless for months. In Mumbai, Vitthal their lives. The number of people Zaveri, Usha Mehta and her companions participating in the struggle was so huge established a secret transmission centre that even all the prisons in the whole of the named ‘Azad Radio’. Patriotic songs were country were not enough to contain them. sung on it. News of agitations in the The patriotic songs country where broadcasted on it. Patriotic composed by Sane speeches were telecasted. This gave Guruji, Rashtrasant encouragement to the agitators. Such Tukdoji Maharaj and transmission centres operated at Kolkata, others increased the Delhi and Pune for some period of time. enthusiasm of the Establishment of Parallel agitators. This Government : At some places in the nationwide movement is country, British officers were driven out also called ‘August and the ‘People’s Government’ was Kranti’. Rashtrasant established. These are called ‘Parallel Tukdoji Maharaj Government’. Parallel Government where Indian National formed in districts of Midnapore in Bengal, Army (Azad Hind Sena) : Netaji Subhash Ballia and Azamgarh in Uttar Pradesh and Chandra Bose took phenomenal efforts for Purnia in Bihar. gaining independence of India. On the eastern borders of India, thousands of In Satara district of Maharashtra, in Indians stood in readiness to fight against 1942, Krantisinh Nana Patil brought an end the British. All these soldiers belonged to to the British government and established Azad Hind Sena. Netaji Subhash Chandra parallel government. At Kundal, under the Bose was their leader. leadership of Krantiagrani G. D. alias Bapu Subhash Chandra Bose was an important Lad, ‘Toofan Sena’ was established. Through leader of Indian National Congress. He its medium, collection of taxes, maintenance graced the position of President of Congress of law and order, punishment to criminals, twice. As per his opinion, while England was such work was done by the Parallel 42 engaged in Second the help of Captain Mohan Singh, formed World War, the a battalion of these Indian Prisoners of War. Indians should take It was named as ‘Indian National Army’ advantage of it and (Azad Hind Sena). Later Netaji Subhash make the movement Chandra Bose led the Indian National Army. more intense. If In October 1943, Netaji established necessary India Azad Hind Government in Singapore. Shah should seek the help Nawaz Khan, Jagannath Bhosale, of enemies of Dr.Laxmi Swaminathan, Gurubuksh Sing Netaji Subhash England. But there Dhillon, Prem Kumar Sehgal etc. were his Chandra Bose aroused difference of chief associates. Captain Laxmi opinion between him and other senior leaders Swaminathan was the Commander of Rani of Congress. As a result, Subhash Chandra of Jhansi Regiment. Netaji appealed to the Bose resigned from the position of President. Indian people- ‘You give me blood and I To place his views in front of the people he will give you independence’. founded a party known as ‘Forward Bloc’. Achievements of Indian National Through his speeches, Netaji appealed Army : In November 1943, Japan to the Indians to revolt against the British conquered Andaman and Nicobar islands rule. Due to it the Government imprisoned and handed them over to Azad Hind him. Subhash Chandra Bose went on fast Government. Netaji renamed them as unto death in the prison due to which the ‘Shahid’ and ‘Swarajya’ respectively. In British Government interned him in his 1944, Indian National Army captured the residence. From there he escaped in Aarakan province in Myanmar. Posts on disguise. In April 1941 he reached the eastern border of Assam were captured. Germany. There he founded the ‘Free India In the same period the campaign of Imphal Centre’. From the Berlin Radio station in remained incomplete because Japan Germany, he appealed to the Indian people stopped helping the Indian National Army. to join in an armed struggle. During this But in adverse circumstances, soldiers of period, Rash Behari Bose invited Subhash Indian National Army were dedicatedly Chandra Bose to Japan. fighting. But in the same period, Japan Formation of accepted defeat. On 18 August 1945 the Indian National Subhash Chandra Bose died in a plane Army : Rash Behari accident. On this background the soldiers Bose was staying in of Indian National Army had to lay down Japan since 1915. He their arms. Thus ended the thrilling phase had organised the of the Indian National Army. Indian patriots living Later, the British Government in countries of South charged the officers of Indian National East Asia and Army with treason. Pandit Jawaharlal established the Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai, Tej Bahadur Rash Behari Bose organisation named Sapre these expert lawyers defended them. ‘Indian Independence League’. In the early But the military tribunal held the officers part of 1942, Japan conquered the territiries guilty and they were sentenced to life in South East Asia which were controlled imprisonment. Therefore there was severe by the British. Thousands of Indian soldiers unrest against the British Government in and officers in British army there, fell into the minds of Indian people. Finally the the hands of Japan. Rash Behari Bose, with British Government had to suspend the 43 punishments given by the military tribunal. To support the uprising of naval Revolts of Indian Navy and Airforce : soldiers, the Air force officers from Delhi, The navy and Air force soldiers, with the Lahore, Karachi, Ambala, Meerut etc. inspiration from Indian National Army, went on strike. These revolts were a clear caused discontent against the British indication that the sentiments of discontent Government. It burst out on the British war against the rulers had reached a climax. In ship ‘Talwar’ in Mumbai on 18 February this way the period between 1942 to 1946 1946. The soldiers unfurled the tri colour shook the foundation of British power in flag on the British warship. They raised India. Through the Quit India Movement slogans against the British Government. the severe discontent of Indian people The British Government sent army to open against the British was expressed. Army, fire on the naval soldiers. The rebels also Navy and Air Force was the backbone of made counter attack with firing. The British power. They were also now workers and common people extended their opposing the British. Due to these incidents support to the naval soldiers. Finally with the British rulers realised that they will not the mediation of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, be able to empower India for a long period the naval soldiers laid down their arms. of time. Exercise

1. Rewrite the statements by choosing the 4. Answer the following questions in brief. appropriate options (1) How do you find the contribution of (Andaman and Nicobar, August Kranti, Shirishkumar to be inspirational ? Vinoba Bhave) (2) Why did the British Prime Minister (1) ...... was the first stayagrahi of send Sir Stafford Cripps to India ? Individual satyagraha. (3) What kind of reaction was seen (2) The nation wide movement of 1942 during the spread of news of arrest is also called ...... of main leaders of the Indian (3) In November 1943, Japan conquered National Congress ? ...... islands and handed them over to Azad Hind Government. Project (1) Prepare a timeline of the events of the 2. Explain the following statements with struggle of Indian National Army. reasons. (2) With the help of internet collect the (1) In November 1939, provincial pictures of Quit India Movement of 1942 ministers of Indian National Congress and organise an exhibition on occasion gave their resignations. of a national day. (2) The Indian National Army had to lay down their arms. (3) The Parallel Government became a source of inspiration to the people. 3. Complete the following table. Organisation Founder Forward Bloc Indian Independence League Toofan Sena 44 10. Armed Revolutionary Movement

The agitations against the British Abhinav Bharat : In 1900, imperialism were carried out in various Swatantryaveer Vinayak Damodar ways in India. In this chapter, we shall Savarkar founded ‘Mitramela’- a secret get acquainted with it. organisation of We have studied the uprisings before revolutionaries in 1857 against the British and the freedom Nasik. The same movement of 1857. In the later period, organisation was Ramsinh Kuka organised a rebellion renamed as ‘Abhinav against the Goverment in Punjab. Bharat’ in 1904. Vasudev Balwant Phadke : In Savarkar went to Maharashtra, Vasudev England for higher Balwant Phadke gave education. From there an armed struggle he began sending Swatantryaveer against the British. He revolutionary literature, V. D. Savarkar assumed that there guns etc. to the members of Abhinav should be armed Bharat in India. He wrote an inspiring struggle to fight biography of Joseph Mazzini, the famous against the British. He Italian revolutionary. He wrote a book took the training of entitled ‘The 1857 War of Independence’ Vasudev Balwant arms from Vastad Phadke Lahuji Salve. He wherein he stated that revolt of 1857 was organised the Ramoshis and revolted the first war of independence. against the British. This rebellion became unsuccessful. The British Government sent Do you know ? him to Eden jail. There he died in 1883. He built up an armed struggle for Swatantryaveer Savarkar was independence. sentenced to fifty years of rigorous Chafekar Brothers : In 1897, the imprisonment at Andaman. He was Plague Commissioner Rand had resorted there for ten years. In his autobiography to tyranny and force while managing the ‘Majhi Janmathep’ he wrote down his epidemic of plague in Pune. As a revenge experiences of the terrible days in the Chafekar brothers, Damodar and Andaman. Later the Government took Balkrishna, shot him dead on 22 June him to Ratnagiri and detained there. 1897. Damodar, Balkrishna and Vasudev these three brothers and their associate There Savarkar started many social Mahadev Ranade were hanged to death. movements such as removal of caste From the same house, three brothers differences, removal of untouchability, accepted martyrdom for the service of the common dining, purification of language country. During the same period Munda etc. He was a great writer. He was the tribe in Bihar under the leadership of President of Marathi Sahitya Sammelan Birsa Munda made great revolt against at Mumbai in 1938. the Government. 45 The Government came to know about killed in this attack. Prafulla Chaki shot the activities of Abhinav Bharat. Therefore himself with a bullet so that he will not the Government arrested Babarao fall in the hands of British. Khudiram Savarkar. He was sentenced to life Bose was caught by the police. During imprisonment. As a revenge to this the investigation the police got information punishment, a youth named Anant Laxman about the working of Anushilan Samiti. Kanhere killed Jackson, the Collector of They started arresting the members of this Nasik. The Government started arresting organisation. Aurobindo Ghosh was also all those people who were connected with arrested. But the Government was Abhinav Bharat organisation. The murder unsuccessful in linking him to of Jackson was linked with Swatantryaveer manufacturing of bombs and hence the Savarkar by the Government, he was court set him free. Other members were arrested and put under trial. The court sentenced to long terms of imprisonment. ordered him rigorous punishment for 50 Rash Behari Bose and Sachindra years. Nath Sanyal spread the network of Revolutionary Movement in Bengal : revolutionary organisations outside Bengal. After the partition of Bengal, the outrage The centres of revolutionary work were against British became more severe. In set up at Punjab, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh. place of local rebellions comprehensive Rash Behari Bose and his associate made revolutionary movements started rising at a daring act of throwing bomb at the national level. In various parts of the Viceroy Lord Hardinge. But he got saved country the youths inspired by revolutionary from the attack. thoughts started establishing their secret The revolutionary work was carried organisations. To keep control over British out in Madras Province as well. Vanchhi officers, to loosen the Government Iyyer, a revolutionary, killed a British machinery, to wipe out the fear in the officer named Ash. Later he shot himself minds of Indians regarding the British with a bullet and sacrificed his own life. Government, overthrowing the British rule India House : The revolutionary were some of its main objectives. work in India received assistance from In Bengal a revolutionary organisation Indian revolutionaries staying abroad. called ‘Anushilan Samiti’ was active. The India House, in London, was an important Anushilan Samiti had more than 500 centre which provided for such kind of branches. Barindrakumar Ghosh, brother assistance. Pandit Shyamji Krishna of Aurobindo Ghosh, was the chief of this Varma, an Indian patriot, had established organisation. This organisation received counsel and guidance from Aurobindo Ghosh. The Anushilan Samiti had a bomb manufacturing centre at Maniktala near Kolkata. In 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki, members of Anushilan Samiti planned to kill a judge named Kingsford. But the vehicle on which they threw the bomb was not the one carrying Kingsford. Two English women were Pt.Shyamji Krishna Varma Madam Cama

46 India House. Through this organisation persuaded the Indian soldiers in British Indian youths were given scholarships for army to join in their revolt. It was decided higher education in England. that Rash Behari Bose and Vishnu Ganesh Swatantryaveer Savarkar received such Pingle should lead the revolt. But due to scholarship. Madam Cama raised the treachery, the British traced out the plan. issue of India’s independence at the Pingle fell into the hands of the police. World Socialist Conference held at He was hanged to death. But Rash Behari Stuttgart in Germany. In the same Bose escaped successfuly. He went to conference she unfurled the flag of India. Japan and continued his revolutionary Another revolutionary associated with work. India House was a youth named Madanlal The revolutionary movement was Dhingra. He killed Curzon Wylie, a active in other countries during the period British Officer, due to which Dhingra was of war. In Berlin, Veerendra Nath hanged to death. Chattopadhyay, Bhupen Dutta and Gadar Movement : During the period Hardayal prepared anti British plans in of First World War, the revolutionary cooperation with the German Foreign work against the British Government got ministry. In 1915, Mahendra Pratap, a momentum. The revolutionaries felt Barkatullah and Obaidullah Sindhi that, transfer of power can be brought established Provisional Government of into India with the help of enemies of the free India in Kabul. British and in this attempt help of Indian Kakori Conspiracy : The suppressive soldiers can also be taken . To take measures of government could not put an advantage of this opportunity revolutionary end to the revolutionary movement. After organisations were setup. 'Gadar' is one the suspension of Civil Disobedience such important organisation. Movement by Mahatma The Indians living in America and Gandhi, many Canada established the Gadar organisation. youngsters got diverted Lala Hardayal, Bhai Parmanand, Dr. to revolutionary ways. Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje etc. these Chandrashekhar Azad, revolutionaries were the important leaders Ram Prasad Bismil, of the organisation. The word 'Gadar' Yogesh Chatterjee, means 'revolt'. 'Gadar' was the journal of Sachindra Nath Sanyal this organisation that acted as its and such other mouthpiece. Through this journal, effects revolutionaries came Chandrashekhar Azad of British rule in India were pointed out. together. On 9 August It gave information about the daring 1925, they looted the Government treasury deeds of the revolutionaries. In this way, that was carried in a train near Kakori love for the nation and armed rebellion railway station in Uttar Pradesh. This is was the message given through the known as the ‘Kakori conspiracy’. By journal, Gadar, to the Indians. taking immediate action the government The leaders of the Gadar organisation arrested the revolutionaries and put them decided to take advantage of this war into prison. They were put under trial. like situation. They drew out a plan of Ashfaqulla Khan, Ram Prasad Bismil, revolt in Punjab against the British. They Roshan Singh, Rajendra Lahiri were 47 hanged. But Chandrashekhar Azad Members of this organisation carried managed to escape. out many revolutionary activities. Bhagat Hindustan Socialist Republican Singh and Rajguru fired bullets and killed Association : The young men influenced an officer named Saunders in order to by socialist ideas decided to set up a avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai. nation wide revolutionary organisation. The Government had introduced two Prominent among them bills in the Central Legislative Assembly, were Chandrashekhar curtailing civil rights. To protest it, Bhagat Azad, Bhagat Singh, Singh and Batukeshwar Dutta threw Rajguru, Sukhdev etc. bombs in the Central Legislative Assembly. All these The British Government immediately revolutionaries were raided the centres of ‘Hindustan Socialist secular in their Republican Army’. Through it the police thoughts. In 1928 in also obtained clues related to the killing the meeting held at Bhagat Singh of Saunders. The government started Feroz Shah Kotla ground arresting the revolutionaries. They were in Delhi, these young men established the tried under the charge of sedition. On 23 organisation called ‘Hindustan Socialist March 1931, Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Republican Association’. Sukhdev were hanged in the Lahore jail. The objective behind the establishment But till the end Chandrashekhar Azad did of this organisation was to free India not fall into the hands of the police. Later from British exploitation. It also wanted he died in an encounter with police at to overthrow the unjust socio-economic Alfred Park in Allahabad. system which exploited the farmers and Attack on workers. Bhagat Singh gave importance Chittagong Armoury to creation of a society based on social : Surya Sen was the justice and equality. chief of the The work of gathering arms and revolutionary group execution of programmes was entrusted to at Chittagong in a seperate wing of the organisation. This Bengal. He had wing was called ‘Hindustan Socialist gathered around him Republican Army’ and Chandrashekar revolutionaries like Azad was the chief of this wing. Anant Singh, Ganesh Surya Sen Ghosh, Kalpana Dutta, Pritilata Waddedar. With their assistance, Surya Sen drew up a plan to attack the armoury at Chittagong. As per the plan, on 18 April 1930 the revolutionaries seized the arms from the two armouries in Chittagong. The telephone and telegraph lines were broken and they succeeded in paralysing the communication system. After that they gave a thrilling fight to the British army. Rajguru Sukhdev On 16 February 1933, Surya Sen and 48 revolutionary movement gained pace. Shanti Ghosh and Suniti Choudhary, these two school girls killed the District Judge, where as a young girl Bina Das shot dead the Governor during the convocation ceremony of Kolkata University. Sardar Udham Singh killed Dyer, the officer responsible for Jallianwala Bagh Kalpana Dutta Pritilata Waddedar massacre, in London in 1940. In the freedom struggle of India revolutionary some of his associates were captured by movement made an important contribution. the police. Surya Sen and his 12 associates These revolutionaries displayed daring were given death punishment. Kalpana and determination while fighting against Dutta was sentenced to life imprisonment. the British rule. The love for the nation Pritilata Waddedar killed herself without and attitude of sacrifice was just falling into the hands of the police. incomparable. Their sacrifice proved to Due to the Uprising in Chittagong the be an inspiration to the Indians.

Exercise

1. Rewrite the statements by choosing the (3) Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutta appropriate options. threw bombs in the Central Legislative (Pandit Shyamji Krishna Varma, Assembly. Mitramela, Ramsingh Kuka) (1) Swatantryaveer Savarkar started a 4. Answer the following questions in brief. secret organisation of revolutionaries (1) Write a detail description of the attack named ...... on Chittagong Armoury. (2) In Punjab, ...... organised an (2) Explain the contribution of uprising against the Government. Swatantryaveer Savarkar in the armed (3) ...... founded the India House. revolutionary movement. Project 2. Complete the following table. (1) Watch a movie or drama based on Revolutionary Organisation the life of revolutionaries and enact ...... Abhinav Bharat any of your favourite incident in the class. Barindrakumar ...... (2) Prepare a manual based on the saga Ghosh of revolutionaries Chandrashekhar ...... Azad 3. Explain the following statements with reasons. (1) Chafekar brothers killed Rand. (2) Khudiram Bose was hanged to death.

49 11. Struggle for Equality

In the progress of Modern India, In 1936, with the initiative of Prof. struggle for political freedom was N.G.Ranga, the ‘Akhil Bharatiya Kisan important. This struggle was based on Sabha’ was established. Swami broad philosophy of man’s emancipation. Sahajananda Saraswati was the President Therefore in the course of this struggle of this organisation. along with political dependence there was This Sabha presented a opposition to things like feudalism, social declaration of peasants’ inequality, economic exploitation. Like rights to the Indian freedom the principle of equality is very National Congress. The important. From that point of view the session of the Congress contribution of movements built up by was held in the rural various social groups such as farmers, part of Faizpur in workers, women, dalits etc as well as the Maharashtra. Thousands stream of socialism giving importance to of peasants attended Prof. N.G.Ranga equality, proves to be significant. Without this session. realising its contribution we will not be In 1938, the crops able to understand the developmental in eastern Khandesh process of Modern India. Therefore let us were destroyed due to study some of these movements. heavy rains. The Peasant Movement : The Indian condition of the farmers had to suffer due to the ill effects farmers was miserable. of British economic policy. The British In order to get the Government used to protect the landlords land revenue waived, and money lenders. They gave unjust Sane Guruji organised treatment to the farmers. On many meetings and occasions the farmers rose against this Sane Guruji processions at many injustice. The peasants in Bengal formed places. He took out marches on the their union and revolted against the Collector office. The peasants participated compulsion of cultivating indigo. The play in large numbers in the revolutionary ‘Neel Darpan’ written by Deenbandhu period of 1942. Mitra brought to the notice of the society the wretched conditions of the peasants Do you know ? producing indigo. In 1875, farmers from Maharashtra rose in revolt against the Sane Guruji built up unity of the atrocities of the landlords and money workers. He tried to create strong lenders. The farmers in Uttar Pradesh centre of workers union at Dhule- formed ‘Kisan Sabha’ in 1918 under the Ammalner. He was the President of leadership of Baba Ramchandra. The Mill Workers Union of Ammalner. Mopla peasants rose in a great revolt in He went on fast unto death to open Kerala. But the British government crushed the doors of Vithal temple at Pandharpur it down. for the Dalits.

50 Workers Union : there was rise of worker class in India, and In the latter half of then a necessity for nation wide worker 19th century, textile union was felt. With this necessity, in 1920, mills, railway All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) companies and such was established. N.M.Joshi had a major industries were role in the working of AITUC. Lala Lajpat started in India. The Rai was the President of the first session workers group had of AITUC. He told the workers to actively not aroused on large participate in the national movement. scale but in this Narayan Meghaji Shripad Amrut Dange, Muzaffar Lokhande period efforts were Ahmed such socialist leaders, by spreading made to solve the the socialist ideology among the workers, problems of the workers. Sashipada worked to form Banerjee and Narayan Meghaji Lokhande militant organisations. organised the workers at local level. In 1928, the Mumbai Lokhande’s contribution to the working Mill Workers Union class movement was so valuable that he went on strike for six is described as ‘Father of Indian Workers months. Many such Movement’. strikes were made by the Railway workers, Do you know ? jute mill workers etc. The government was The native place of Narayan Shripad Amrut disturbed to see the Dange Meghaji Lokhande was Kanhesar near growing strength of the Saswad in Pune district. He formed workers movement. To supress this the mill workers union known as movement legislations were made. The ‘Bombay Mill Hands Association’ in workers struggle proved to be supportive 1890. This workers union is believed to the national movement. to be the beginning of organised Socialist Movement : Many of the movement in India. He was also the young activists in the Indian National chairman of Mumbai branch of Congress felt that for protecting the Satyashodhak Samaj founded by interest of the people it is necessary to Mahatma Phule. Due to his efforts, overthrow the British Government. from 10 June 1890, the workers started Similarly, they started realising that the getting weekly holiday on Sunday. society should be restructured on the At the same time an agitation was principle of economic and social equality. launched against the wretched condition of Through this realisation, there was rise the tea plantation workers in Assam. In and growth of Socialist ideology. 1899, the Great Indian Peninsular (GIP) The Socialist youths, while they were Railway workers called for a strike for in prison at Nasik, decided to form the their demands. During the anti partition Socialist Party within the Indian National movement workers carried out strikes from Congress. According to this decision, in time to time in support of Swadeshi. After 1934, the Congress Socialist Party was the First World War, due to industrialisation, formed which included leaders like 51 practices, they were subjected to injustice. But during the modern period there was an awakening against it. Some of the male reformers took initiative in the reform movement related to women, in the course Pandita Ramabai Acharya Narendra Dev Dr.Ram Manohar Lohia of time women leaders started coming Acharya Narendra Dev, Jayprakash forward. Their independent institutes- Narayan, Minu Masani, Dr. Ram Manohar organisations came to Lohia etc. In Quit India movement of be established. Pandita 1942, these young socialists were in the Ramabai established the forefront. ‘Arya Mahila Samaj’ Indians got introduced to Karl Marx and ‘Sharda Sadan’, and his Communism. Lokmanya Tilak similarly ‘Seva Sadan’ had already written an article on Marx founded by Ramabai in 1881. After First World War the Ranade are examples of influence of Communism was felt in this. ‘Bharat Mahila India. Manavendranath Roy played active Ramabai Ranade Parishad’ (1904) and role in the International Communist ‘All India Women's Conference’ (1927) Movement. were founded as well. Therefore this In 1925, the Communist Party was institutional work reached at the national formed in India. The work of building level. For the issues such as right to militant organisations of workers and inheritance, right to vote etc. women had peasants was done by the young to struggle through the medium of these Communists. The British Government organisations. started feeling the danger of communist Rakhmabai Janardan Save was the movement. Shripad Amrut Dange, first practicing woman Muzaffar Ahmed, Keshav Neelkanth doctor in India. She Joglekar etc. were arrested. They were delivered series of charged with planning of a conspiracy to lectures related to overthrow the British rule. They were health issues of given different punishments. The trial women. She also took place at Meerut and is therefore opened a branch of known as the ‘Meerut Conspiracy Case’. Red Cross Society at Even after the Meerut trial, the influence Dr.Rakhmabai Save Rajkot. of Communist workers movement remained During the 20th century, participation constant. of women in public life began to increase. Feminist Movement : In the Indian Women's participation in the national social system, women were given movement and revolutionary work was secondary position. Due to many evil significant. After the Act of 1935, women 52 the delusive ideas Do you know ? regarding dalits in the minds of the upper Dr. Anandibai Joshi : First Indian castes. For this Female Doctor. Her son lived a life of purpose he founded only ten days and marathi schools, work then died. This sorrow schools in parts of became responsible Parel, Deonar in for inspiring her to Mumbai. He actively study medicine. She took part for the acquired M.D. degree benefit of Dalit class Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde in 1886. While regarding satyagraha returning to India for entry in Parvati temple at Pune, Dr.Anandibai Joshi Anandibai contracted Shetkari Parishad of Dalits, federal tuberculosis. Later on 16 February electorate etc. 1887 she died in Pune. Rajarshi Shahu gave support to the were included in the Provincial Ministries leadership of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar. as well. After independence, the principle During his period, he led the Non Brahmin of equality of men and women has been movement. Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj made clearly stated in the constitution of India. revolutionary declaration for reservation in state of Kolhapur. Dalit Movement : The Indian social He made a law for structure was based on inequality. Social free and compulsory reformers like Mahatma Jyotirao Phule, primary education. Narayan Guru brought about awakening He did substantial of the people against the unjust treatment work for abolition given to Dalits in the society. Following of caste the teachings of Mahatma Phule, Gopal discrimination. Baba Walangkar and Shivram Janba There were three Kamble worked for the eradication of restrictions put up in untouchability. In 1888, Gopal Baba the caste system. Walangkar, in his book ‘Vitaal Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj Prohibition of inter Vidhwansan’ condemned untouchability. dining with certain Shivram Janba Kamble started the castes (Rotibandi), prohibition of intercaste magazine ‘Somavanshiya Mitra’ on 1 July marriages (Betibandi), prohibition of 1908. He raised voice regarding issues of pursuing certain occupation Muralis and Jogtins. He also took initiative (Vyavasaybandi). In this regards, during for marriages of Devadasis. In Tamil meetings and conferences Shahu Maharaj Nadu, Perriyar Ramaswamy started a ate food from the hands of Dalit people movement for eradication of untouchability. and overthrew the restriction on inter In 1906, Maharshi Vitthal Ramji dining. Shahu Maharaj believed that till Shinde started the ‘Depressed Classes the restriction on inter marriage is followed Mission’ for the progress of the Dalits. till then the caste distinction will not be The important part of their work was to uprooted. He passed the Act of inter caste make the Dalits self respectful, well marriage and gave it a legal acceptance educated and engaged in work, while the in his State. On 22 February 1918, he second part of their work was to destroy abolished the ‘Balutedari System’ by 53 publishing a declaration in the Government the leadership of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar. Gazette of the state of Kolhapur. Permission He aimed at establishing a society based was granted to practice any occupation by on principles of Liberty, Equality and anyone. By giving freedom of occupation, Fraternity. He was convinced that the by Shahu Maharaj, the people were freed injustice to the Dalits and inequality would from a type of social slavery. not end unless the caste system was The Justice Party did valuable work completely uprooted. According to him, for social equality in South India. Mahatma social equality was the right of the Dalits. Gandhi took up the He intended to carry out a movement issue of eradication based on self repect. From this point of of untouchability in view he established the ‘Bahishkrut his hands and put it Hitkarini Sabha’ in July 1924. ‘Be up on the platform of Educated, Be Organised and Be Agitated’, Indian National was the inspirational message given by Congress. While at him to his followers. Yerwada prison, he Babasaheb Bole got a bill passed debated with the rigid in the Bombay Provincial Assembly for Hindu Pandits stating the public water reservoirs to be opened Thakkar Bappa that the religious texts to the untouchables. However, in reality, of Hindus do not support untouchability. the water reservoirs were not accessible He gave inspiration to Harijan Sevak to the Dalits and hence Dr.Babasaheb Sangh. By taking inspiration from him Ambedkar and his followers started Amrutlal Vitthaldas Thakkar alias Thakkar Satygraha at Chavdar lake in Mahad. He Bappa, Appasaheb Patwardhan etc. these also burned the Manusmriti which activists dedicatedly worked for equality. advocated inequality. In 1930, he started The struggle of the Dalits began under Satyagraha for the entry of Dalits in the Kalaram temple at Nasik. This Satyagraha

Satyagraha at the Chavdar Lake in Mahad 54 was led by Karmaveer Dadasaheb Castes Federation’, to put forth the issues Gaikwad. of Dalits in an effective manner. Through Newspaper was an integral part of the Constitution of India, Dr. Babasaheb Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar’s movement. Ambedkar made a significant contribution To create awakening in the society and to the creation of a social structure based to voice out their grief, Dr. Babasaheb on equality in Modern India. In 1956, Ambedkar started newspapers like along with his innumerable followers, he ‘Muknayak’, ‘Bahishkrut Bharat’, embraced Buddhism that advocated ‘Janata’, ‘Samata’ etc. humanity and equality. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar The struggle for equality has a established the ‘Independent Labour prominent position in the making of Party’. He opposed the laws that went Modern India. against the interest of the workers. In 1942, he established ‘All India Scheduled

Exercise

1. Rewrite the statements by choosing the 4. Answer the following questions in brief. appropriate options. (1) Why was the struggle for equality (Lala Lajpat Rai, Sane Guruji, Rakhmabai important in the making of Modern Janardan Save) India ? (1) ...... founded the Red Cross (2) Write about the work of Sane Guruji Society at Rajkot. in eastern Khandesh. (2) ...... was the President of mill (3) How was the struggle built up by workers union at Ammalner. workers decisive for the national (3) The President of the first session of movement ? AITUC was ...... (4) Discuss the nature of reform movement related to women. 2. Write short notes. (1) Social work of Vitthal Ramji Shinde Project (2) Reforms of Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj (1) Read the biography of Dr. Anandibai in the state of Kolhapur. Joshi. (2) Read the biography of Rajarshi 3. Explain the following statements with Shahu Maharaj. reasons. (1) The Government decided to crush down the communist movement. (2) Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar started newspapers like ‘Muknayak’ Bahishkrut Bharat etc. (3) There aroused a need of nation wide workers union.

55 12. India gains Independence

During the period of Second World of muslim representatives to the Viceroy's War, Indian freedom struggle had become Executive Council. But the Congress more extensive. The demand for opposed it. Therefore the Wavell plan independence of India was gaining its could not be successful. strength. The British rulers realised that it Cabinet Mission : After the end of was necessary to take a serious note of Second World War the British rulers were it. Accordingly, the British government in favour of granting freedom to India. In started preparing various plans for granting the Parliament, British Prime Minister Independence to India. Attlee clarified the British policy regarding The Indian National Congress was India. According to it, the right of Indian founded on the principle of secularism. people to draft their own Constitution was People of all caste and religion had taken recognised. It was also made clear that part in the national struggle. To weaken the issue of minorities will not come in this movement the British adopted the the way of India's Independence. In March policy of ‘divide and rule’. Its consequence 1946, a delegation of British ministers was the establishment of ‘Muslim League’. namely Pethick Lawrence, Stafford Cripps In 1930, Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, a well and A.V. Alexander put forth England’s known poet, put forth the thought of an plan regarding India in front of the Indian independent Muslim state. Later Chaudhary leaders. This is called ‘Cabinet Mission’. Rahmat Ali put up the idea of Pakistan. Some of the provision in the plan were Barrister Muhammad Ali Jinnah put forth not acceptable to the Congress. Similarly, the two Nation theory and demanded a there was no provision of independent state seperate Muslim nation named Pakistan. for the muslims, so the Muslim League Indian National Congress was only a was unsatisfied. Therefore Cabinet Mission Hindu organisation, the muslims have no was not fully accepted. benefit of it; such kind of propaganda was Direct Action Day : Since the demand started by Barrister Jinnah and the Muslim fo Pakistan was not being fulfilled, the League. Muslim League decided for direct action. Wavell Plan : In June 1945, Lord Accordingly, 16 August 1946, was declared Wavell, the Viceroy of India drew up a to be observed as ‘Direct Action Day’ by plan. There were different provisions in the Muslim League. The followers of this plan. Accordingly some of its provisions Muslim League resorted to violent ways. were that in central and provincial There were Hindu-Muslim riots in various legislatures Muslims, Dalits and minorities parts of the country. There were massacres should be given proper representation and in the Noakhali region in the province of there will be equal number of Hindu and Bengal. To stop this violence Gandhiji went Muslim members in Viceroy’s Executive there without giving any thought to his Council. A meeting of all major political own life. He tried his best to establish parties in India was organised at Simla to peace there. consider the Wavell Plan. Barrister Jinnah Establishment of Interim insisted that only the Muslim League Government : While the blaze of violence should have the right to suggest the names had arisen in the country, Viceroy Wavell 56 established the Interim Government. Pandit appointed as Viceroy of India. Mountbatten Jawaharlal Nehru was the head of this held discussions with prominent leaders of government. The Muslim League initially India. Thereafter, he prepared a plan of denied to participate in the Interim creation of India and Pakistan as two Government, but later, participated in it. independent nations. Indian National But since the leaders of Muslim League Congress opposed the plan of partition. adopted the policy of obstruction, hence Unity of the nation, was the basic stand the Interim Government could not work of Indian National Congress, but the smoothly. Muslim League remained adamant on the Mountbatten Plan : England's Prime creation of Pakistan. National Congress Minister Atlee had announced that England was left with no option but to accept the would leave its dominion on India before decision of partition with complete June 1948. On the background of transfer helplessness. of power in India, Lord Mountbatten was

57 Indian Independence Act : On 18 August 1947. At the stroke of midnight July 1947, on the basis of Mountbatten hour, India's dependence came to an end. Plan, the Indian Independence Act was The Union Jack of Britain was lowered passed in British Parliament. On 15 August and in its place the Indian tricolour flag 1947, the two independent nations India was unfurled. India attained Independence and Pakistan will come into existence. from the 150 years of slavery. Thereafter the British Parliament will not The joy of attainment of freedom was have any control over them. The British not untinted. Indian people were grieved supremacy over the princely states will due to the partition of the country and the also come to an end. The Act provided terrible violence during that period. Instead them the right to either join India or of joining the celebration of Independence, Pakistan or remain independent. Gandhiji was striving hard in Bengal. India gains Independence : As per Within six months of attainment of the Indian Independence Act, India was freedom of India, Gandhiji was brutally granted independence on 15 August 1947. assassinated by Nathuram Godse on 30 A meeting of the Constituent Assembly January 1948. Gandhiji strove day and was going on in the hall of Parliament night to preserve Hindu Muslim unity and House in Delhi in the midnight of 14 laid down his life for the same. Exercise 1. Rewrite the statements by choosing the 4. Write the events on the following appropriate options. timeline. (1) ...... was the head of the Interim 1945 1946 1947 1948 Government. (a) Vallabhbhai Patel (b) Mahatma Gandhi (c) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru (d) Barrister Jinnah 5. Answer the following questions in brief. (2) The plan of creation of two independent (1) Why did the British took steps towards nations, India and Pakistan, was made granting freedom to India ? by ...... (2) Write information about Mountbatten (a) Lord Wavell (b) Stafford Cripps Plan. (c) Lord Mountbatten (3) Why did Muslim League declare to (d) Pethick Lawrence observe 16 August as Direct Action Day ? What were its effects ? 2. Answer the following questions in one sentence. Project (1) Which demand was advocated by Collect information about the response of Barrister Jinnah ? common people after gaining independence, (2) Write the name of the ministers with the help of various reference books participating in Cabinet Mission. as well as internet. 3. Explain the following statements with reasons. (1) The Indian National Congress approved the partition. (2) The working of Interim government could not run smoothly. (3) The Wavell Plan could not become successful. 58 13. Fulfillment of Struggle for Independence

India became independent but the The rulers gave good response to his struggle for independence was not yet appeal. All the princely states merged over. There were many princely states in into India, except the state of Junagad, India. These princely states had the right Hyderabad and Kashmir. Sardar Patel to either merge with India or remain took a firm stand and solved the issue of independent. Therefore the Congress dream merger of princely states. of undivided India remained incomplete. Merging of Junagad : Junagad was Due to independent princely states, India a princely state in Saurashtra. The people was going to be fragmented into many there wanted to be merged with India. But parts. The Portuguese and French powers the Nawab of Junagad was thinking of had not withdrawn their control over some joining Pakistan. The people strongly parts of India, but the country solved these opposed his decision and the Nawab left problems very firmly. This chapter will for Pakistan. Later in February 1948, deal with the information on it. Junagad got merged into India. Integration of princely states in Hyderabad Mukti Sangram : India : There were more than six hundred Hyderabad was the largest princely state small and big in India. It included Telegu, Kannada and princely states in Marathi speaking regions. There was the India. Due to the autocratic rule of the influence of non-co- Nizam over these operation movement, provinces. There was there was beginning absence of civil and of political political rights. To awakening among secure these rights, the princely states. the people formed Praja Mandals came Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel organisations such as to be formed in the Andhra Parishad in princely states. Praja the Telangana region, Mandal means people’s organisation that Maharashtra Parishad Swami Ramananda worked for the interest of the people in in the Marathwada Tirth the princely states and for securing region, Karnataka Parishad in the political rights for them. In 1927, such Karnataka region. In 1938, Swami Praja Mandals came together and formed Ramananda Tirth formed the Hyderabad an ‘All India States People’s Conference’. State Congress. The Nizam banned this Due to it, the movement in princely states organisation. A struggle began for getting got an impetus. After the independence of recognition to Hyderabad State Congress India the then Home Minister Sardar and democratic rights. This struggle was Vallabhbhai Patel very diplomatically led by a militant fighter Swami Ramananda found out the way of merging the princely Tirth. He was assisted by Narayan Reddy states in India. He took the rulers of the and Siraj-ul-Hasan Tirmiji. P.V.Narsimha princely states into confidence and Rao and Govindbhai Shroff were the prepared an ‘Instrument of Accession’, faithful followers of Swamiji. acceptable to all. In July 1947, Hyderabad State Sardar Patel convinced the princely Congress passed a resolution for merger rulers the benefit of merging into India. of Hyderabad state into India. The Nizam 59 however took an anti-India stand. of Hyderabad. Marathwada was not He started making movements for included in Free India on 15 August 1947. merging of Hyderabad state with Pakistan. After the inspiring struggle of the people, To reject the demand of people of this region was included in independent Hyderabad to be merged with India, India in 1948. Kasim Rizvi, an associate of the Nizam, Problem of Kashmir : Hari Singh, formed an organisation known as the ruler of State of Kashmir, had decided ‘Razakar’. Kasim Rizvi and his associates to remain independent. Pakistan had not only oppressed the hindus but also the intended to secure the merger of Kashmir muslims who supported the democratic with Pakistan. Due to this Pakistan started movement. Due to it, there was putting pressure on Hari Singh. At the inflammation of public opinion. The instigation of Pakistan, armed intruders Government of India tried to negotiate attacked Kashmir in October 1947. At patiently with the Nizam but he refused that time Hari Singh signed the ‘Instrument to respond. At last, the Indian government of Accession’ with India. In this manner, started the police action against the Nizam on 13 September 1948. It was after merging into India, Indian army was symbolically named as ‘Operation Polo’. sent for the defense of Kashmir. The Finally, the Nizam surrendered on 17 army won back a major portion of September 1948 and the state of Hyderabad Kashmir from the possession of intruders. was merged within India. The struggle of But some part of it remained in the people in the princely state became possession of Pakistan. successful. There was significant Merger of French Colonies : Even contribution of ‘Arya Samaj’ in this after the independence of India, the regions movement. of Chandranagar, Puduchcheri, Karaikal, Contribution of Marathwada in the Mahe and Yanam were in the possession struggle for liberation of Hyderabad : of the French. The Indian natives there, In this struggle Swami Ramananda Tirth, were eager to get merged with India. The Govindbhai Shroff, Anant Bhalerao, Indian Government demanded that these Ashatai Waghmare, Manikchand Pahade territories being a part of India should be etc. made a valuable contribution. handed over to it. Through the movement of ‘Vande In 1949 France held a plebiscite in Mataram’, students participated in the Chandranagar. The people voted for India. struggle for liberation of Hyderabad. Chandranagar was handed over to India. Similarly, in this struggle Ved Prakash, Thereafter France handed over the rest of Shyamlal, Govind Pansare, Bahirji Shinde, the territories to the Government of India. Shridhar Vartak, Janardan Mama, Shoaib Struggle for liberation of Goa : Ullah Khan etc. embraced martyrdom. Portugal denied to hand over the territories Their sacrifice proved to be inspirational under its possession to India. Indians had to the Indians. Thus we can understand to struggle for securing these territories. that the leaders and the people in In this struggle, Dr.T.B.Kunha was in the Marathwada had a lion’s share in the forefront. He worked to bring about an struggle for liberation of Hyderabad. awakening of the people against the 17 September is celebrated as Portuguese Government. With the objective ‘Marathwada Mukti Din’ in Marathwada of building struggle against the Portuguese, to commemorate the struggle for liberation he established the Goa Congress 60 Committee. Later in in this attack. 1945, Dr. Kunha In 1954, Goa Mukti Samiti was founded the formed. The Samiti sent many batches of organisation ‘Goa satyagrahis from Maharashtra to Goa. Youth League’ in N.G.Gore, Senapati Bapat, Peter Alvares, Mumbai. In 1946, Mahadevshastri Joshi and his wife Sudhatai he went to Goa and and many others participated in the violated the ban on satyagraha. Mohan Ranade was an public speech. For aggressive leader in this struggle for this he was liberation of Goa. The Portuguese rulers Dr. T. B. Kunha sentenced to eight committed unlimited tyranny and atrocities years of imprisonment. In 1946, Dr. Ram on the satygrahis. Due to this the public Manohar Lohiya started a Satyagraha for opinion became more infuriated. liberation of Goa. Violating the ban, he The struggle for liberation of Goa took delivered a public speech at Madgaon in up a fierce form. The Indian Government Goa. For this the Portuguese Government was patiently holding negotiations with the deported him. Portuguese Government but they did not respond. At the end, the Indian Government During the same period, the ‘Azad unwillingly took the decision of using Gomantak Dal’ was founded to liberate military force. In December 1961, the Portuguese colonies of Dadra and Nagar Indian Army entered Goa. In a short Haveli in Gujarat. On 2 August 1954, period of time, the Portuguese army youths of Azad Gomantak Dal by making surrendered. On 19 December 1961, Goa an armed attack liberated the territories was liberated from Portuguese dominion. of Dadra and Nagar Haveli from Imperialism was completely rooted out Portuguese rule. Vishwanath Lavande, from the Indian soil. India’s freedom Rajabhau Wakankar, Sudhir Phadke, struggle was truly fulfilled. Nanasaheb Kajrekar and others took part

Exercise

1. Rewrite the statements by choosing the 5. Answer the following questions in brief. appropriate options. (1) Explain the contribution of Sardar (1) There were more than six hundred Vallabhbhai Patel in the integration of small and big ...... in India. Princely States. (a) States (b) Villages (2) Explain the contribution of Swami (c) Princely States (d) Cities Ramananda Tirth in the struggle for (2) All the princely states merged with liberation of Hyderabad. India except the states of Junagad, Project ...... and Kashmir. (a) Aundh (b) Jhansi Gather information and pictures related to (c) Vadodara (d) Hyderabad the struggle for liberation of Hyderabad. Organise a Poster Exhibition based on it 2. Explain the following statements with in the history department. reasons. (1) Junagad merged within India. (2) The Indian Government started police action against the Nizam. (3) Hari Singh signed the ‘Instrument of Accession’ with India. 61 14. Formation of State of Maharashtra

After India gained independence, of Constituent Assembly established the there was demand on large scale for the ‘Dar Commission’ under the chairmanship reconstruction of states on linguistic basis. of Justice S.K.Dar, for forming linguistic In Maharashtra also the demand for state provinces. On 10 December 1948, the of Marathi speaking people led to report of Dar Commission was published ‘Samyukta Maharashtra Movement’ from but the issue remained unsolved. 1946 onwards. Through various changing JVP Committee (Three Ministers circumstances the movement progressed Committee) : To study the conditions of and finally on 1 May 1960 the state of creating linguistic provinces, the Congress Maharashtra came to be formed. appointed a committee on 29 December Background : From the beginning of 1948. It included Jawaharlal Nehru, 20th century, many scholars had begun Vallabhbhai Patel and to express the thoughts on unification of Pattabhisitaramayya. It is known by the Marathi speaking people. In 1911, the initials of these members as ‘JVP British Government had to suspend the Committee’. The report suggested that partition of Bengal. On this background, Congress accepts the concept of linguistic N.C.Kelkar wrote that ‘the entire Marathi state in principle but the time was not speaking population should be under one proper for it. Severe response was seen dominion’. In 1915, Lokmanya Tilak had throughout Maharashtra against this report. demanded the reconstruction of a state During that time Senapati Bapat organised based on language. But during that period rallies for awakening of people. the issue of independence of India was Acharya Atre got passed the proposal more important, hence this issue remained of Samyukta Maharashtra with Mumbai aside. in the Mumbai Municipal Corporation. It On 12 May 1946, in the Sahitya got passed by 50 against 35 votes. Due Sammelan at Belgaon, an important to it, the desire that Mumbai should be resolution regarding Samyukta included in Maharashtra was proven. Maharashtra was passed. Commission for Reconstruction of Samyukta Maharashtra Parishad : States : Government of India appointed On 28 July, ‘Maharashtra Ekikaran a ‘Commission for Reconstruction of Parishad’ was called at Mumbai. States’ on 29 December 1953, under the Shankarrao Dev was its president. It Chairmanship of Justice Fazal Ali. This passed a resolution that all Marathi commission presented their proposal on speaking regions should be included in 10 October 1955. This proposal advocated one state. This should also include for creation of bilingual Mumbai State. Marathi speaking regions of Mumbai, Nagpur Pact : Marathi people of all Central provinces as well as Marathwada regions should resolve to make one state and Gomantak. was the purpose of signing the Nagpur Dar Commission : On 17 June Pact in 1953. According to this pact, 1947, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the President Samyukta Maharashtra was formed 62 including Western Maharashtra and Minister at that time. Vidarbha along with Marathwada. In The government 1956, as per the ammendment of the declared a ban. The Constitution, Article 371 (2) was included police started lathi in it. According to the Nagpur Pact charge and used tear assurance was given regarding equitable gas. On that evening financial provision for developmental an open meeting was work, ample finance for technical and conducted on Kamgar vocational education, provision of state Maidan with a mob of government services in particular regions P. K. Atre around 50 thousand. in accordance with the population and Comrade Dange guided Assembly Session once in a year should the people. To accelerate the struggle for be held in Nagpur etc. the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement, The struggle of marathi speaking on 21 November 1955 decision of one people for formation of Maharashtra with day token strike was taken. Mumbai had begun. A huge meeting was Establishment of Samyukta held on Kamgar Maidan in Mumbai. At Maharashtra Samiti : The issue of the that time Shankarrao Dev said, ‘We will demand of the Marathi speaking people oppose the seperation of Mumbai from started becoming complicated. Discontent Maharashtra upto our last breath’. The spread throughout the state. On 6 emotions and demands of the people took February 1956, a meeting was conducted the form of public agitation. Women also under the Chairmanship of Keshavrao spontaneously started participating in it. Jedhe at Tilak Smarak Mandir in Pune. Sumatibai Gore, Ismat Chugtai, Durga The Samiti declared its Executive Bhagwat, Tara Reddi, Charusheela Gupte, Council. Comrade Shripad Amrut Dange Kamalatai More, Sultana Johari and as the President. Dr.T.R.Naravane as many such women took part in the Vice President and S.M.Joshi as General agitation. Secretary were selected. G.T.Madkholkar, On 7 November 1955, there was Acharya P.K.Atre, Madhu Dandavate, meeting of labours. Various Labour Prabodhankar Keshav Thackeray, Y.K. Organisations, Communists, Praja Souni played important role in Socialists, Socialists, Peasants and workers establishing the Samiti. At the same time Party, Janasangh etc. all these political Senapati Bapat, Krantisinh Nana Patil, parties participated in it. Comrade Shripad Amrut Dange presided over it. Here S.M.Joshi proposed a resolution that Samyukta Maharashtra, with Mumbai and Vidarbha, should be created. Beginning of actual conflict : Discontent among the Marathi speaking people was growing. A grand march led by Senapati Bapat was taken to Vidhan S.M.Joshi Prabodhankar Sabha. Morarji Desai was the Chief Thackeray 63 Do you know ?

Lokshahir Annabhau Sathe Shahir Amar Sheikh Shahir D.N.Gavankar

Contribution of Marathi newspapers Maharashtra Movement. Balasaheb and Shahirs : In this movement the role Thackeray took up the pen name ‘Mavla’ of newspapers was important. Prabodhan, and drew caricatures to make the Kesari, Sakal, Navakal, Navyug, Prabhat movement comprehensive. many such newspapers worked for Lokshahir Annabhau Sathe, Shahir awakening of the people. Acharya Atre Amar Sheikh and Shahir D.N.Gavankar started the ‘Maratha’ newspaper which through their writings aroused public played an important role in Samyukta awakening on a large scale.

Lalji Pendse, Ahilyabai Rangnekar The unveiling of statue of Chhatrapati contributed immensely to the Samyukta Shivaji Maharaj mounted on horse on Maharashtra movement. They spread the Pratapgad was to be movement to rural parts of Maharashtra. done at the hands of When it was clear that Mumbai will Prime Minister not be included in Maharashtra, at that Pandit Jawaharlal time there arouse a huge public agitation. Nehru on 30 In this movement 106 people became November 1957. At martyrs in the firing opened by the State that time Samyukta Government. In memory of the 106 sons Maharashtra Samiti of Maharashtra who became martyr for decided to make formation of Samyukta Maharashtra, the Uddhavrao Patil huge demonstration ‘Hutatma Smarak’ was erected in under the leadership Mumbai near Flora Fountain. of Bhai Madhavrao Bagal. Leaders like On 1 November 1956, Bilingual S.M.Joshi, N.G.Gore, Jayantrao Tilak, Mumbai State came into existence. Later P.K.Atre, Uddhavrao Patil were present. in 1957, Loksabha, Vidhan Sabha and Severe demonstrations were made at Mumbai Municipal Corporation elections Pasarni Ghat and Poladpur. The Samiti were held. Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti succeeded in making Pandit Nehru aware got grand success. These results made of the conditions as well as of the it clear that the voters were against sentiments of the Marathi speaking bilingual state and in favour of Samyukta people. Maharashtra. The Central Governement favoured 64 the making of Maharashtra due to the At the dawn of 1 agitation led by Samyukta Maharashtra May 1960, in the Samiti. At this instance, Indira Gandhi , special ceremony at President of Congress supported the Raj Bhavan, on Samyukta Maharashtra movement. The occasion of Labour Central Government consented the two Day, Pandit Nehru linguistic states- Maharashtra and officially announced Gujarat. In April 1960, the Parliament the formation of passed the Mumbai Reorganisation Act. Maharashtra State. According to this Act, Maharashtra State Yashwantrao Chavan Yashwantrao Chavan was formed on 1 May 1960. accepted the responsibility as first Chief Minister of Maharashtra.

Exercise

1. Rewrite the statements by choosing the (2) The role of newspapers was important appropriate options. in Samyukta Maharashta Movement. (1) The State of ...... was formed on 3. Write short notes. 1 May 1960. (1) Samyukta Maharashtra Parishad (a) Goa (b) Karnataka (2) Contribution of Samyukta (c) Andhra Pradesh (d) Maharashtra Maharashtra Samiti. (2) ...... put forth the proposal of 4. Complete the following diagram. Samyukta Maharashtra with Mumbai General Vice in the Mumbai Municipal Corporation. Secretary President President (a) G.T.Madkholkar (b) Acharya Atre (c) D.V.Potdar (d) Shankarrao Dev Samyukta (3) ...... accepted the responsibility as Maharashtra Samiti first Chief Minister of Maharashtra. (a) Yashvantrao Chavan Project (b) Prithviraj Chavan Collect information about the personalities (c) Shankarrao Chavan who greatly contributed to the formation (d) Vilasrao Deshmukh of Maharashtra and prepare a project 2. Explain the following statements with based on it with the help of your reasons. teachers. (1) Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti came to be established.

65 CIVICS (Parliamentary System)

CONTENTS

No. Topic Page No.

1. Introduction to the Parliamentary System. 68

2. The Indian Parliament...... 71

3. The Union Executive...... 75

4. The Indian Judicial System...... 79

5. The State Government...... 83

6. Bureaucracy...... 86

66 Learning Outcomes

Suggested learning process Learning outcome To give opportunities to study Individually or Students in the group of two or more and to motivate the students in undertaking following activities 08.73H.14 Can interpret the social and political problems in their surrounding in the To participate in the discussions on the light of/ with reference to Indian concepts such as Constitution, Parliament, constitution. Judiciary, marginalisation To make oral or written presentation and to 08.73H.15 Distinguish between union prepare posters with sketches, drawings based government and the government of on themes such as Constitution, Preamble, the constituent states Parliamentary system, division of powers and 08.73H.16 Explain/elaborate the election federalism process of Lok Sabha To initiate debates on how principles of liberty, equality and fraternity are implemented 08.73H.17 Can find out/determine one’s own in Classroom, School, home and society constituency in the map of Lok To observe the maps of Lok Sabha Constituency Sabha Constituencies of State and of State and Union Territories Union Territories and can write the To organise model elections with the model names of local representatives code of conduct and youth parliament 08.73H.18 Can describe the process of law To prepare the list of registered voters in our making (for example Law for the neighbourhood and surrounding protection against domestic violence, To organise awareness campaign on importance Right to Information Act, Right to of voting in the surrounding area Education Act etc.) To get information about public works 08.73H.19 Can state the important judicial undertaken by the representatives of people in decisions and on the basis of it can our constituency explain the working of judicial To examine and understand First Investigation system. Report To give opportunity to express oneself through 08.73H.20 Can demonstrate how to file first detailed and analytical writing on the role of investigation report judges in getting justice to the claimants. 08.73H.21 Can analyse the causes of why the To organise group discussions on the promotion weaker sections in our society are violation and protection of human rights of left out and its effects women, scheduled castes and tribes, nomadic tribes, religious and linguistic minorities, 08.73H.22 They know the role of government handicapped, children with special needs and in providing public services such as the other deprived classes. water, public cleanliness, roads, electricity etc. and the availability Perform a role play about child labour, child of these services rights and the criminal justice system in India. To give opportunity to share experience with 08.73H.23 Explain the nature of governmental fellow students on inequality in public machinery in Maharashtra. facilities - water, health facilities and electricity To organise debates on how Government is responsible for providing public facilities

67 1. Introduction to the Parliamentary System

In this chapter, we will learn the evolved over a period of time. The machinery or the system of government Parliamentary system of Government as given in the Indian Constitution. having its roots in ‘Parliament’ is considered as a contribution of England. Have you thought of this ? India has adopted this Parliamentary What is a parliamentary system of System. We can see some broad similarities government ? in the Parliamentary system of England In India we have Prime Minister but and the Parliamentary system of India. why is there no Prime Minister in But when looked at an institutional level, the United States of America ? the Indian Parliamentary system is What is the difference between a different in its content. Parliamentary and a Presidential system of government ? Let us understand the characteristics of the Indian Parliamentary system of These questions would lead us to government in India. conclude that every country has a different The Parliamentary system is a system form of government. Before we go ahead of governance. The legislature of the to understand different types of Central government is known as the Government systems, let us get information Parliament. The Indian Parliament is about the main branches of government. composed of the President, Lok Sabha The function of the Legislature is to and Rajya Sabha. make laws. The Executive implements the Members of the Lok Sabha are law and the Judiciary provides justice. directly elected by the people. The The functions of these organs, their number of members in the House is jurisdiction and limitations on their power fixed. and the interrelationship between these Elections to the Lok Sabha are held organs are decided by the Constitution. It at regular intervals. All political is the nature of their interrelationship that parties contest these elections. The determines the system of government party which gets more than half of adopted in a particular country. the seats is considered as the majority There are two main types of party. The majority party forms the government systems that are followed. government. (1) Parliamentary System (2) Presidential Sometimes, when no party gets a System. clear majority, some parties come Parliamentary System of government together to form a majority and they The Parliamentary System of can establish the government. This government developed primarily in kind of a government is known as a England. In England, the Constitution is coalition government. an unwritten Constitution. The governance In this way, candidates directly elected is carried out in accordance with traditions by people become members of the and customs and conventions. The ‘British legislature and the party in majority Parliament’ is an institution that has gets a chance to form the government. 68 The leader of the majority party executive. becomes the Prime Minister. He/She In the Parliamentary form of selects candidates for ministerial government, the legislature is a supreme positions from among his/her institution. Elected representatives of colleagues. people express demands and aspirations The Prime Minister and the Council of common people in the Parliament. The of Ministers chosen by the Prime Parliament decides upon issues of public Minister together forms the ‘Executive’ welfare. Since it is the house of in the Parliamentary system of representatives of people and expresses government. In Parliamentary system, sovereign authority of the people, it is the Executive has a dual considered as the supreme body. responsibility : (1) As an Executive Why did India adopt a Parliamentary they have to implement laws. (2) As System of government ? they are the members of the legislature, they also have to fulfill responsibilities India adopted the parliamentary system of the Legislature. of government for several reasons. The The Prime Minister and the Council development of parliamentary institutions of Ministers is responsible to the legislature started during the British rule. The British for all their actions and policies. It means rulers governed in accordance with this that the Council of Ministers has to work system. The parliamentary system of with the legislature. It is for this reason government in India is also in a way a that the parliamentary system is known product of the freedom movement. Indians as ‘responsible system of government’. were familiar to this system of government. Another distinct characteristic of Many discussions took place in the parliamentary system of government is Constituent Assembly over the system of collective responsibility. Decision taken government. The framers of the Constitution by any ministry/department is considered made few changes in the parliamentary as decision of the government. The entire system to suit the Indian situation. council of ministers is responsible for the Discussions and deliberations are an decision. In the next two chapters, we integral part of the parliamentary form of will see with examples, how the principle government. Questions related to public of collective responsibility is brought into welfare are discussed in the legislature. practice. Members from the opposition party also In the Parliamentary System, the take part in these discussions. Opposition Executive is dependent upon the confidence parties may support the government of the legislature in them. This means wherever appropriate, point out that the Council of Minister remains in shortcomings in policies and laws, put up power till it enjoys the support or studied arguments and questions etc. This confidence of the legislature. If the helps the legislature to make proper laws. legislature feels that the Executive does Presidential system of government not work in accordance to its wishes, it Presidential system of government removes the executive from power by can be said to be another important passing a no-confidence motion against system of government. This type of system the executive. No-confidence motion is an exists in countries such as United States effective tool of keeping a check over the 69 of America. This system is different from people. The President is the executive the parliamentary form. The system, in head and has lot of powers including which the Executive is independent of the power to implement laws. legislature and as the Head of the State In spite of such a structure, the (the President) is directly elected by legislature and the executive keep a people, is known as the Presidential check on each other. This mutual system of government. Though the three control over each other can lead to a organs are independent from each other, responsible government. there are enough connections between Apart from the Parliamentary and the them to work in harmony/coordination. Presidential systems of government there The United States of America has adopted are other forms of government systems the presidential system of government. that are followed in France, Switzerland, Following are some features of this Germany, etc. Several countries owing to system of government. their unique circumstances have evolved In a Presidential form of government, different systems of government. the legislature and the executive are In the next chapter, we will study the not directly dependent on each other. structure, working and role of the Indian The Houses of the Legislature and the Parliament. President are directly elected by the

Exercise

1. Choose the correct option and rewrite 2. Discussion and deliberations are the statements. important in a parliamentary system of 1. Parliamentary System of government government. developed in ...... 4. Answer the following in 25 to 30 words. (a) England (b) France 1. What is a responsible government? (c) United States of America (d) Nepal 2. Enumerate the characteristics of the 2. In the Presidential system ...... is the Presidential system of government. executive head. (a) The Prime Minister 5. Why is the role of opposition parties (b) The Lok Sabha Speaker important? Write your opinion. (c) The President (d) The Governor Project 2. Complete the information in the following table. Watch the live telecast proceedings of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha on the Sr. Name of the Functions national channel Doordarshan and write No. Institution your observations. 1. Legislature 2. Executive 3. Judiciary 3. Explain the following statements with reasons. 1. India adopted the parliamentary system of government. 70 2. The Indian Parliament

The two houses of the Parliament are called the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. Lok Sabha : The Lok Sabha is the lower and the first house of the Parliament of India. Lok Sabha is the House of Representatives directly elected by the people. Hence, the Lok Sabha is called the ‘First’ house. The members of Lok Parliament House, New Delhi Sabha are elected directly by people from We have studied that the parliament the ‘territorial constituencies’. The tenure plays an important role in parliamentary of Lok Sabha is five years. The elections system of government. In this chapter, we take place after every five years. These will discuss the Parliament of India. elections are known as General Elections. The Constitution of India has created However, there are examples when the the Parliament of India. The Legislature Lok Sabha was dissolved before the at the national level, that is the level of completion of five years. Elections held in the central government, is called the such a case are called mid-term elections. Parliament. It consists of the President Lok Sabha is the representative body and the two Houses of Parliament - Lok of the citizen of the country. As per the Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Though President constitution there can be a maximum of is an inseparable part of the Parliament, 552 members in the Lok Sabha. To ensure he/she cannot participate in the discussions representation to all sections of the in either of the houses of the Parliament. society, some seats are reserved for members belonging to Scheduled Caste Can you find out ? and Scheduled Tribes. In case there are no representatives from the Anglo- Indian The constituent States in India get community, the President can appoint two seats on basis of their population. For the members from this community to the Lok purpose of elections, the State is divided Sabha. into territorial constituencies. The population of these territorial constituencies is Rajya Sabha : The upper and the approximately equal. Use the Internet to second house of Parliament is the Rajya find out the number of seats each constituent Sabha. The members of Rajya Sabha are State has in the Lok Sabha. For example, indirectly elected. The Rajya Sabha gives Maharashtra : 48 seats representation to 28 states and 9 Union Gujarat : territories in India. Thus, members of Madhya Pradesh : Rajya Sabha work as representatives of Goa : the constituent states.

71 Do it.

Mary : Can I contest Lok Sabha elections after I pass my tenth standard? Radhika : No! You can vote after you attain 18 years of age, but you cannot contest elections! Ranveer : Don’t you know that for contesting Lok Sabha elections one needs to complete 25 years of age? Shabana : What if a person from neighbouring country decides to contest Lok Sabha election? Muskaan : How is it possible? Is that person an Indian citizen? Pranav : If I want to contest elections from Kerala, is that possible? Radhika : Yes! Because our teacher said that the Lok Sabha election can be contested from any constituency of any state. Mrunal : I understood conditions regarding the age and nationality. But who can be considered as non-qualified for contesting elections? Mary : Like the criteria for qualification, there are conditions for disqualifications as well. Let us understand it with the help of our teachers. The total membership of Rajya Sabha complaints of their constituencies by is 250 members. Amongst them, 238 raising questions in the Parliament. members are elected from the constituent Government allocates them funds to carry states and Union Territories. All the out development work in their respective constituent states do not get equal constituencies. representation in the Rajya Sabha. It is Functions of Parliament : After proportionate to the total population of understanding the basics of Lok Sabha each of the state. Remaining 12 members and Rajya Sabha, we will now review are appointed by the President. These their functions. members are usually experienced and Formulation of laws : In order to distinguished personalities from the fields achieve welfare of the people and the of literature, arts, science, sports and objectives of the Constitution, the social work. The members of Rajya Parliament has to formulate new laws. Sabha are elected through the system of Also, outdated laws are repealed, necessary proportional representation. changes are made in some laws. The Rajya Sabha is never dissolved process of the formulation of laws has completely hence it is called a permanent been described in the constitution. In house. 1/3rd members of total members of accordance to the procedures, the Rajya Sabha who have completed their Parliament fulfills this primary and tenure of six years retire after every two important responsibility. years and equal number of new members Control over Council of Ministers: get elected. Because the limited members The Prime Minister and the Council of of Rajya Sabha retire step by step, Rajya Ministers are drawn from the Parliament Sabha can function continuously. Any person contesting for the elections of Rajya Sabha must be an Indian citizen and he Can you tell ? must have completed 30 years of age. Certain laws which become out-of- Members of Lok Sabha and Rajya date (obsolete) are abolished. Can you Sabha are known as Member of Parliament give examples of such obsolete laws? (MPs). MPs try to resolve the queries and For example, abolition of Privy purses. 72 and Parliament exercises control over amongst themselves. Lok Sabha functions them. There are multiple ways through under the guidance and control of the which this control can be exercised. It is speaker. the responsibility of the Parliament to see Lok Sabha represents the citizen and that the Council of Ministers does not the Speaker represents the Lok Sabha. After disregard the Parliament and functions getting elected as Speaker, he/she has to under its supervision. conduct the business of the House in an Amendments to the Constitution : unbiased manner. Lok Sabha members The Parliament decides whether to make have some rights and privileges as the any amendment to the Indian Constitution. representatives of the people. These are The constitution amendment bill is taken care of by the Speaker. Apart from considered to be an important bill. The this, the Speaker has to maintain the Parliament discusses why the amendment decorum and dignity of the house as well is required and decides whether to accept as interpret the rules of daily functioning it or not. The Constitution mentions of the house and work accordingly. various ways of amending the Constitution. The Chairman of Rajya Sabha : They are as follows- (i) Few provisions The Chairman exercises a control over in the Indian Constitution are amended by the functioning of Rajya Sabha. The Vice simple majority of the Parliament President of India is the ex-officio (ii) Some provisions require special Chairman of Rajya Sabha. The functions majority (2/3rd) of the Parliament. of Rajya Sabha Chairman also include (iii) Few other provisions are amended by maintaining the discipline in the house, special majority of the Parliament plus facilitating discussions, giving members a consent from more than half of the chance to speak etc. constituent states. How does the Parliament make laws? Speaker of Lok Sabha : In the very In our country, the parliament is first meeting after the elections of Lok empowered to make laws. To formulate Sabha, the members of Lok Sabha elect a them, a certain system has been adopted. ‘Speaker’ and ‘Deputy Speaker’ from This system is known as the law-making Understand it. process. A rough draft of the law is Both Houses, the Lok Sabha as well as prepared initially. This draft or outline is the Rajya Sabha have same set of rights. known as draft proposal of the law or But there are certain rights that are enjoyed Bill of law. by the Lok Sabha and are not available to There are two types of bills that are the Rajya Sabha. For example, Bills related to taxes are related to finance. Bills related primarily introduced in House of the to finance are considered as ‘Money Bills’ Parliament. (1) Money Bill (2) Ordinary and such bills are introduced and passed in Bill. the Lok Sabha. Rajya Sabha has limited In order to be converted into an Act powers with respect to money bills. (Law), the Bill undergoes following The Rajya Sabha has certain rights process. which are not available to the Lok Sabha. First reading : The minister of the For example, If Rajya Sabha feels that as a matter of national interest, the Parliament concerned department/ministry or member should make a law on the subject in the of the parliament presents the bill and State List it can pass a resolution to that briefly explains its nature while presenting effect. it. This is called as ‘first reading’. 73 Second reading : There are two majority, then the bill is considered as stages of second reading. In the first passed by the House. stage, the objectives of the proposed Bill The bill undergoes the same procedure are discussed and members in the house even in the other house. After getting an express their opinions on it. The supporters approval by both the houses, the bill is of the bill give favourable opinions while further sent for assent by the President. the opponents discuss the defects and If there occurs a difference of opinion faults in the bill. After the discussion between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha within the house, as per the requirement, over a specific bill, the future of this bill the bill is sent to a committee of the is decided in a joint meeting of both the House. The committee report consisting houses. of instructions and recommendations is sent to the House in order to make the After the final assent and signature bill flawless. of the President, the bill is converted into the law and the law is made. Now, the second phase of the second reading begins. In this phase, the bill is Know this too ! discussed clause by clause. Members can Every year in the month of February, suggest changes. After this, voting is the Finance Minister presents the taken in the house. national Budget to the Lok Sabha. Third Reading : The bill is discussed The State Legislatures also follow the briefly again during the third reading. same procedure of law making as in the Voting is taken for approving the Bill. If Parliament. The Bill passed by the State the bill gets an assent by the required Legislature can become a Law only after it receives the assent of the Governor.

Exercise 1. Complete the following sentences by (2) Lok Sabha is known as the first choosing the correct option. House. (1) Candidates to the Lok Sabha are 4. Answer the following in 25 to 30 words. elected through ...... (1) How are members of the Lok Sabha (a) territorial constituencies elected ? (b) religious constituencies. (2) Explain the functions of the Speaker (c) local bodies of Lok Sabha. (d) proportional Representation System 5. Explain the steps involved in the (2) India’s ...... is the ex-officio lawmaking process. Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. (a) President (b) Vice-President Project (c) Prime Minister (d) Chief Justice The President nominates 12 members to the Rajya Sabha. Collect information on 2. Find and write. what are the criteria for their selection. (1) Members of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are known as ...... (2) The responsibility of making laws is with ...... 3. Explain following statements with reasons. (1) Rajya Sabha is a permanent House. 74 3. The Union Executive

In the last chapter, we learnt about what are the constitutional provisions the Union legislature which included the relating to Executive and what is the structure and functioning of the Parliament. process of policy making for public In this chapter, we are going to study the welfare. Union Executive. India’s Union Executive comprises of Structure of the Union Government : the President, Prime Minister and the The Union government means the Central Council of Ministers. government. The Union government is President : According to the provisions made up of the following constituents. in the Constitution of India, the President is the Supreme Head of the State. The Union Government office of the President has the highest honour and prestige and it represents the President Republic of India. All executive powers of the State are vested in the President by the Constitution. The Government Legislature Executive carries out its functions in the name of the President. However, in reality, the Prime Minister and the Council of Prime Minister and Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha Council of Ministers Ministers run the government. Therefore, the President is the nominal and You know that the legislature, constitutional head whereas the Prime executive and judiciary are the three Minister is the executive head. organs of the State and that they work Election of the President : The for the welfare of people. In a President is indirectly elected by the people parliamentary system, the executive is of India. The common people do not vote part of the legislature and is responsible in the election of the President. He is to the legislature. When we learn about elected by directly elected representatives the Executive, it is important for us to of the Central and State legislatures. The understand who are included in Executive, group of these parliamentarians and members of the state legislatures is known Rama : The President is the nominal as the Electoral College. head and the Prime Minister is the executive head. What type of relationship The tenure of the President is five exists between persons holding these years. The person contesting the Presidential posts ? elections should be an Indian citizen who Vidya : I think that the Prime Minister has completed 35 years of age. The person meets the President regularly and informs elected to the position of the President has him about the conduct of administration. to take an oath while accepting the post. According to the oath, the President bears Yes ! This is right. The Prime Minister the responsibility of protecting the informs the President about the administration of the country and about Constitution and ensuring that the new laws and policies. Rather, the President government runs as per the constitution. has a right to seek such information. The President governs in accordance with

75 the advice given by the Prime Minister and commute a sentence of a person or in the Council of Ministers. special circumstances grant pardons or The responsibility of protecting the reprieves on humanitarian grounds. Constitution is shouldered by the President. (7) The President has the power to But if any act of President violates the declare emergency in case of a crisis Constitution then the Parliament has the situation arising in the country. There are authority to remove the President. This three kinds of emergencies mentioned in the process is known as process of Constitution. (1) National Emergency (2) Impeachment. Any one House can lay State Emergency (3) Financial Emergency the charge of violation of the Constitution In the absence of the President, his and the investigation of the charge is functions are carried out by the Vice- carried out by the other House. The President. The Vice-President is elected by resolution has to be passed by special members of both the houses of the (2/3rd) majority of both the Houses of Parliament. Parliament. Powers and Functions of the Do it. President : The Constitution has entrusted several powers and functions to the Find out the text of the oath taken President. A few functions are enumerated by the President. Understand its meaning as follows: with the help of your teachers. (1) The President summons the meeting Prime Minister and the Council of of Parliament, prorogue the session of Ministers : The President is the Parliament, sends messages to both Houses, constitutional head. However, in reality, dissolves the Parliament after the tenure is his powers are nominal and the Prime over or even before the tenure gets over. Minister along with his Council of (2) Bill passed by the Lok Sabha and Ministers is responsible for the Rajya Sabha must be signed by the administration. We will now see the role President. Without his signature, the Bill and functions of the Prime Minister. cannot become a law. The party which attains a majority in (3) The President appoints the Prime elections nominates their leader as the Minister and other ministers on the Prime Minister. The Council of Ministers recommendation of Prime Minister. is then formed of trustworthy colleagues (4) The President appoints the judges from within the party. The Prime Minister of the Supreme Court and the High and the Council of Ministers must be Courts. The President also appoints the members of the parliament. In case they Governors of States, Chief Election are not members, they are required to get Commissioner and other important officers. elected to the Parliament within six (5) The President is the supreme months of their appointment. The commander of the defence forces. government in reality is run by the Prime Decisions regarding war and peace are Minister and the Council of Ministers. made by the President. This means that the real executive powers are vested with the Prime Minister and (6) The President has some judicial the Council of Ministers. powers too. For instance, the President has the power to reduce the punishment, Functions of the Prime Minister grant a reduction in punishment or (1) The foremost task of the Prime 76 Minister is to form his Council of initiative in the process of Law-making. Ministers. While doing this, the Prime The scheme, policy plans etc. are drafted Minister gives priority to trustworthy and discussed and then introduced in the colleagues while considering their House. The Council of Ministers discusses administrative experience, governance important questions before making a skills, efficiency and subject expertise. decision. (2) After deciding upon the members (2) Education, agriculture, industry, of the council of ministers, the Prime health, foreign relations are subjects upon Minister allocates portfolios to them. which the Council of Ministers has to (3) The Prime Minister leads the decide specific policies or direction of Council of Ministers. The Prime Minister work. The Parliament needs to be taken chairs all the meetings of the Council of into confidence about the policy decisions Ministers. taken by the government. Therefore, the (4) After allocation of portfolios, the Ministers of respective departments lay Prime Minister has to maintain their policy plans in the Parliament to coordination in the working of various bring about a discussion on it, and try to departments, facilitate cooperation get it approved by the Parliament. amongst the departments, supervise the (3) Implementation of policy is the working of these departments in order to foremost responsibility of the Council of maintain efficacy and efficiency etc. Ministers. Once the Parliament approves (5) The Prime Minister also has the policies or draft proposals, the Council various other responsibilities such as to of Ministers implements them. raise the image of the country in the How does the Parliament keep a international arena and work towards check over the Council of Ministers ? achieving a favourable opinion globally, In a parliamentary system of to develop trust among people and to government the legislature tries to keep provide strong support to people who are control over the executive i.e. the Council victims of any disaster etc. of Ministers. The control is exercised in Functions of Council of Ministers the lawmaking or policy making process, implementation of policies and even after (1) In a parliamentary form of that. A few ways of exercising control are: government the Council of Ministers takes (1) Discussions and Debates : Debate and discussion among the members of the Do you know ? House are an integral part of the law- Have you heard about ‘Jumbo making process. These debates and Ministry’ ? discussions help the members to scrutinise This refers to huge Council of the policy proposals and laws and point Ministers. There was a trend to keep large out the shortcomings. These discussions Council of Ministers in our country. Later, are essential for creation of flawless laws. a constitutional amendment was made to (2) Question Hour : During limit the size of the Council of Ministers. parliamentary sessions, the proceedings of As per this amendment, the number of the House begins with questions asked by ministers in the council should not be the members of the House. The concerned more than 15% of the total number of ministers are supposed to give satisfactory members in the Lok Sabha. answers to these questions. Question Hour 77 is one of the most effective ways of keeping the support of majority in Lok Sabha. If a check over the Council of Ministers. the members of Parliament withdraw the During question hour, members criticise the support, it may lead to loss of majority government and ask questions on various and the government cannot stay in power. issues. Sometimes, when a member is not The members of the House can move a satisfied with the answer of the minister, no-confidence motion by simply expressing arguments take place. Occasionally, ‘we do not have confidence in the members walk-out of the House or enter government’. If the motion is passed with into the well of the House and give slogans majority support then the Council of to record their protest. Ministers has to resign. (3) Zero Hour : During the parliamentary sessions, the period around Can you tell ? 12 noon is called ‘Zero Hour’. During this period, any question of public What should the members of the importance can be raised and discussed. Parliament do to participate effectively in debates and discussions? (4) No-Confidence motion : This is one of the most effective ways to keep a There is an extensive bureaucracy check on the Council of Ministers. The that works under the executive. We will government stays in power till it enjoys study this bureaucracy in the 6th chapter.

Exercise

1. Choose the correct option and rewrite check on the Council of Ministers ? the statement. 5. Complete the concept picture. (1) In India, the executive power is vested with the …………… . (President, Prime Minister, Speaker) (2) The tenure of the President is of Functions of ………… years. the President (Three, Four, Five) in India (3) The Council of Ministers is led by the ………. . (Party chief, Prime Minister, President) Project 2. Find and write. (1) The President, the Prime Minister, the (1) If you become the Prime Minister Council of Minister are called the - what works will you prioritise? (2) During the parliamentary session the Create a priority-wise list and present period around 12 noon is known as - it in class. (2) Collect pictures and information of 3. Write on following concepts in your India’s Presidents since independence. own words. (1) Impeachment procedure (2) No- confidence motion (3) Jumbo ministry 4. Answer in brief. (1) Enumerate the functions of the Council of Ministers. (2) How does the Parliament keep a 78 4. The Indian Judicial System

Along with the legislature and the democracy. Executive, the judiciary too is an important The Rule of Law is protected by the organ of the government. While the Judiciary. The law treats everyone legislature makes the laws and executive equally. Rich, poor, developed - implements the laws, Judiciary gives backward, men or women, all are justice. In this chapter, we will learn, equal before law and this is expressed how Judiciary works to give justice and clearly through judicial decisions. thereby helps in removing injustice in a Judiciary helps to protect the rights of society and establishes a healthy society. people. Conflicts are resolved in But before that let us understand why accordance with law and law prevents giving justice is necessary. emergence of repressive and Opinions, thoughts, perspective, authoritarian groups and individuals. beliefs, faith and culture differ from Structure of the Judiciary : India is person to person. If people are tolerant Union of States. The Centre and the they can avoid conflicts. But if differences Constituent States have a seperate of opinion are very sharp they may lead legislature and executive. But there is one to conflicts. They should be resolved judicial system for the whole of India. impartially and in accordance with the There is no division of courts between the laws. For this purpose an unbiased judicial Centre and the Constituent States. This machinery is required. means that judiciary in India is an Conflict of interests may arise between integrated system. The Supreme Court is individuals and the government. A the apex court under which there are decision or law made by the government High Courts. The High Courts control the may seem unfair to people and they district courts following which there are may approach the court for justice. lower courts which are at the bottom of The government tries to implement the this structure. objectives of social justice and equality Supreme Court : The Chief Justice laid down in the Constitution. The of India (CJI) heads the Supreme Court judiciary through its decisions in of India. The President appoints the Chief certain cases or through active Justice of India and other Judges of involvement can support the Supreme Court. By convention, the government. The court can help to senior most judge of the Supreme Court bring the weaker sections of society, is appointed as the Chief Justice. women, children, differently-abled and The judiciary should not work under transgender into the mainstream of the any kind of pressure. The independence society. of the judiciary is maintained so as to When the common man benefits from enable the judges to fearlessly carry out the values of freedom, equality, and the function of giving justice. For this justice, it leads to the widening and purpose, the Constitution has made the deepening of democracy. This is following provisions. necessary for the strengthening of 79 Judicial Activism : Traditionally, the Courts settle the disputes whenever they are approached for that purpose. In the last few decades, this image of the court has undergone a change and they have become increasingly active. This means that the court now seeks to fulfill the constitutional goals of justice and equality. The court Supreme Court of India, Delhi has tried to provide legal protection to the marginalised sections in The Constitution lays down the society, women, tribal, workers, farmers, eligibility criteria for the judges. A and children. Public Interest Litigations legal expert or one having served as have played an important role in this the High Court judge or an experienced regard. advocate is considered eligible. Judges are appointed by the President. This helps to avoid any political Functions of the Supreme Court pressure. * As a federal court, it has the Judges enjoy security of tenure. They responsibility to settle disputes cannot be removed from the post for between the Union and the states; trivial reasons or for political motives. between the states and the Union The retirement age of judges of the and any state on one hand and one Supreme Court is 65 years, while for or more states on the other hand. the High Court it is 62 years. * It may also give orders for protection of the fundamental rights of citizen. The salaries of judges are drawn from the Consolidated Fund of India, no * To review decrees and orders of discussion takes place on this issue in lower courts and also review its the Parliament. own decisions. In case the President asks for the Personal criticisms cannot be made on * advice of the Court to understand judges for their acts and decisions. the legal aspects in matters of Contempt of Court is considered a public importance, provide the punishable offense. This not only necessary advice. protects the judges from misguided/ wrongful criticism but also preserves the independence of the judiciary. The Parliament cannot discuss the Can you tell ? decisions of the judges. However, it Why does the President seek the has the right to remove the judges advice of the Supreme Court on any from their position through the issue of public importance? impeachment procedure.

80 High Court : The Indian Union of Read the paragraph and write. states confers the Parliament with the Judicial Review : One of the power to establish a High Court in each most important responsibilities Constituent State in the Union. Currently, entrusted to the Supreme Court is the there are 24 High Courts in India. protection of the Constitution. You There is a Chief Justice along with are aware that the Constitution is the other judges in the High Court. fundamental law of the Nation. The Parliament cannot pass any law that All judges of the High Court are violates the Constitution. Every act appointed by the President. or policy made by the Executive should also be consistent with the Do it. Constitution. If any law passed by the Legislature or any act of the The Bombay High Court’s Executive violates any provision of jurisdiction covers the states of the Constitution, the said law or act Maharashtra and Goa, and the Union is declared illegal and struck down Territories of Dadra and Nagar by the court. This power of the court Haveli and Daman and Diu. is known as Judicial Review. Find out two other such examples • Should the Court have such a where the High Court has jurisdiction right ? over more than one state.

See this example. Functions of the High Court The Court had asked candidates * To supervise and maintain control contesting elections to declare their over the lower courts in its property and income details and jurisdiction. educational qualifications through an * Authority to give orders to protect affidavit. The aim was to ensure that fundamental rights. the voters will vote on the basis of * The Governor seeks the advice of accurate information about the the High Court while appointing candidates. Is this not an attempt to judges in the district courts. make our election process more transparent ? District and lower courts : These Are there any more such orders are courts at the district and tehsil (taluka) from the court with respect to this level. The people generally go to these subject ? Find out more on this. courts. Every District Court has one district judge. Public Interest Litigation (PIL) refers The Branches of Law in India : to litigations filed on issues of public There are two main branches of law: importance by individual citizens, social (1) Civil law and (2) Criminal law. organisations or Non-Governmental Organisations on behalf of the all people. Civil law : This law deals with The court thinks over the questions raised conflicts which affect or interfere with the and gives its decision. rights of a person. For example, Conflicts 81 regarding land and property, rent charges are proved, there are provisions agreement, divorce, etc. After filing a for severe punishment. petition in the relevant court, the said The Indian judiciary has made a court gives a decision. significant contribution in development of Criminal Law : Serious crimes are the country. Common people have a lot dealt under criminal law. For example, of respect and trust in the judicial system. theft, robbery, dowry, murder, etc. In The judiciary in India has protected these cases, the first step is to file a First individual freedom, the federal system Information Report (FIR) with the Police. and the Constitution of India. Courts have The police investigates the matter and played an important role in strengthening then a petition is filed in the court. If the the democracy in India.

Exercise

1. Choose the correct option and complete 5. Complete the table. the statements. (1) Laws are made by …………… . Organisation of the Judiciary (a) Legislature (b) Council of Ministers (c) Judiciary (d) Executive (2) The Chief Justice of Supreme Court is appointed by …………… High Court (a) The Prime Minister (b) The President (c) The Home Minister Chief Justice District (d) The Chief Justice Judge 2. Explain the concepts. Project (1) Judicial Review (1) Organise a ‘Moot Court’ in your (2) Public Interest Litigation school, prepare and ask questions 3. Write short notes on. related to Public Interest Litigations (1) Civil and Criminal Law in this Moot Court. (2) Judicial Activism (2) Visit the nearest police station and understand the procedure of filing a 4. Answer in brief. First Information Report (FIR) with (1) Why are laws necessary in society? the help of your teacher. (2) Enumerate the functions of the Supreme Court. (3) Which are the provisions that preserve the independence of the judiciary ?

82 5. The State Government

In the last chapters we understood the Members of Legislative Council (MLC). nature of Union Parliament and Union Legislature of Maharashtra : Executive. We were also introduced to the Legislature of Maharashtra has two integrated Judicial System in India. In Houses, namely - Vidhan Sabha this chapter we will study the government (Legislative Assembly) and Vidhan of constituent states or State Government. Parishad (Legislative Council). In the federal system, the government exists at two levels. Federal that is the Central Government works at the national level and the State government works at the regional or State level. Background : India has a large geographic expanse with a multicultural population. There is diversity in language, religion, ways of life and regional characteristics. It would not have been possible to govern from a centralised place; therefore the Constitution has Vidhan Bhavan, Mumbai adopted a federal setup for India. It was Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) : decided to form the States on the basis This is the first House of the Maharashtra of language. Accordingly, linguistic legislature and comprises of 288 members. reorganisation of states took place. In case there is inadequate representation of the Anglo-Indian community the The nature of government machinery Governor nominates one member from in all states of India is same. However, this community in the Vidhan Sabha. Jammu and Kashmir is an exception. Let Some seats are reserved for the Scheduled us now study the nature of governance in Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Maharashtra states with reference to Maharashtra. is divided into territorial constituencies for Do you know ? the purpose of elections. One member is elected from each of the constituencies. India has 28 Constituent States but there are 31 Vidhan Sabhas. This is Tenure of Vidhan Sabha is 5 years. because the Union Territories of Delhi and However, in exceptional circumstances Puducherry and Jammu and Kashmir both elections can be held before the completion have Vidhan Sabhas. of 5 years. Any citizen residing in State Legislature : Like the Maharashtra and who has completed 25 Parliament at the central level, every years of age can contest the elections to State has its own legislature. But only the Vidhan Sabha. seven states in India have two Houses ie. Speaker of Vidhan Sabha : The Bicameral legislatures. Maharashtra has a proceedings of the Vidhan Sabha are bicameral legislature. The members of carried out under the supervision and State legislatures are known as Members guidance of the Speaker. The elected of Legislative Assembly (MLA) or members of the newly constituted Vidhan 83 Sabha elect the Speaker and Deputy Governor is the nominal head at the state- Speaker of the Vidhan Sabha from amongst level. themselves. The Speaker has many Governor is appointed by the President responsibilities which range from the and holds the office during the pleasure power to prepare the order of business, to of the President. The Governor also enjoys carry out the proceedings of the House in certain legislative powers. For example, a disciplined manner, or to suspend the bills passed by the Vidhan Sabha and members for misbehaviour or misconduct. Vidhan Parishad are converted into laws In absence of the Speaker, the responsibility only after receiving the assent of the is taken over by the Deputy Speaker. Governor. The Governor has the right to Maharashtra’s legislature conducts summon the session of the state legislature. minimum three sessions in a year. The When the legislature is not in session but budget session and monsoon session is the need arises to make the law, then the conducted in Mumbai while the winter Governor can issue an Ordinance for the session is conducted in Nagpur. same. Vidhan Parishad (Legislative Chief Minister and Council of Council) : It is the second House of the Ministers : The leader of the majority Maharashtra legislature and members are party in Legislative Assembly becomes indirectly elected from various sections of the Chief Minister. The Chief Minister society. There are 78 members in the includes his/her trustworthy colleagues in Vidhan Parishad of Maharashtra. Of these the Council of Ministers. Like the Prime some members who are distinguished Minister who is the executive head of the personalities from the fields of literature, Union, the Chief Minister is the head of science and social service are nominated the state executive. The government of by the Governor; remaining representatives the state is run in the name of the are elected by the members of Vidhan Governor. But in reality, the administration Sabha, local government institutions, is carried out by the Chief Minister. teacher-constituencies and graduate constituencies. Functions of the Chief Minister The Vidhan Parishad is never fully Creation of the State Executive : dissolved. A specific number of members After proving the majority, the Chief retire every 2 years and these vacant Minister forms his/her Council of Ministers. seats are filled again by conducting fresh This is a challenging task because in order elections for those seats. The proceedings to make the Council more representative, of the Vidhan Parishad are conducted various regions and social groups under the control and guidance of the (Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Chairman. In absence of the Chairman, Backward Castes, Women, and Minorities the Deputy Chairman takes over the etc.) have to be accommodated. If no party responsibility. secures a clear majority, different parties Executive of Maharashtra : The can come together to form the government. Governor, Chief Minister and the Council In such case, the Chief Minister has to of Ministers together form the executive perform the difficult task of giving a place of Maharashtra. to all the constituent parties in the alliance. Governor : The President is a Distribution of portfolios : After the nominal head at the Centre while the formation of the Council of Ministers, the 84 Chief Minister has to distribute portfolios Leader of the State : Just as the among the ministers. While distributing Prime Minister leads the country, the portfolios, he/she has to consider the Chief Minister leads the state. The Chief political experience, administrative skills, Minister has to make new policies by awareness of public opinion, leadership taking note of problems and concerns of qualities etc. people and work towards the welfare of Coordination between Ministries/ the people of the state. The people look Departments : The Chief Minister along at the Chief Minister as a problem solver. with his Council of Ministers are The Chief Minister intervenes in issues collectively responsible to the Legislative facing the state and comforts the people. Assembly. The Chief Minister bears the Maharashtra is one of the progressive ultimate responsibility of the efficient States in India. The State leads in sectors administration. Absence of cooperation like education, industry, service sector, and coordination between Departments health and social security etc. Terror can affect the working of the government. attacks and Naxalite (Left-wing extremist) Therefore, the Chief Minister has to movements active in certain regions are resolve conflicts between Departments the two major challenges facing the State and ensure that they work towards the of Maharashtra. same goal and in the same direction.

Exercise

1. Choose the correct option and complete (2) Functions of the Chief Minister the statements. 4. Answer the following in brief. (1) The Winter session of Maharashtra (1) Enumerate the functions of the Speaker Legislature takes place at ...... of the Vidhan Sabha (Legislative (a) Mumbai (b) Nagpur Assembly). (c) Pune (d) Aurangabad (2) Why did the Constitution adopt a federal (2) The ...... appoints the Governor. system for India? (a) Chief Minister (b) Prime Minister (3) What are the considerations of the Chief (c) President (d) Chief Justice Minister while allocation of portfolios? (3) The right to summon the state legislature Project lies with the ...... (a) Chief Minister (b) Governor Visit official website of the Maharashtra (c) President (d) Speaker Government and collect information of various ministers and the working of their 2. Complete the table. respective departments. Sr. No. of Type of Houses Tenure Head No. Members Election 1. Vidhan Sabha 2. Vidhan Parishad 3. Write short notes on. (1) The Governor

85 6. Bureaucracy

of internal security is carried out as aid to District Collector orders curfew. civil services. For the second function, an administrative system is developed. We Municipal Commissioner presents call it the ‘civil services’. The system of the budget. civil servants is also known as bureaucracy. In the Parliamentary democracy, Finance Secretary resigns. representatives elected by the people and the ministers have the responsibility of Divisional Commissioner will review administration. The functions of the revenue collection. government are discharged by various In the above box, a few posts like departments. Every department has a District Collector, Municipal Commissioner, minister who is the political head of that Finance Secretary, and Divisional department. As a representative of people Commissioner are mentioned. These are the minister has to carry out the work of civil servants in the government's the department by giving priority to public administrative system. You might be welfare. The minister may not be expert thinking, what are their functions ? in a particular subject but he/she is In the chapter which explained the conscious of broad public interest. The role of the Union Executive we learnt Secretary of the department gives expert that the Prime Minister and his Council advice to the ministers. The secretaries of Ministers make proposals for new laws are appointed from the civil service. The and also decide upon policies. aspirations of the people and administrative ‘Bureaucracy’ is the administrative system expertise are thus put in harmony in the which works under the Union Executive parliamentary system. and has the responsibility of actual Characteristics of Bureaucracy implementation of government’s policies. Permanent mechanism : Tax In this chapter, we will understand the collection, environment protection, importance of bureaucracy. maintenance of law and order, provisions In any country, the government carries regarding social security are certain out two fundamental types of functions. important tasks that have to be consistently (1) To defend the country from undertaken by the bureaucracy. This is external aggression and internal threats possible because bureaucracy is a and to ensure safety of citizen. permanent mechanism. The Prime Minister and their Council of Ministers change (2) To provide various services to after every election but the bureaucracy citizens and ease their daily lives which under their control remains constant. It is will enable them to develop themselves permanent in nature. and the society. Political neutrality : The bureaucracy The first function is to ensure security is politically neutral. This means that of the country. This is carried out by the regardless of the political party in power, service called the defence forces. The role the bureaucracy is supposed to carry out 86 the implementation of their policy decisions the people. with the same efficiency and commitment. Secondly, it is important to understand In this regard, the civil servants should that bureaucracy is an important instrument abstain from taking a political stand or of social transformation. The laws enacted act according to their political views. If a by the government for empowerment of political party fails to win elections, it women, child security, plans for the has to leave government and another party marginalised sections are implemented by that wins elections comes to power. The the bureaucracy. Social change is brought new government may change some policies through the implementation of such of the earlier government. Even in such policies. case, the bureaucracy is expected to remain The Bureaucracy also plays an neutral while discharging its duties. important role in the democratisation of Anonymity : Anonymity means that society. Marginalised sections of society a civil service should not be held directly have been brought into mainstream by responsible for any success or failure of implementing the reservation policy. Their policy. It is the Minister who is responsible participation has been increased in the for the efficient and smooth functioning process of decision making. of the concerned departments. It is the Democratisation of society not only minister who, as the head of that requires progressive laws and policies it department, is accountable for any also needs the effective participation of inefficiency. Civil servants are never bureaucracy. publicly criticised. The Parliament holds Types of civil services : In India, the Minister responsible for malpractices. there are three main types of civil services In such case the Minister bears the All-India Services : They include the responsibility and protects the bureaucracy. Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Significance of Indian bureaucracy Indian Police Service (IPS) and Indian The structure of the Indian bureaucracy Forest Service (IFS). is extensive and complex. Several Union or Central Services : They important reforms that were introduced come under the Union Government. They during the post-independence period have include Indian Foreign Service (IFS), been effectively implemented by the Indian Revenue Service (IRS) etc. bureaucratic structure. Today we see State Civil Services : They come many positive social changes reaching to under the State Government. They include common people. These changes have been Deputy District Collector, Block brought by the Indian Bureaucracy by Development Officer, Tehsildar (Executive implementing the policies made by the Magistrate) etc. They are recruited through Government. Bureaucracy gives stability competitive examinations held at the to the political system. Water supply, State-level. transport, electricity, public cleanliness, health, agricultural reforms, prevention of Indian constitution has established pollution and such other services are autonomous institutions like the Public every day needs of the people and need Service Commissions to ensure that the to be consistently provided to them. This civil servants are selected on the basis of brings stability in the day-to-day life of criteria of merit and efficiency. The Union 87 Public Service Commission (UPSC) efficiency of a particular government conducts examinations for recruitment and department depends upon the inter- appointment of candidates for All-India relationship between the Minister and Services and Central Services. The Department Secretaries and Deputy Maharashtra Public Service Commission Secretaries. The decisions relating to the (MPSC) selects candidates through department are made by concerned competitive examinations and recommends minister but necessary information to them to the government to be recruited in make such decisions is given by the civil the state administration. servants. Civil servants, meaning In order to provide opportunities to bureaucracy, has complete control over all sections of society to enter in information. It is the civil servant who bureaucracy and civil services, there is a knows the financial provisions for a provision for reservations for the Scheduled particular scheme or plan. Civil servants Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Women, Other are aware of the history of successes and Backward Castes and specially-abled. failures of policies. Hence, ministers are This provision ensures that weaker sections dependent upon the civil servants. If of the society are not left out of civil ministers maintain a dialogue with civil services due to social inequality. servants and develop mutual trust and Minister and Civil Servants : The transparency, it will help the departments.

Exercise

1. Identify if the following statements are 4. Complete the Concept picture. correct or wrong and rewrite the wrong sentences in their correct form. Types of Civil Services (1) In a parliamentary democracy, representatives elected by people and ministers bear the administrative responsibility. Union Services Examples (2) Union Public Service Commission Examples Block Development (UPSC) recruits candidates for civil Officer, Tehsildar services in Maharashtra. 2. Explain the following statements with 5. Discuss characteristics of bureaucracy. reasons. Project (1) Reservation policy is followed even in civil services. Prepare a questionnaire and interview a (2) It is necessary for civil servants to civil servant in your locality be politically neutral. 3. Answer the following in 25-30 words. (1) Explain the role of the ministers and civil servants in the efficient administration of the department. (2) Explain how the bureaucracy provides stability to the political system. 88