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Home , Chapekar brothers, Kanailal Dutta, Pritilata Waddedar

Interim Government ● 2nd September 1946: was chosen as the head of interim government.

● It was boycotted by Muslim League.

● After the initial boycott, League joined interim government in the last week of October 1946.

● 5 League members were made ministers in Interim government including Liaquat Ali Khan who was made the Finance Minister. ● 20th Feb 1947: Attlee declared that India would be freed by June 1948 & also announced that Lord Mountbatten would be the last Governor General of India.

● Lord Mountbatten announced Mountbatten plan on 3rd June. Mountbatten Plan ● On 15th August India would be freed.

● If one group of Punjab & Bengal assembly demands for partition, it would be done.

● If partition happened, then there would be boundary commission headed by Radcliffe.

● Princely states had to join either state & were not allowed to remain free.

● Each dominion state will have its own Governor General India Independence Act July 18, 1947 ● The British Parliament ratified the Mountbatten Plan as the "Independence of India Act-1947". The Act was implemented on August 15, 1947.

● The Act provided for the creation of 2 independent dominions of India & Pakistan.

● M.A. Jinnah became the 1st Governor-General of Pakistan.

● India, however, decided to request Lord Mountbatten to continue. ● C Rajagopalachari Revolutionaries Revolutionary Movement q Emerged in 1st decade of 20th century in Bengal () & () q , Sandhya, Yuganthar were the groups formed in Bengal & Mithra Mela, Abhinav Bharat were formed in Maharashtra Alipore Conspiracy Case ● Also called the Maniktala bomb conspiracy was the trial of a number of revolutionaries in Calcutta under charges of "Waging war against the Government" of the between May 1908 & May 1909.

● The trial followed in the wake of the attempt on the life of Presidency Magistrate Douglas Kingsford in Muzaffarpur by & in 1908.

● Two ladies, instead, got killed.

● Prafulla Chaki shot himself dead while Khudiram Bose was tried and hanged. ● The whole gang was arrested including the Ghosh brothers, who were tried in this case.

● defended Aurobindo.

● Aurobindo was acquitted but Barindra Ghosh & Ullaskar Dutt were given the death penalty which was later commuted to life in prison.

● During the trial, Narendra Gosain, who had turned approver, was shot dead in jail by Satyendranath Bose & . Maharashtra

● 1879: The 1st revolutionary activities here was the organization of the Ramosi Peasant Force by Vasudev Balwant Phadke.

● During the 1890s, Tilak propagated a spirit of militant nationalism, including use of violence through Ganapati & Shivaji festivals & his journals Kesari & Maharatta.

● His disciples— the Chapekar brothers, Damodar & Balkrishna — murdered the Plague Commissioner of Poona, Rand, & one Lt. Ayerst in 1897. ● Savarkar & his brother organised Mitra Mela, a secret society, in 1899 which merged with Abhinav Bharat in 1904.

● Nasik Conspiracy Case: In 1909, Anant Kanhare & Ganesh Savarkar shot dead Collector Jackson of Nasik with the revolver sent by V.D. Savarkar. Q. ‘Abhinava Bharat’ a secret society of revolutionaries was organised by:

A)Khudiram Bose

B)V.D. Savarkar

C)Prafulla Chaki

D) Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy ● Involving Rashbehari Bose along with Sachin Sanyal, the conspiracy culminated on the attempted assassination on 23 December 1912 when a home-made bomb was thrown on the Viceroy Hardinge when the ceremonial procession moved through Chandni Chowk . Abroad ● 1905: had started in London an Indian Home Rule Society— ’’ — as a center for Indian students, a scholarship scheme to bring radical youth from India.

● Madanlal Dhingra of this circle assassinated, the India office bureaucrat Curzon-Wyllie in 1909. Kakori Train Robbery,1925 ● The most important “action” of the HRA was the Kakori train robbery. ● The men held up the 8-Down train at Kakori, an obscure village near Lucknow, & looted its official railway cash. ● Government crackdown after the Kakori robbery led to arrests of many.

● Of whom 17 were jailed, 4 transported for life & 4— Bismil, Ashfaqullah, Roshan Singh & Rajendra Lahiri — were hanged.

● Hence, Kakori proved to be a setback. Hindustan Socialist Republican Association ● Determined to overcome the Kakori setback, the younger revolutionaries, inspired by socialist ideas, set out to reorganize Hindustan Republic Association at a historic meeting in the ruins of Ferozshah Kotla in Delhi (September 1928). ● H.R.A. was changed into H.S.R.A (Hindustan Socialist Republican Association) Saunders’ Murder (Lahore, December 1928) ● Just when the HSRA revolutionaries had begun to move away from individual heroic action & terrorism, the, death of Sher-i-Punjab led them once again to take to individual assassination.

● Bhagat Singh, Azad & Rajguru shot dead Saunders, the police official responsible for the lathi charge in Lahore. Bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly,1929) ● Bhagat Singh & Batukeshwar Dutt were asked to throw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly on April 8, 1929 against the passage of the Public Safety Bill & Trade Disputes ● Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev & Rajguru were tried in the Lahore conspiracy case.

● In jail, these revolutionaries protested against the horrible conditions through a fast, & demanded honorable & decent treatment as political prisoners.

● Jatin Das became the 1st martyr on the 64th day of his fast. ● Azad was involved in a bid to blow up Viceroy Irwin’s train near Delhi in December 1929.

● Azad was killed in a police encounter in a park in Allahabad in February 1931.

● March 23, 1931: Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev & Rajguru were hanged. Armoury Raid (April 1930) ● decided to organise an armed rebellion along with his associates to show that it was possible to challenge the armed might of the mighty British.

● They had planned to occupy 2 main armories in Chittagong to seize & supply arms to the revolutionaries. Women's Participation ● Prominent women revolutionaries in Bengal during this phase included , who died conducting a raid on Railway Institute at Paharatali ;

● Kalpana Dutt (now Joshi) who was arrested & tried along Surya Sen & given a life sentence;

● 1931: Santi Ghosh & Suniti Chandheri, school girls of Comilla, who shot dead the district magistrate;

● 1932: who fired point blank at the Governor while receiving degree at convocation. Q. Who among the following organised the famous Chittagong armory raid ?

(a) Laxmi Sehgal

(b) Surya Sen

(c) Batukeshwar Datta

(d) J.M.Sengupta ● Novels & books such as Bandi Jiwan by Sachin Sanyal & Maher Dabi by Sharatchandra Chatterjee (a Government ban only enhanced its popularity).

● The famous statement of the revolutionary position is contained in the book The Philosophy of the Bomb written by Bhagwaticharan Vohra. Education Institutions :

○ 1781: Calcutta Madrasa set up by for the study & teaching of Muslim law & subjects.

○ 1792: college at by Jonathan Duncan for the study of Hindu Law & Philosophy.

● 1784: The Asiatic Society of Bengal was founded by William Jones in Calcutta.

● 1800: Fort William College was set up Calcutta by Lord Wellesley for the training of the civil servants of the company in languages & customs of Indians. ● Charles Grant is considered as the 'father of modern education in India'.

● He is known so because of his efforts that the Charter Act of 1813 came into existence. Macaulay Minutes ● Bentinck had appointed Thomas Babington Macaulay as the ‘Chairman of the General Committee of Public Instruction’.

● Macaulay minutes refer to his proposal of education for the Indians. Wood’s Dispatch ● Educational Dispatch of 1854 (after Sir Charles Wood, the then President of Board of Control, who became the 1st Secretary of State for India). ● He sent a dispatch to Lord Dalhousie, which specified the nature, scope, method of imparting education to the natives. ● It modified the earlier radical- anglicist approach adopted by Macaulay in his minute related to education. ● It was considered as the ‘Magna Carta of English Education’ in India (formed a landmark in the history of modern education in India). Hunter Commission (1882) ● Lord Ripon appointed Hunter Commission under the chairmanship of Sir WW Hunter (remarks confined to secondary & primary education).

● To review the working of Charles Wood’s Despatch.

● It recommended that local bodies should be entrusted with the management of primary schools. Raleigh Commission ● Lord Curzon appointed a Universities Commission under Thomas Raleigh (Law member of the Viceroy’s Executive Council) in 1902 & based on his recommendations, Indian Universities Act of 1904 was passed. Saddler Commission ● It was appointed by Lord Chelmsford to review the working of Calcutta University.

● It included 2 Indians: Sir Ashutosh Mukherji & Dr. Ziauddin Ahmed. Hartog Commission An increase in number of schools & colleges had led to deterioration of education standards. Recommendations: ● The policy of consolidation & improvement of primary education. Wardha Scheme ● Wardha scheme of basic education was worked out after Gandhiji published a series of articles in the Harijan.

● For the purpose of discussing different aspects of the proposed new scheme of education, an All India Education Conference was held in Wardha on 22nd & 23rd October, 1937.

● Gandhiji himself presided over it. ● The conference appointed a committee of distinguished educationists under the chairmanship of Dr. Zakir Hussain. ● The report of the committee published in March 1938, has come to be known as the Wardha Scheme of Education. ● It was approved by Gandhi & was placed before Congress at its Haripura Session. Congress accepted the scheme. ● Also known as Nai Talim/Basic Education/Buniyadi Talim (Shiksha)/Basic Shiksha. Sargent Plan of Education(1944) ○ Also known as the National Scheme for Education. ○ Objective: To create in India in a period of not less than 40 years, the same standard of educational attainments as had already been admitted in England. Socio- Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century Raja : Father of the Indian Renaissance Raja Ram Mohan Roy

● 1814: Set up Atmiya Sabha in Calcutta ● 1817: Supported David Hare to set up Hindu college ● Founded Vedanta College at Calcutta in 1825, where he introduced Mechanics & Voltaire’s Philosophy. ● Wrote Gift to Monotheists (1809) ● Brahmo Samaj In collaboration with David Hare and Alexander Duff, who out of the following established Hindu college at Calcutta?

(a) Henry Louis Vivian Derozio

(b) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

(c) Keshab Chandra Sen

(d) Raja Ram Mohan Roy ● After Roy’s death, D N Tagore headed Brahmo Sabha.

● 1839-founded Tattvabodhini Sabha.

● Tattvabodhini Sabha & its organ the Tattvabodhini Patrika promoted a systematics study of India's past in the . Henry Vivian Derozio ● Teacher in Hindu college Calcutta 1826-31. ● Started the Young Bengal movement. ● Due to his early demise the movement came to an end Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

● Worked for the cause of emancipation of women. ● Promoted education among girls & set up institutions for them.

● Due to his efforts Widow Remarriage Act was passed in 1856.

● Bahubivah Who among the following wrote the book Bahubivah?

(a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy

(b) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

(c)

(d) Rabindranath Tagore Theosophical Society ● 1875: Started by Helena Blavatsky, Henry Steel Olcott, William Quan Judge in New York. ● After a few years Olcott & Blavatsky moved to India & established the International Headquarters at Adyar. & Theosophical society

● 1907- Elected as its President. ● Worked for revival of Hinduism -its philosophy & modes of worship. ● Founded the Central Hindu college at Banaras which was later developed by Madan Mohan Malaviya into the Banaras Hindu University. ● Organized Home Rule Movement. Jyotiba Phule (1827-1890) ● Started the Dalit Movement ● Was against upper class Brahminical domination ● Satya Shodhak Samaj is a religion established by him in 1873. ● Wrote Gulamgiri & Sarvajanic Satyadharma. ● Phule was also a pioneer of the widow remarriage movement ● Another prominent worker in this field was Karsandas Mulji who started the Satya Prakash in Gujarati in 1852 to advocate widow remarriage.

● Vishnu Shastri Pandit founded the Widow Remarriage Association in the 1850's. Dayanand Saraswati ● He had received education on Vedanta from a blind teacher named Swami Virajananda in Mathura. ● Started (1875) movement at Bombay & shifted headquarters to Lahore.

● Slogan: “Go Back to Vedas” ● Believed in infallibility of Vedas. ● Satyarth Prakash ● Disciple of Ramakrishna Paramhansa ● Proclaimed the essential oneness of all religions. ● For our motherland a junction of the 2 great systems Hinduism & Islam is the only hope.

● 1893: Took part in World Religious Conference in US.

● 1897: Ramakrishna Mission started , Belur. ● Lectures from Colombo to Almora Lectures from Colombo to Almora is based on the experiences of which of the following?

(a) Veer Savarkar

(b) Annie Besant

(c) Ramakrishna Paramhans

(d) Swami Vivekananda Indian Social Conference ● Founded by M G Ranade & Raghunath Rao. ● The National Social Conference met annually from 1887 to 1895 as part of the INC Sessions. ● Launched pledge movement to inspire people to take a pledge against child marriage. Behramji Merwanji Malabari

● Best known for his ardent advocacy for the protection of the rights of women & for his activities against child marriage.

● The relentless efforts of this Parsi reformer, was rewarded by the enactment of the Age of Consent Act (1891) which forbade the marriage of girls below the age of 12.

● Malabari acquired & edited the Indian Spectator. Seva Sadan

• He founded the Seva Sadan in 1908 along with a friend, Diwan Dayaram Gidumal.

• Seva Sadan specialized in taking care of those women who were exploited & then discarded by society. ● An outstanding champion of new learning and social reform in Maharashtra was Gopal Hari Deshmukh, who became famous by the pen name of 'Lokahitawadi’. ● Started a weekly, Hitechhu, & also played a leading role in founding the periodicals, Gyan Prakash, Indu Prakash & Lokahitawadi. Servants of India Society ● founded the Servants of India Society in 1905. ● After Gokhale's death (1915), Srinivasa Sastri took over as president. Sree ● Sree Narayana Guru Swami, was a Hindu saint, sadhu & social reformer.

● He was born into an Ezhava family, in an era when people from that community & other communities, faced much social injustice in the caste-ridden Kerala society.

● Gurudevan

● Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) Yogam. Justice Movement ● Madras Presidency of British India.

● It was established in 1917 by C.N. Mudaliar, T.M. Nair & P. Tyagaraja as a result of a series of non-Brahmin conferences & meetings in the presidency. E. V. Ramasamy Naicker (1879 – 1973)

• Convinced that untouchables had to fight for their dignity, he founded the Self Respect Movement (1925) in Tamil Nadu. Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya ● Mahamana emerged as a notable leader of the Indian National Movement. ● He was the founder of Banaras Hindu University ( 1916) ● 1887: He established Bharat Dharma Mahamandal, to propagate Sanatan Dharma & Hindu culture. ● 1918: Presided over the Delhi Congress Session & said that the slogan ‘Satyameva Jayate’ (Truth alone triumphs) from the Mundaka Upanishad should be the slogan for the nation. ● 2014: Posthumously conferred with Bharat Ratna. Religious Reform Among Parsis ● Bombay, 1851: Rehnumai Mazdayasan Sabha or Religious Reform Association.

● .

● The message of reform was spread by the newspaper Rast Goftar (Truth-Teller). ● The Anglo-Gujarati newspaper started by Naoroji & Kama in 1851 was the main organ of the association; it championed social reform among the Parsis. Sir ● Started the Aligarh movement ● 1875: Set up Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College ● Syed's progressive social ideas were propagated through his magazine Tahdhib-ul-Akhlaq.