DOCSLIB.ORG

T. THEON GIONAI)WEALT in Englind AS INDICATED in the 1' SUBSIDY RETUB1S 24/) Ubmitted by JOHN Sheath for the Degree of Doctor

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
T. THEON GIONAI)WEALT in Englind AS INDICATED in the 1' SUBSIDY RETUB1S 24/) Ubmitted by JOHN Sheath for the Degree of Doctor :t. THEON GIONAI)WEALT IN ENGLiND AS INDICATED IN THE 1' SUBSIDY RETUB1S 24/) ubmitted by JOHN SHEATh for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. BIIL. L'j . -. UNIV. I' 1*! : 4 ',cY; '6t 'j'h'? E67 P A 'C)i - :,, .-:;--- ---1i)) t;w ? d $ irD 4,L1,, _)fl4I- ;1f iI;\ 4 I47 - 1'G"- '9, ___ 1ons4 -i-' _________ '. 4e1,v_1 .d"s "vt 'I V -'-i- > ________________________________________ '-I - 4# __________ _ j)i ,st L- 5' - 'Li 'I-, -4 ', U t..I8ruu rCr3 %(A1øIry'4*I -T: _____ "' i z) c'—V - I __rc\ a _____________________________________________ .______.___._-.-, U I 'r" t)'C3ui' / .L' 'I— 4,— , i-;,--- ____i 'i -, i — r) I 4Jd' ___ I 4 T1"1' Q__1 2. C0TENTS page Frontispiece Contents . • . • 2 Acknowledgment. • . • 4 Preface • • . • 6 Abstract • • . S • 7 PART I 8 Chapter 1. Introduction . 9 2. The making of the surveys 14 3. The measurement of wealth • 30 4. The number of payment. 45 5. The amounts paid in taxation in 1524/5 54 6. The ze11ability of the subsidies 67 7. The mapping of the surveys 82 8. Introduction to the Gazetteer . 90 PART II The distribution of the relative wealth and population of England 104 The distribution of the relative w4alth and population in the counties 138 Bedford.shire • • S 138 Berkshire . 142 Buckinghamshire 147 Cambridgeshire S 154 Cornwall . 162 Derbyshire . 167 Devonshire . 172 Dorset . 181 Essex . S 186 Gloucestershire . 193 Hampshire . 200 Rerefordshire . • . 208 Hertfordshire . a 213 Buntingdonshire . 218 lent . • . a 222 Lancashire . 229 Leiceatershire • • . 258 Lincoinshire . • 245 Middlesex . • . 4 253 Norfolk . • • . 258 Iorthamptonshire . 268 Jottinghamshire . S 275 Oxfordshire . 282 (continued) 3. page Rutland . S 291 Shrop shire . S . 294 Staffordshire . S 306 Suffolk . S . 313 Surrey . 323 Sussex . 329 Warwickshire S S 337 Wiltshire 345 Worcestershire . 354 Yorkshire - East Riding S . 359 North Riding . 367 West Riding . 374 PART III 383 The Gazetteer FIGURES Figure 1. S . 31 2. S . 38 3. .. 41 4. S . 49 5. S . 56 6. S 58 7. 59 8. S S . 61 9. S S 119 4. ACXBOWLEDGMEWPS Professor B.C. Darby- was my supervisor for the greater part of the time, and suggested the subsidy returns ma a topic for research. I am most grateful to him for his constant support and interest. Dr. R.E. Glasecock very kindly allowed me to Use the results of his research on the 1334 lay subsidy returns. I owe an enormous debt to Dr. R.S. Schofield who stimulated my interest in the subject and helped me over a multitude of problems. I acknowledge the very forceful encouragement given me by Mr. LC. Prince, especially in the early stages of this work. Professor W.R. Mead kindly offered the most valuable support in the preparation of the maps and. Mr. T.G. Hurst gave me permission to use the work of The Deserted Medieval Village Research Group. I have greatly appreciated the advice and interest of Professor LW. Beresford, whose help and support have been a strength for many years. Mr. P. Sheail spent very many hours helping to turn tables of figures into maps. The incuaion of such a large number of maps would have been impossible without the sietanoe of Mr. G.R. Tersey and Mr. K. Wass. Mr. C. Chromarty gave the best possible advice with respect to the photographic reduction and presentation of the maps. A 5. The typing of the thesis, especially in the short timeailable, has presented very great problems. I am deeply grateful to Mrs. 1.3. Maxted for her skill and infinite patience. Above all, I want to thank a place lled "Candovers" for a life-tim of constant encouragement and support in all that I have done, All the ill-conceived ideae and. many errors in this thesis are entirely my own. 6. PEPACE 1. The Public Record Office reference (E 179 .../..) is given for all documents included in the Gazetteex of Part III. Soke documents are also examined in Part I and Part II but the reference is not repeated. The Inclusion of footnotes would have considerablr extended th. length of the thesie and the PRO reference i1l be easily found in the Gazetteer. Chapter 8 of Part I introduces the Gazetteer. 2. Maps are of fundamental importance in this thesis - there are 108 pages of thea. It is assumed the reader will continuously refer to the appropriate maps. Chapter 7 of Part I introduces the series of maps in the thesis. 3. A list of relevant bibliographical references will be found at the end of each chapter and county section in the thesis. In the Gazetteer of Part III, it is assumed the reader will be familiar with the following workes LC. Darby and. others s The Domesday Geography of England R.E. Glaeecock; The distribution of lay wealth in south-east England In the early fourteenth century, Ph.D. thesis, London, (unpublished), 1963. The following abbreviations are used: V.C.H. refer. to the Tictoria History of the county which is under examination in the Gazetteer. E.P.I.S. refers to the English Place Name Society voluaies of the county which is under examination. 7. ABSTRACT The Lay Subsidy surveys were compiled in 1524 and 1525 and cover almost every county in England. The name of each taxpayer was recorded together with his level of wealth, and. this material can now be studied in the Public Record Office. This is the first time that each list in the two surveys has been analysed end compared with those of the remainder of the country. The distribution of regional wealth and population may be measured from the spread of taxation. Part I of the work examines the value of the lay subsidy surveys of 1524 and 1525 as source material for the historical geographer. Part II presents a summary of the national spread of wealth and population. This is followed by a brief account of the experience of each county included by the Act of Subsidy. The returns are analysed with the help of 108 pages of maps. Part III consists of a Gazetteer which summarises the contents of each extant membrane belonging to the lay subsidy and found in the Public Record Office today. 8. PART 1 TEE LAY SuBSIDY OF 1524 an 1525 9. CHAPTER 1. There were striking regional differences in the distribution of wealth and population in medieval England. Each county had its own range of diversitys the spread of men and money varied over short distances because the social and economic composition of England reflected features in the local landscape and. population. The medieval topographers were aware of this diversity and regionalism during their travels, but their records are not very illuminating. The sparsity of reference and the lack of detail in their observations may be illustrated by- the writings of Nicander Nucius. fle wrotes "And the whole island is diversified with fruitfull hills and plains and abounds with marshes and well-timbered oak forests; it has moreover woods and lakes near the sea". Eva Taylor (1936) made a systematic study of early Tudor England in "The Historical Geography of England before 1800". Examples and quotations were taken from the notes of John Leland, although this topographer could not possibly visit and record information from all parts of the land. His judgments were subjective, and for these reasons, Professor Tylora account lacks precision. For example, London is described as being three times as large as York, the next most important English city- - but there is no valid statistical evidence for this statement. A more reliable picture of England emerges through a statistical analysis of the lay subsidy returns of 1524/5. The subsidy was a 10. form of taxation paid by the laity of the country to the Crown. Men throughout the country compiled lists of people they considered capable of paying tax, and treated each community in the same way. The survey liste were deposited in the Exchequer so that they could. be audited and. stored. The distribution of wealth and. population can be measured. from these taxation payments drawn up in two years of the sixteenth century. The subsidy surveys may be used for another reason. Research is limited, by the localised nature of much source material, and it is often difficult to correlate studies made in diverse parts of the country. The East Anglian textile area, for instance, may be described as prosperous, but the statement has ery little meaning unless comparisons are drawn with other parts of the country. The textile centres of East Anglia and. the West Country should be compared. in detail aM only after this has been done can the riches of the Suffolk woollen towns be accurately assessed.. This broader form of approach can be achieved through the use of the lay subsi4 returns. The lists cover all the country - except Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland, Westmoand and Cheshire. Parts of the Welsh borderland were excluded because they were still in Wales, and the Cinque Ports and a few small centres were also omitted.. The full lay subsidy surveys cover nearly all of England, and give a standard measurement of the distribution of wealth and population. With this information, the diversity and. regionalism noticed by contemporaries can be better understood. In this present work, literary 11. sources are not used. In the future, it may be possible to complement the "mere facts and figures" of a tax survey with the note-takings of such topographers as John Leland. The lay subsidy returns have so far been considered within their Tudor context. They may have an even wider role to play in medieval research.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Six Villages Newsletter
    THE SIX VILLAGES NEWSLETTER MARCH 2018 FROM REVD NIGEL DI CASTIGLIONE: Giving up or giving out? When I was a curate a parishioner told me on Ash b e in sp ir e d Wednesday ‘I’m giving up church for with Lent!’ I was so surprised I said Sl imming nothing. She did stay away from church World for the next 5 weeks but, thankfully she was back at Easter. Many of us have a TUESDAYS rather negative view of Lent. We try to Papworth Everard give up chocolate, drinking alcohol, Village Hall watching TV or whatever and try to 5.30 & 7.30pm feel virtuous for having done so. If Vicky: 07935795425 that is your current challenge don’t let me discourage you; Everyone is welcome! but for others – Real support, real food, real success! reading this in the middle of Lent – why don’t we think of taking something on slimmingworld.co.uk instead? 0344 897 8000 The Bible tells us the first Lent was when Jesus took on consciously following the leading and prompting of the Holy Spirit. Many of us might ask ”What does that look like?” One of the best descriptions I know is from a fellow church leader who speaks of us ‘taking note of the whispers of God’. I remember – may be 20+ years ago – thinking to myself I really must pop in and see Jack … then deciding I was too busy that day so no I would do that tomorrow. The following morning the phone rang – it was a Funeral Director to say: ‘Jack died during the night; will you take his funeral?’ I had heard the whisper of God but dismissed it as something no more than a random thought and could wait.
    [Show full text]
  • 8315-Site Notice.Doc.Pdf
    The Nottinghamshire County Council Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984 THE NOTTINGHAMSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL (BLEASBY ROAD, THURGARTON AND GOVERTON AND NOTTINGHAM ROAD AND SOUTHWELL ROAD, THURGARTON (40 MPH SPEED LIMIT) ORDER 2021 (8315) NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that the Nottinghamshire County Council proposes to make an order under the road traffic regulation act 1984, the effects of which will be, in respects of roads in Thurgarton and Goverton in the District of Newark and Sherwood: - 1. No person shall drive any vehicle at a speed exceeding 40 miles per hour on: - Bleasby Road, Goverton • From a point 207 metres south-west of its junction with Station Road, Goverton in a south-westerly direction to its junction with Bleasby Road, Thurgarton. Bleasby Road, Thurgarton • From its junction with Bleasby Road, Goverton in a south-westerly direction to a point 552 metres from junction with Main Street Thurgarton. Nottingham Road, Thurgarton • From a point 45 metres south-west of the centre line of its junction with Beck Street in a south-westerly direction for an approximate distance of 680 metres. Southwell Road, Thurgarton • From a point 386 metres north-east of the centre line of its junction with The Hollows in a north-easterly direction for an approximate distance of 660 metres. As a result of the impact of COVID-19 and in accordance with Public Health England’s advice on social distancing and avoiding non-essential trips, public buildings such at County Hall libraries are closed or if reopened will have restrictions in place. In order to make relevant documents available for inspection they can either be: (a) Viewed online by visiting the County Council’s website (consult.nottinghamshire.gov.uk) (b) By writing to the address below or by emailing [email protected] to request a copy and one will be sent out either via email or post if address provided.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Recommendations for Cambridgeshire County Council
    Contents Summary 1 1 Introduction 2 2 Analysis and draft recommendations 4 Submissions received 5 Electorate figures 5 Council size 5 Division patterns 6 Detailed divisions 7 Cambridge City 8 East Cambridgeshire District 13 Fenland District 16 Huntingdonshire District 19 South Cambridgeshire District 25 Conclusions 29 Parish electoral arrangements 29 3 Have your say 32 Appendices A Table A1: Draft recommendations for Cambridgeshire 34 County Council B Submissions received 39 C Glossary and abbreviations 41 Summary Who we are The Local Government Boundary Commission for England (LGBCE) is an independent body set up by Parliament. We are not part of government or any political party. We are accountable to Parliament through a committee of MPs chaired by the Speaker of the House of Commons. Our main role is to carry out electoral reviews of local authorities throughout England. Electoral review An electoral review examines and proposes new electoral arrangements for a local authority. A local authority’s electoral arrangements decide: How many councillors are needed How many wards or electoral divisions should there be, where are their boundaries and what should they be called How many councillors should represent each ward or division Why Cambridgeshire? We are conducting an electoral review of Cambridgeshire County Council as the Council currently has high levels of electoral inequality where some councillors represent many more or many fewer voters than others. This means that the value of each vote in county council elections varies depending on where you live in Cambridgeshire. Overall, 32% of divisions currently have a variance of greater than 10%. Our proposals for Cambridgeshire Cambridgeshire County Council currently has 69 councillors.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainability Appraisal (SA) / Strategic
    Leicestershire Minerals Development Framework: Site Allocations DPD (Preferred Options) Sustainability Appraisal (SA) / Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Sustainability Appraisal Report (Appendices) June 2006 Prepared for Leicestershire County Council by: Atkins Ltd Axis 6 th Floor West 10 Holliday St Birmingham B1 1TF Tel: Nicki Schiessel 0121 483 5986 Email: [email protected] This document is copyright and should not be copied in whole or in part by any means other than with the approval of Atkins Consultants Limited. Any unauthorised user of the document shall be responsible for all liabilities arising out of such use. Leicestershire Minerals Development Framework Site Allocations DPD Sustainability Appraisal Report Appendices Contents Section Page Appendix A: List of Consultees and Interested Stakeholders 1 Appendix B: Summary of the Consultation Responses on the Scoping Report 15 Appendix C: Baseline Tables 23 Appendix D: Assessment of Proposed Sites 38 Leicestershire Minerals Development Framework Site Allocations DPD Sustainability Appraisal Report Appendices APPENDIX A: LIST OF CONSULTEES AND INTERESTED STAKEHOLDERS 1 Leicestershire Minerals Development Framework Site Allocations DPD Sustainability Appraisal Report Appendices SPECIFIC CONSULTATION BODIES GENERAL: East Midlands Regional Assembly Highways Agency, Melton Mowbray Programme Planning & Development, Birmingham Countryside Agency, East Midlands Region, East Midlands Development Agency Nottingham Nottingham Environment Agency, Leicestershire Partnership
    [Show full text]
  • THE PARISH and CHURCH of ROTHLEY, LEICESTERSHIRE: a RE-INTERPRETATION Vanessa Mcloughlin
    THE PARISH AND CHURCH OF ROTHLEY, LEICESTERSHIRE: A RE-INTERPRETATION Vanessa McLoughlin The following article draws on data gathered, interpreted and recorded in the author’s Ph.D. thesis of 2006 concerning the manor, parish and soke of Rothley, Leicestershire. During her research the author used a combination of historical and archaeological evidence, and concluded that the church at Rothley was a pre- Conquest minster founded in the mid- to late-tenth century. Some of the evidence regarding the church and parish is summarised in this article. Subsequent archaeological evidence has led the author to revise the original proposal, and she now suggests a new date for the foundation of the church at Rothley between the late-seventh and mid-eighth centuries. This foundation can be placed in the context of a Christian mission and the work of bishops, who sought to found bases from which to evangelise and baptise a local population beginning to embrace Christianity. DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE Post-Conquest documentary evidence for Rothley church and parish is readily accessible: for example, the Domesday Book refers to Rothley as a royal holding and records a priest which in turn suggests the presence of a church;1 and the Rolls of Hugh of Wells, circa 1230 (hereafter the Matriculus), record that a vicar was installed at Rothley with chaplains to serve each of the chapels at Gaddesby, Keyham, Grimston, Wartnaby and Chadwell (with Wycomb), and in addition Gaddesby had all the rights of a mother church.2 The Matriculus also recorded that both the
    [Show full text]
  • Changing Minds the Lasting Impact of School Trips
    1 Changing Minds The lasting impact of school trips A study of the long-term impact of sustained relationships between schools and the National Trust via the Guardianship scheme Alan Peacock, Honorary Research Fellow, The Innovation Centre, University of Exeter February 2006 CONTENTS 1. Executive Summary 2. Introduction to the Guardianship Scheme 2.1 Education outside the classroom: the current debate 2.2 Aims of scheme 2.3 Background to the Scheme - longevity, scale and scope 2.4 Outline of results from the previous evaluation 2.5 Reasons for current evaluation 3. Approach to the Research 3.1 Research objectives 3.2 Evaluation Methodology 3.3 Data gathering approach 3.4 Data analysis 3.5 Difficulties encountered in carrying out LTI studies 3.6 The property schemes evaluated in this study 4. Assessment of Impact and Wider Benefits 4.1 Follow-Up students’ perceptions of long-term impact: 4.1.1 Impact on their attitudes 4.1.2 impact on their skill development 4.1.3 Impact on knowledge and understanding 4.1.4 Evidence of enjoyment, inspiration and creativity 4.1.5 Evidence of changes in activity, behaviour and progression 4.2 Impact on teachers and schools 4.3 Wider benefits to families, friends and the community 4.4 Benefits to staff and volunteers at NT properties 4.5 Summary of findings 5. Recommendations 5.1 Key factors in successful schemes; a ‘template’ 5.2 Future areas for improvement of the Guardianship Scheme 5.3 Final thoughts about “Education outside the Classroom” 6. References 7. Appendices 8.1 Background information on Follow-up students interviewed in schools 8.2: Teachers interviewed 8.3 Interview schedules used 8.4 Introductory letter from NT to schools 8.5 How this study addressed the research objectives 8.6 Case Study 1 1 2 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambridge City Council and South Cambridgeshire District Council
    CAMBRIDGE CITY COUNCIL AND SOUTH CAMBRIDGESHIRE DISTRICT COUNCIL INDOOR SPORTS FACILITY STRATEGY 2015-2031 JUNE 2016 OFFICIAL-SENSITIVE The table below lists the changes applied to the May 2016 version of the Indoor Sports Facility Strategy. Section of the Indoor Changes to the Indoor Sports Facility Strategy (RD/CSF/200) Sports Facility Strategy Whole document Reference to Indoor Facility/Facilities Strategy changed to Indoor Sports Facility Strategy Whole document Acronym IFS (for Indoor Facility/Facilities Strategy) changed to ISFS (for Indoor Sports Facility Strategy) Paragraph 2.11 Delete final sentence of paragraph as no map is provided. South Cambridgeshire District completely encircles Cambridge. South Cambridgeshire District is bordered to the northeast by East Cambridgeshire District, to the southeast by St Edmundsbury District, to the south by Uttlesford District, to the southwest by North Hertfordshire District, to the west by Central Bedfordshire and to the northwest by Huntingdonshire District. The neighbouring counties are shown on Map 2.2 below: Paragraph 5.320 Add additional sentence to the end of paragraph 5.320 to clarify the usage of squash facilities. All the pay and play squash facilities across Cambridge and South Cambridgeshire District are located on education sites; all but Kelsey Kerridge therefore have limited day time access. However, the majority of squash is played in evenings and weekends, so this is less of an issue than it is for sports hall provision. CAMBRIDGE CITY COUNCIL AND SOUTH CAMBRIDGESHIRE DISTRICT COUNCIL INDOOR SPORTS FACILITY STRATEGY TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 CAMBRIDGE AND SOUTH CAMBRIDGESHIRE DISTRICT - INDOOR SPORTS FACILITY STRATEGY (ISFS) 3 VISION 3 AIMS 3 NEEDS, PRIORITIES AND OPPORTUNITIES 4 NEW SETTLEMENTS BEYOND 2031 7 RECOMMENDATIONS 13 CAMBRIDGE AND SOUTH CAMBRIDGESHIRE DISTRICT COUNCIL - PLAYING PITCH STRATEGY (PPS) 16 2.
    [Show full text]
  • English Hundred-Names
    l LUNDS UNIVERSITETS ARSSKRIFT. N. F. Avd. 1. Bd 30. Nr 1. ,~ ,j .11 . i ~ .l i THE jl; ENGLISH HUNDRED-NAMES BY oL 0 f S. AND ER SON , LUND PHINTED BY HAKAN DHLSSON I 934 The English Hundred-Names xvn It does not fall within the scope of the present study to enter on the details of the theories advanced; there are points that are still controversial, and some aspects of the question may repay further study. It is hoped that the etymological investigation of the hundred-names undertaken in the following pages will, Introduction. when completed, furnish a starting-point for the discussion of some of the problems connected with the origin of the hundred. 1. Scope and Aim. Terminology Discussed. The following chapters will be devoted to the discussion of some The local divisions known as hundreds though now practi­ aspects of the system as actually in existence, which have some cally obsolete played an important part in judicial administration bearing on the questions discussed in the etymological part, and in the Middle Ages. The hundredal system as a wbole is first to some general remarks on hundred-names and the like as shown in detail in Domesday - with the exception of some embodied in the material now collected. counties and smaller areas -- but is known to have existed about THE HUNDRED. a hundred and fifty years earlier. The hundred is mentioned in the laws of Edmund (940-6),' but no earlier evidence for its The hundred, it is generally admitted, is in theory at least a existence has been found.
    [Show full text]
  • New Information Room Could Go Live by 1993 BUILDING FIR THE
    I I E I P r m THE BIRD I plnLI CIF I - LEIGH - SEE :m CENTRE PAGES Im - I I LmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmrmmmmmmII I including Essex Police Magazine I The Newspaper of the Essex Police New Information Room could go live by 1993 BUILDING FIR THE the Police Committee at the beginning of June, would sional control rooms. A new building would The only exception to n~ean a new building free 375 square metres of behind HQ garage, with the single tier central control office space for other would be at stansted new Information Room departments when the Airport is planned to two-and-&half times the Information Room vacated have its size of the existing one. own control room. its current location. Fears have been voiced While the options have Supervisors will be at the loss of the local Yet to be agreed with the placed in the centre of the touch, but operators will Home Office* the FIR new Information Room, (Force Inf~rmationRoom) work on a single division, with six divisional consoles getting to know both the project team say it is hoped around the outside, to go live before the end of area and its officers. Motorway AS well as saving an Already the nerve centre Between the Harlow and estimated f2.5 Over of E~~~~ police, the Grays consoles, will be a a ten-Year period, FIR Information Room will motorway console. should give a better service assume greater importance Along one of the six to the public, by providing as centralised control is sides, it is planned to have a fa"cr> more efficient, introduced, providing a sin- a window looking onto a gle level of communica- garden, utilising natural Robbery light, whilst the command chf.I~~~.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Government and Society in Early Modern England: Hertfordshire and Essex, C
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2003 Local government and society in early modern England: Hertfordshire and Essex, C. 1590-- 1630 Jeffery R. Hankins Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Hankins, Jeffery R., "Local government and society in early modern England: Hertfordshire and Essex, C. 1590-- 1630" (2003). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 336. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/336 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND: HERTFORDSHIRE AND ESSEX, C. 1590--1630 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In The Department of History By Jeffery R. Hankins B.A., University of Texas at Austin, 1975 M.A., Southwest Texas State University, 1998 December 2003 Acknowledgments I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Victor Stater for his guidance in this dissertation. Dr. Stater has always helped me to keep the larger picture in mind, which is invaluable when conducting a local government study such as this. He has also impressed upon me the importance of bringing out individual stories in history; this has contributed greatly to the interest and relevance of this study.
    [Show full text]
  • MAKING Shiff 1. Essex Record Office
    Notes Place of publication London unless otherwise stated. PROLOGUE: MAKING SHIff 1. Essex Record Office (hereafter ERO) DIP 202118113 n.d. postmarked 1801. 2. W. Cobbett, Cottage Economy (1822; 17th edn 1850), p.115. 3. O. Hurton, 'Women without men: widows and spinsters in Britain and France in the eighteenth century' Journal of Family History, 9:4 (1984), p. 363. See also O. Hufton, The Poor of Eighteenth-century France 1750- 1789 (Oxford, 1974). 4. ERO DIP 94/18/42 291511825. 1 INTRODUCTION: WOMEN ADAPTING TO CAPITALISM 1. T. Fuller, The Worthies (1662; abridged, ed. J. Freeman, 1952), p. 318. 2. For more background on Essex's economic history in this period see A.FJ. Brown, Essex at Work 1700-1815 (Chelmsford, 1969); K.H. Burley, 'The economic development of Essex in the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries' (PhD thesis, University of London 1957). 3. MJ. Dobson, 'Population, disease and mortality in south-east England 1600-1800' (D. Phil. thesis, University of Oxford, 1982); "'Marsh fever" - the geography of malaria in England', Journal of Historical Geography, 6:4 (1980), pp. 357-89; 'When malaria was an English disease', Geo­ graphical Magazine (Feb. 1982), pp. 94-9. 4. See, for example, K. Wrightson and D. Levine, Poverty and Piety in an English Village: Terling 1525-1700 (New York, 1979). 5. J. Lown, Women and Industrialisation: Gender at Work in Nineteenth­ century England (Oxford, 1990). 6. Thomas Wright, The History and Topography of the County of Essex Vols 1 & 2 (1842). 7. For looking at visual imagery of the poor more generally, see J.
    [Show full text]
  • Whitleigh Wood
    Whitleigh Wood Whitleigh Wood Management Plan 2018-2023 Whitleigh Wood MANAGEMENT PLAN - CONTENTS PAGE ITEM Page No. Introduction Plan review and updating Woodland Management Approach Summary 1.0 Site details 2.0 Site description 2.1 Summary Description 2.2 Extended Description 3.0 Public access information 3.1 Getting there 3.2 Access / Walks 4.0 Long term policy 5.0 Key Features 5.1 Ancient Woodland Site 5.2 Connecting People with woods & trees 6.0 Work Programme Appendix 1: Compartment descriptions Appendix 2: Harvesting operations (20 years) Glossary MAPS Access Conservation Features Management 2 Whitleigh Wood THE WOODLAND TRUST INTRODUCTION PLAN REVIEW AND UPDATING The Trust¶s corporate aims and management The information presented in this Management approach guide the management of all the plan is held in a database which is continuously Trust¶s properties, and are described on Page 4. being amended and updated on our website. These determine basic management policies Consequently this printed version may quickly and methods, which apply to all sites unless become out of date, particularly in relation to the specifically stated otherwise. Such policies planned work programme and on-going include free public access; keeping local people monitoring observations. informed of major proposed work; the retention Please either consult The Woodland Trust of old trees and dead wood; and a desire for website www.woodlandtrust.org.uk or contact the management to be as unobtrusive as possible. Woodland Trust The Trust also has available Policy Statements ([email protected]) to confirm covering a variety of woodland management details of the current management programme.
    [Show full text]