SOYBEAN GRADES AND STANDARDS (1917- 2021) 1 HISTORY OF SOYBEAN GRADES, STANDARDS, FOREIGN MATERIAL AND COMPONENT PRICING (1917-2021): EXTENSIVELY ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCEBOOK Compiled by William Shurtleff & Akiko Aoyagi 2021 Copyright © 2021 by Soyinfo Center SOYBEAN GRADES AND STANDARDS (1917- 2021) 2 Copyright (c) 2021 by William Shurtleff & Akiko Aoyagi All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information and retrieval systems - except for use in reviews, without written permission from the publisher. Published by: Soyinfo Center P.O. Box 234 Lafayette, CA 94549-0234 USA Phone: 925-283-2991 www.soyinfocenter.com ISBN 9781948436489 (new ISBN Grad without hyphens) ISBN 978-1-948436-48-9 (new ISBN Grad with hyphens) Printed 29 Aug. 2021 Price: Available on the Web free of charge Search engine keywords: History of Soybean Standards History of Soybean Grades History of Soybean Grading History of Foreign Material in Soybeans History of Soybean Component Pricing History of Soybean Constituent Pricing History of Soybean Value-Based Pricing History of Component Soybean Pricing History of Soybean Constituent Pricing History of Value-Based Soybean Pricing Bibliography of Soybean Standards Bibliography of Soybean Grades Bibliography of Soybean Grading Bibliography of Foreign Material in Soybeans Bibliography of Soybean Component Pricing Bibliography of Soybean Constituent Pricing Bibliography of Soybean Value-Based Pricing Bibliography of Component Soybean Pricing Bibliography of Soybean Constituent Pricing Bibliography of Value-Based Soybean Pricing Copyright © 2021 by Soyinfo Center SOYBEAN GRADES AND STANDARDS (1917- 2021) 3 Contents Page Dedication and Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................................. 4 Introduction and Brief Chronology, by William Shurtleff .......................................................................................... 5 About This Book ............................................................................................................................................................. 6 Abbreviations Used in This Book .................................................................................................................................. 7 How to Make the Best Use of This Digital Book - Three Keys ................................................................................... 8 Full-Page Graphics .................................................................................................................................................. 10-11 Introducing Soyinfo Center .......................................................................................................................................... 12 History of Soybean Grades, Standards, Foreign Material, and Component Pricing: 432 References in Chronological Order ................................................................................................................ 13 Contains 36 Photographs and Illustrations Subject/Geographical Index by Record Numbers ................................................................................................... 248 Last Page of Index ....................................................................................................................................................... 279 Copyright © 2021 by Soyinfo Center SOYBEAN GRADES AND STANDARDS (1917- 2021) 4 DEDICATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Japanese translation and maps: Akiko Aoyagi Shurtleff. This book is dedicated to J.E. Barr, George Strayer, and Ag Processing Inc a cooperative (AGP). Loma Linda University, Del E. Webb Memorial Library (Seventh-day Adventist): Janice Little, Trish Chapman. We would also like to thank our co-workers and friends at Soyinfo Center who, since 1984, have played a major role in Part of the enjoyment of writing a book lies in meeting collecting the documents, building the library, and producing people from around the world who share a common interest, the SoyaScan database from which this book is printed: and in learning from them what is often the knowledge or skills acquired during a lifetime of devoted research or Irene Yen, Tony Jenkins, Sarah Chang, Laurie Wilmore, practice. We wish to give deepest thanks... Alice Whealey, Simon Beaven, Elinor McCoy, Patricia McKelvey, Claire Wickens, Ron Perry, Walter Lin, Dana Scott, Jeremy Longinotti, John Edelen, Alex Lerman, Lydia Of the many libraries and librarians who have been of great Lam, Gretchen Muller, Joyce Mao, Luna Oxenberg, Joelle help to our research over the years, several stand out: Bouchard, Justine Lam, Joey Shurtleff, Justin Hildebrandt, Michelle Chun, Olga Kochan, Loren Clive, Marina Li, University of California at Berkeley: John Creaser, Lois Rowyn McDonald, Casey Brodsky, Hannah Woodman, Farrell, Norma Kobzina, Ingrid Radkey. Elizabeth Hawkins, Molly Howland, Jacqueline Tao, Lynn Hsu, Brooke Vittimberga, Tanya Kochan, Aanchal Singh. Northern Regional Library Facility (NRLF), Richmond, California: Martha Lucero, Jutta Wiemhoff, Scott Miller, Special thanks to: Tom and Linda Wolfe of Berwyn Park, Virginia Moon, Kay Loughman. Maryland; to Lorenz K. Schaller of Ojai, California; and to Wayne Dawson (genealogist) of Tucson, Arizona. Stanford University: Molly Molloy, who has been of special help on Slavic-language documents. For outstanding help on this grading and standards book we thank: George Strayer, Niels C. Nielsen, Keith J. Smith, National Agricultural Library: Susan Chapman, Kay Derr, Jim Guinn, and Bob Luedtke, Steve Demos, Wayne Johnson, Carol Ditzler, John Forbes, Winnifred Gelenter, Henry and Wayne Thompson. Gilbert, Kim Hicks, Ellen Knollman, Patricia Krug, Sarah Lee, Veronica Lefebvre, Julie Mangin, Ellen Mann, Finally our deepest thanks to Tony Cooper of San Ramon, Josephine McDowell, Wayne Olson, Mike Thompson, California, who has kept our computers up and running since Tanner Wray. Sept. 1983. Without Tony, this series of books on the Web would not have been possible. Library of Congress: Ronald Jackson, Ronald Roache. This book, no doubt and alas, has its share of errors. These, Lane Medical Library at Stanford University. of course, are solely the responsibility of William Shurtleff. Contra Costa County Central Library and Lafayette Library: This bibliography and sourcebook was written with the Carole Barksdale, Kristen Wick, Barbara Furgason, Sherry hope that someone will write a detailed and well-documented Cartmill, Linda Barbero. history of this subject. Harvard University’s Five Botanical Libraries (especially Arnold Arboretum Library): Jill Gelmers Thomas. French translation: Martine Liguori of Lafayette, California, for ongoing, generous, and outstanding help since the early 1980s. Dutch translation: Sjon Welters. French translation Elise Kruidenier. German translation Philip Isenberg, Copyright © 2021 by Soyinfo Center SOYBEAN GRADES AND STANDARDS (1917- 2021) 5 INTRODUCTION Brief Chronology/Timeline of Soybean Grading, Foreign been in use in marketing soybeans since September, 1926.” Material, Component Pricing, and Yield (Grain & Feed Journals Consolidated. p. 72). 1941 May 8 – The word “dockage” is fi rst used in connection GRADING SOYBEANS & FOREIGN MATERIAL: with soybeans in USDA grading standards (Decatur Daily Review, p. 42; USDA Extension Service AWI-35). The United States may well have been the world’s fi rst country to develop soybean grades or standards (A.K. Smith 1942 – The harvest this year gave the existing soybean in Soybean Digest. 1958 Oct. p. 16). standards a severe test and found them wanting. When discounts on the same lot of beans varied as much as 50 cents 1922 – The earliest soybean grade standards are said to have per bushel there was a general demand for their revision, been developed by a pioneer processor whose main business which resulted in a less drastic schedule of discounts on at the time consisted of manufacturing starch from corn damaged beans being announced for the 1943 crop. But not [probably A.E. Staley Mfg. Co.]. It is not strange therefore, until after months of study and work by G. H. Iftner, director that the early grade standards were patterned after the grades of Grain Marketing for the Illinois Agricultural Association, applying to cereal grains (Iftner 1943, p. 11). and others. 1924 Aug. 29-30 – At the Fifth Annual Field Meeting of 1949 Sept 1 – New U.S. soybean grading standards take the American Soybean Association in Ames, Iowa: “Mr. effect; they allow No. 2 soybeans to contain 3% foreign J. E. Barr of the United States Department of Agriculture material – up from 2% previously. Foreign buyers soon read a paper on ‘Progress in the Study of Soybean Grades,’ complain about dirty U.S. soybeans (Soybean Digest, 1955, and made defi nite recommendations regarding the grading p. 16). of soybeans (Proceedings of the American Soybean Association, Vol. 1, p. 49). 1949 Nov. – George Strayer, in the fi rst of 28 articles in A good summary of this paper is given by Oil, Paint & Soybean Digest, reports that overseas buyers are unhappy Drug Reporter (see below). with the poor quality of U.S. soybeans. “Dockage, damaged beans, cracked beans and foreign material have been way out 1924 Oct. 27 – Tentative soya bean grades are proposed by of line.” The last of these articles appears in Dec. 1965. J.E. Barr of USDA’s Bureau