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Home , Bonnie Blair, Collier Trophy, Harlow Curtice, Ingemar Johansson, Orel (spacecraft), Paris Convention of 1919

for Best Picture Academy Award Person ofthe Year Time Magazine Sportsperson oftheYear Collier Trophy Price ofGas NACA Director NACA Chairman U.S. President Panoramic photo by: Tom Bozak March 4,1913-March 4,1921 Woodrow Wilson Burgess-Dunne hydro-aeroplane W. StarlingBurgessforthe NACA ExecutiveCommittee. first Chairmanoftheimportant sonian Institution,waselected cott, Secretary oftheSmith- man, andDr. CharlesD.Wal- was electedtemporaryChair P. Scriven,ChiefSignalOfficer, in hisoffice.Brig.Gen.George the firstmeetingofNACA The Secretary ofWar called April 23,1915 1948. was amemberfrom 1920to compensation. OrvilleWright 1958, membersservedwithout of theNACAuntilOctober Throughout theentire history first 12membersoftheNACA. President Wilson appointed the ,1915 was$1million. total appropriation fornaval appropriated forfiveyears.The sum of$5,000ayearwas their practicalsolution.”The lems offlight,withaviewto scientific studyoftheprob- to “superviseanddirect the The Committeewasinstituted mittee forAeronautics (NACA). the NationalAdvisoryCom- Appropriations Actestablished A ridertotheNaval ,1915 1915 1915 :1914–1918 hired asaclerk. First employee,JohnVictory, October 7,1915 June 1915 ker andE.B.WilsonofMIT. Gusts,” byJerome C.Hunsa- Behavior ofAeroplanes in sued, atwo-part“Reporton NACA ReportNo.1wasis- April 23,1915-Fall1916 George P. Scriven,U.S.Army

- indicator Elmer Sperryforthedrift first timewhileinflight. with eachotherbyradioforthe Pilots directly communicate September 2,1916 terested agencies. Government the aircraft industryandofin- meeting ofrepresentatives of The NACAcalledthefirst June 8,1916 1916 woman electedtoCongress. Jeannette Rankinbecomesfirst 1916 1916-1917: aircraft production. the formationofAircraftProductionBoardforWWI turers AircraftAssociationandintherecommendationfor ference wasinstrumentalinthecreationofManufac- andGovernmentagencies.Thiscon- the aircraftindustry elected ChairmanoftheNACA. and WilliamF. Durandwas inauguration ofairmailservice, The NACAfirst recommended October 5,1916 TheNACAcalledthefirstjointmeetingof Fall 1916-October10,1918 William F. Durand,Stanford University No CollierTrophy due to war 1917 1917 innovation. from lawsuitfearsandspurs nascent U.S.aircraft industry Curtiss. Patentpoolfrees andGlenn patent disputebetweenthe NACA leadershiphelpssettle During 1917 lated asabasichandbook. tics,” whichwaswidelycircu- “Meteorology andAeronau- prepared NACAReportNo.13, cal specialist,WilliamR.Blair, U.S. Weather Bureau aerologi- of aeronautics andspaceflight. contribute totheadvancement facilities andtheirsuccessors facility, wasfounded.These first experimentalaeronautical Laboratory, thesiteforNACA’s Langley MemorialAeronautical July 17,1917 Germany. France asU.S.declares waron First U.S.combattroops in April 6,1917 of WWI. important U.S.aircraft engine tion ofwhatbecomesthemost design, recommends produc - NACA reviews Libertyengine

No CollierTrophy due towar 500,000 perish. million are dead.InU.S.alone, strikes; by1920,nearly20 Worldwide influenzaepidemic defeat. World War IendswithGerman November 11,1918 1918 1918 Air Propellers” initiatedJune29. cal AnalysisandModelTests of #1 “ComparisonofMathemati- NACA Research Authorization Grounds, Washington, D.C. originating from thePolo Air mailbeginswithfirstflight May 15,1918 Dayton. charger onaLibertyengineat experimental turbosuper General Electricassembledan rand, ChairmanoftheNACA, At instigationofDr. W. F. Du- May 1918 aeronautics. scientific andtechnicaldataon Board tocollectanddistribute the suggestionofAircraft of Aeronautical Intelligenceat The NACAestablishedOffice January 1918 -

October 10,1918-August1,1919 John R.Freeman, ConsultingEngineer 1919 -1947 George W. Lewis No CollierTrophy due to war until October7,1939. Committee, apostheheld Chairman oftheExecutive Joseph S.Amesiselected October 9,1919 in Britain,France,andItaly. nate aeronautical information charge tocollectanddissemi- opened withWilliamKnightin officeoftheNACA June, 1919 Treasury. through theSecretary ofthe transmitted toCongress the useoflandingfieldswere inspection ofaircraft, and the licensingofpilots, on regulating aircommerce, The NACArecommendations February 19,1919 1919 serving Committeechair. 1927, Amesbecomeslongest- ber ofthemainCommittee.By Joseph Amesappointedamem- 1919 test work. from theU.S.Armyforflight Curtis JN-4H“Jennies”onloan NACA acquires twospare rejected byU.S.Senate. signed byAlliesandGermany; enant ofLeagueNations, Woodrow Wilson’s draftCov- Versailles Treaty, incorporating August 1,1919-d.February9,1927 Charles D.Walcott, Smithsonian Institution No CollierTrophy due to war $0.30 NACA byPresident Wilson. Orville Wright appointedto January 29,1920 1920 1920 Laboratory isdedicated. Langley MemorialAeronautical June 11,1920 amendment ratified. Women’s suffrage (19th) June 11,1920 vanced windtunnelconcepts. engineers andscientiststoad- or advanced,itledNACA wind tunnelwasnotunique tunnels. Althoughthisspecific famous NACAandNASAwind was thefirstofmanynow- ley wasformallydedicated.It Wind Tunnel 1atNACALang-

Grover C.Loeningforhisaerialyacht $0.26 1921 his return totheU.S.. remains there untilWWIIforces representative toEurope, and John J.IdebecomestheNACA 1921 design. mathematical toolsforwing Research Tunnels, anddevises Variable DensityandPropeller proposes developmentofthe Germany, joinsNACA.Munk Max Munkarrivesfrom people. Langley staff numbersjust44 inflation begins. 132 billiongoldmarks.German German World War Iliabilityat Reparations Commissionfixes March 4,1921-August2,1923 Warren G.Harding eration withoutasinglefatalaccident U.S. AirMailServiceforayear’s op- $0.25 1922 1922 forms Fascistgovernment. Mussolini marches onRome; nies. VE-7 and3CurtisJN-4HJen- includes fouraircraft: aVought NACA research airplanegroup Reports system. tect oftheNACATechnical by NACAandbecomesarchi- PearlI.Young hired cept inwindtunneldesign. The VDTbrought anewcon- (VDT) commencesoperation. The Variable DensityTunnel October 19,1922 April 1922

commercial transportation U.S. AirMailServicefornightflying in $0.22 Charge.” Langley’s first“Engineerin Leigh M.Griffithbecomes 1923 1923 50 minutes. to SanDiegolasted26hours, airplane flightfrom First nonstopcoast-to-coast May 2-3,1923 aircraft stability. like thisoneusedtomeasure and windtunneltestdata, tomate thecollectionofflight ing newinstrumentsthatau- NACA engineersbegininvent- eight months. Mein Kampf;released after years inprisonwhere hewrites 1924 heissentencedtofive Putsch” inMunichfails; ’s “BeerHall August 2,1923-March 4,1929 flight around the world U.S. ArmyAirServiceforfirstaerial $0.21 1924 1924 Research Division. director ofLangley’s Physical dore Theodorsenbecomes experimental research, Theo- Master ofboththeoretical and enced byWWIIairplanes. control problems laterexperi- enabled researchers tosolve fluid beganinthe1920sand a high-speedcompressible the studyofair’s behavioras Compressibility research, 1924-1960s from theU.S.Army. NACA acquires aBoeingPW-9 Director ofResearch. George Lewis’titlechangesto Pulitzer Prizes. Robert Frost winsfirstoffour of themetalairplanepropeller Sylvanus AlbertReedfordevelopment $0.22 1925 1925 “Monkey Trial”. a publicschoolinTennessee fined forteachingevolutionin John T. Scopesconvictedand features bytelevision. inventor, transmitshuman John LogieBaird, Scottish more than100. Langley staff increases to the AirCommerce Act. Morrow Board, whichleadsto NACA provides inputstothe expertise toindustry. the transferoftechnologyand promotedheld. Government ing Research Conference was First NACAAircraft Engineer May 23,1925 - ment ofapracticalparachute Major Edward L. Hoffman fordevelop- $0.23 March 16,1926 first liquid-fueled rocket. Robert Goddard launchedthe 1926 1926 retirement in1960. continuing asdirector untilhis Langley’s EngineerinCharge, Henry J.E.Reidbecomes regulating civilaviation. comes law-1stU.S.legislation U.S. AirCommerce Actbe- May 24,1926 the “NACAInspection.” which laterbecomesknownas “Manufacturer’s Conference,” Langley hoststhefirstannual

Wings of radialair-cooled aircraft engines Charles L.Lawrence fordevelopment $0.21 1927 Big BangTheory. Georges Lemaître proposes 1927 tunnel thenatLangley. the sizeoflargestwind at thatpoint,andfourtimes largest windtunneleverbuilt diameter testsectionisthe (PRT) iscompleted.Its20-foot- The Propeller Research Tunnel June 22,1927 rebuilt (April1928). Density Tunnel isimmediately Destroyed byfire, the Variable August 1,1927 aircraft anti-icing. W.C. Claybeginresearch on Theodore Theodorsenand from NewYork toParis. successful solonon-stopflight Charles A.Lindberghfliesfirst May 20-21,1927 1927 -1939 Joseph S.Ames,JohnsHopkinsUniversity

combined 1927 and1928 films Wings* - 1st AcademyAwards Walter ways andairnavigationfacilities Commerce for development ofair Aeronautics Branch,Departmentof $0.21 1928 1928 penicillin. Alexander Flemingdiscovers years ofresearch. Dictionary publishedafter44 Final volumeofOxford English of theCollierTrophy in1929. ing, whichleadstotheaward Note 301ontheNACACowl- Wieck produces Technical ducted inthenewPRT, Fred Based onexperimentscon- November 1928 range. increased aircraft speedsand aircraft dragreduction, which drag studiesthatresulted in led toaseriesofcomponent research began.Thisresearch NACA CowlingWindTunnel - The Broadway Melody Owen D.Young radial air-cooled engines nautics fordevelopmentofcowling National AdvisoryCommitteeforAero $0.21 improvements. to important“dragcleanup” manufacturing detailsthatled of actualaircraft, including wind tunnelallowedtesting full-scale windtunnel.This Construction beganon30x60 industry standard. calculation becomesaviation Richard Rhode’s formulafor flight testdata.Researcher over wingsbasedonPW-9 ies onpressure distribution NACA publishesseminalstud- radio aidsduringentire flight. ing onlycockpitdisplaysand strates instrumentflyingbyus- James H.Doolittledemon- September 24,1929 1929–1934: 1929 first phaseofDepression andworldeconomiccrisis. In U.S.,stockmarketpricescollapse,withU.S.securitieslosing $26billion— 1929 begins atLangley. float planesandsea Hydrodynamics research on NACA Cowl. is universallyknownasthe cooled aircraft engines,which low-drag cowlingforradialair- Trophy forthedevelopmentof NACA receives itsfirstCollier theory ofexpandinguniverse. Edwin P. Hubbleproposes Great Depression 1929–1939 March 4,1929-March 4,1933 Langleydevelopsmorethan100newwingsections.

- All Quiet on theWestern Front the autogiro for developmentandapplicationof Harold F. andhisassociates Pitcairn $0.20 May 15,1930 more than200. Langley staff nownumbers 1930 Summer 1930 Tombaugh. Pluto discovered byClyde lift systems. aerodynamic loads,andhigh- power effects, flyingqualities, to aircraft stabilityandcontrol, to basicperformance,butalso design datarelative notonly knowledge baseandessential AWT produced animportant Research performedinthe (AWT) beginsoperations. Atmospheric WindTunnel Langley’s 7-by10-Foot 1930 NACA: SOLVING DECADESOFAVIATION CHALLENGES

Cimarron engine development ofthedieselaircraft Packard MotorCarCompanyfor $0.17 1931 1931 Japanese occupyManchuria. May 27,1931 May 27,1931 years later. and wouldbeenlargedsix The Tow Tank opensfortests plane wouldbetestedthere. high-performance militaryair Langley. NearlyeveryWWII Tunnel beginsoperationsat The 30-by60-FootFullScale

- Grand Hotel Franklin DelanoRoosevelt high-speed weight-carryingairplane Glenn L.Martinfordevelopmentofa $0.18 (shown here visitingLMAL) the Atlantic. first womantoflysoloacross Amelia Earhartbecomesthe May 20-21,1932 1932 1932 Deal. President Roosevelt’s New personnel andfacilitiesunder a dramaticgrowth inbudget, ary 1933.TheNACAbegins and otherchangesinJanu- NACA. Congress reverses this December 1932abolishingthe signs anexecutiveorder in Outgoing President Hoover

Cavalcade Hugh SamuelJohnson gineer forcontrollable pitchpropeller and FrankWalker Caldwell,ChiefEn- Propeller Company $0.18 chancellor. Hitler appointedGerman 1933 1933 bering systemoftoday. and produced theairfoilnum- ing systematicstudyofairfoils report includedagroundbreak - research, waspublished.The the culminationof10years Variable-Density WindTunnel,” Sections from Tests inthe acteristics of78RelatedAirfoil NACA Report460,“TheChar Conference. Aircraft EngineeringResearch Langley hoststhe8thAnnual May 4,1933 March 4,1933-April12,1945 Franklin D.Roosevelt

- It Happened OneNight Franklin DelanoRoosevelt successful blindlandingsystem Air Corpsfordevelopmentofa Captain A.F. Hegenberger, U.S.Army $0.19 March” Mao Tse Tung begins“Long 1934 1934 October 1934 is alsoinstalled. Schlieren photographysystem pleted atLangley. Thefirst High SpeedTunnel iscom- supersonic range,the24-inch Allowing research inthe

Mutiny on theBounty twin-engine transportairplane personnel forcreation oftheDC-2 Donald W. Douglasandcompany $0.19 port coinstheterm“trimtab.” Another NACATechnical Re- elastic flutterare published. Two seminalpapersonaero- the world. widely usedwingsectionin the NACAwouldbemost Wing Sectionpublishedby By theendofWWII,23012 1935 1935 the Volta Congress inItaly. ing paperoncompressibility at Jacobs presents apathbreak - NACA researcher Eastman Langley. to workas“computers”at NACA hires thefirstwomen and farmassistance. ter housing,equitabletaxation, calling forsocialsecurity, bet- phase ofNewDealinU.S., Roosevelt openssecond The Great Ziegfeld extended overwaternavigation serviceandsuccessful Pan Americanforregular trans-Pacific $0.19 laboratories. the creation oftwonewNACA would eventuallyrecommend cilities isappointed.Thisgroup The NACACommitteeonFa- at Langley. Tunnel –becomesoperational kind –the8-FootHighSpeed the world’s firstfacilityofits stability andcontrol work, Proving criticaltoNACA efforts. threat ofGermanresearch that yearandnotesparticular Lewis travelstoEurope later Director ofResearch George facilities andactivity. NACA ropean aeronautical research report onimprovements inEu- tive JohnIdesendsalarming NACA European Representa- March 3,1936 1936 1936 VI becomesking. Edward VIIabdicates,George King GeorgeVoftheUKdies, Spanish CivilWar begins. ice formationonaircraft. measures totheproblems of investigate effective counter tems atNACAwere created to Thermal IcePrevention Sys- 1936-1945

- The Lifeof EmileZola Chiang Kai-shek/ Soong May-ling ful pressure cabinairplane, theXC-35 equipping andflyingthefirstsuccess - U.S. ArmyAirCorpsfordeveloping, $0.20 cific on round-the-world flight. Amelia EarhartlostinthePa- Jersey, killing36people. ing landingatLakehurst,New The Hindenburgexplodesdur May 6,1937 1937 1937 Space Center. ing director oftheJohnson Task Group, eventuallybecom- and laterheadstheSpace Bob Gilruthishired atLangley, Langley staff exceeds400. in 1936. NACA aftersuffering astroke Joseph Amesresigns from

- You Can’t Take ItwithYou Adolf Hitler in 91hours,14minutes record-setting, around-the-world flight Howard Hughesandassociatesfora $0.20 1938 1938 NACA Committee. become membersofthemain and VannevarHap Arnold Bush of theWar oftheWorlds. Orson Welles’s radiobroadcast 1939. families oflow-dragwingsby in thistunnelleadstofivenew construction begins;research sure Turbulence Tunnel Two-Dimensional LowPres- industry. effective cooperationwith on theWest Coast;andmore Langley; openingofanewlab recommends enlargementof The CommitteeonFacilities Gone with theWind andpilot-fatigueresearch physician contributionstoaviation U.S. airlinesforairsafetyand $0.19 June 28,1939 service. rates trans-Atlanticpassenger Pan AmericanAirwaysinaugu- 1939 1939 completed. The Free FlightTunnel is to theNACA. the sameinanOctoberreport also “urgentlyrecommend(s)” laboratory. CharlesLindbergh need foranNACApropulsion laboratory decisionidentifies Review ofthenewWest Coast Field director. Langley tobecometheMoffett Smith DeFrancemovesfrom World War II: military aircraft. out WWIIonvirtuallyallU.S. begins andcontinuesthrough- cleanup testingatLangley per-hour fighterplane.Drag help increating a400miles- asksNACAto Hap Arnold U.S. research. sibility ofatomicbomb,urges Einstein writesFDRaboutfea- cal LaboratoryinCalifornia. NACA Moffett FieldAeronauti- decision ismadetobuildthe in August,Septemberthe After Congressional approval 1939–1945

October 19,1939-August1,1941 Vannevar Institution Bush,Carnegie Rebecca turbo-supercharger Air Corpsfordevelopmentofthe Dr. Sanford A.Mossand theArmy $0.18 April 18,1940 Center), wasformed. renamed NASAAmesResearch in Moffett (later Field,California Ames Aeronautical Laboratory 1940 1940 Aeronautical Laboratory. proposed fortheMoffett Field 80-Foot FullScaleTunnel is Construction ofthe40-by Laboratory inCleveland,Ohio. Aircraft EngineResearch ity willbelocatedattheNACA is approved inJune;thefacil- The Propulsion Labproposal research. to coordinate defense-related tee (builtontheNACAmodel) Research AdvisoryCommit- Roosevelt creates theNational chairman, President Franklin With Vannevar Bushasits 1940–1944: aircraft. Oneexample:aftertestsandmodifications,theP-40 Warhawk’s topspeedincreasesfrom330mphto360mph. sion broadcast byNBC. The firstofficialnetworktelevi- NACA’s dragcleanupworkimprovestheperformanceofmorethan100differentmodelsWWIIU.S.

How Green Was MyValley Franklin DelanoRoosevelt wartime victory air transportationvitaltodefenseand The U.S.Armyandairlinesfor $0.19 Center, wasfounded. currently NASAGlennResearch named LewisResearch Center, tory inCleveland,Ohio,later NACA Aircraft EngineLabora- and aircraft designersexisted. no setofguidelinesforpilots of anaircraft. Upuntilthispoint, for thehandlingcharacteristics defined asetof requirements was published.Thisdocument of anAirplane,”byR.R.Gilruth, for SatisfactoryFlyingQualities NACA report, “Requirements April 1941 January 23,1941 1941 1941 December 7,1941 and theotheratLangley. pleted: oneatMoffett Field Two 16-FootTunnels are com- enters War. Pearl Harborattacked,U.S. for theagency. becomes theofficialinsignia The NACAStandard Seal dard low-dragwingdesign. wings, whichbecomethestan- search there leadstoSeries6 Tunnel opensatLangley. Re- The LowTurbulence Pressure

August 1,1941-October1956 Jerome C.Hunsaker, MIT

Mrs. Miniver Joseph Stalin Force worldwide zation andleadershipoftheArmyAir fororgani- U.S. GeneralH.Arnold $0.20 1942 1942 Laboratory. at theAircraft EngineResearch The first research tunnelisrun May 8,1942 at Langley. A secondTow Tank isadded chain reaction inChicago. Enrico Fermiachievesnuclear

Casablanca George Marshall pilots andcrews safe andrapidtrainingofcombat U.S. NavyCaptainLuisDeFlorez for $0.21 1943 1943 at Langley. sonic tunnel–beginsoperation the firstcontinuous-flowsuper The 9-InchSupersonicTunnel – American women“computers.” NACA hires thefirstAfrican formally dedicated. Laboratory inClevelandis The Aircraft EngineResearch prevent inflation. prices, salaries,andwagesto President Rooseveltfreezes - Going My Way Dwight Eisenhower ness inWorld War II demonstrating airpower’s effective- U.S. ArmyGeneralCarlA.Spaatzfor $0.21 1944 1944 D-Day. Allies invadeNormandyon and fasteraircraft. testing capabilitiestolarger flight speeds,andexpanded compared tomodelsatlow be wind-tunnel-tested,as It allowedwholeaircraft to tunnel becameoperational. Ames 40x80full-scalewind June 6,1944 NACA Chairman. Laboratory inhonorofthelate renamed AmesAeronautical The Moffet FieldLaboratoryis June 1944

The Lost Weekend Harry S.Truman weather andtrafficconditions to safeaircraft landingsunderall Dr. LuisW. Alvarez forcontributions $0.21 Germany surrenders. May 7,1945 1945 1945 Wallops FlightFacility). Island, Va. (nowtheNASA Research StationatWallops tablishes thePilotlessAircraft Research Division,andes- of thenewPilotlessAircraft Bob Gilruthisappointedhead on Hiroshima, Japan. First atomicbombdropped, August 6,1945 of axialflowcompressors. engines, pioneeringthefield Laboratory workbeginsonjet Aircraft EngineResearch 5,000. ing WWII,NACAstaff exceeds After tremendous growth dur on Nagasaki,Japan. Second atomicbombdropped, August 15,1945 August 9,1945 Japan surrenders. wing theory. R.T. Jonesdevelopshisswept April 12,1945-January20,1953 Harry S.Truman

- The Best Years ofOurLives James F. Byrnes system foraircraft and deployapracticalice-prevention Lewis A.Rodertforhelpingtodevelop $0.21 Assembly opensinLondon. First meetingofUNGeneral January 10,1946 1946 1946 September 1946 1959. Unit, apositionheholdsuntil Chief oftheMuroc FlightTest X-1 Project Engineer, isnamed Walt Williams,thentheNACA’s strong FlightResearch Center. what todayisNASA’s Arm- program, formingthebasisfor the jointNACA-ArmyAirForce supersonic research flightsfor Edwards AFB)tosupportX-1 at Muroc ArmyAirfield(now ley traveltotheMojaveDesert A smallNACAteamfrom Lang- 1946-1958: X-Plane Test Flights craft designsofthe1950s. experimental X-seriesair significantly toimportant research contributes NACA

- Gentleman’s Agreement George Marshall research airplanes in supersonicflightandconceptsfor John Stackforpioneeringresearch $0.23 1947 -September30,1958 Hugh L.Dryden 1947 1947 separate AirForce. partment ofDefense,creates merges Army&NavyintoDe- National SecurityActof1947 September 7,1947 Williams. bered 27peopleledbyWalt Director ofResearch. Num- from HughL.Dryden,NACA’s received permanentstatus NACA Muroc FlightTest Unit and theNACA. co-sponsored bytheAirForce the BellX-1,aresearch aircraft break thesoundbarrier, flying ger becomesthefirstpersonto U.S. AirForce pilotChuckYea - August 20,1947 technical report onrocketry. siles,” theCommittee’s first ic Problems ofGuidedMis- NACA publishes“Aerodynam- by HughL.Dryden. health reasons andisreplaced NACA Director ofResearch for George Lewisstepsdownas October 14,1947 ratory. to theFlightPropulsion Labo- Laboratory nameischanged The Aircraft EngineResearch per hour. speed record of640.7miles D-558-1 establishesworld D-558-1 Skystreak. pilot toflyjet-powered Howard C.LillywasfirstNACA November 25,1947

Hamlet Harry S.Truman navigation andtrafficcontrol system Aeronautics for creation ofanair The RadioTechnical Commissionfor $0.26 March 10,1948 fly supersonicallyintheX-1. NACA pilotandfirstcivilianto Herb Hooverbecomesthefirst 1948 1948 tory inhishonor. Propulsion Research Labora- tory isrenamed LewisFlight Propulsion Research Labora- George Lewisdies.TheFlight Czechoslovakia. Communists seizepowerin February 1948 nautical Laboratory. shortened toLangleyAero- nautical Laboratorynameis The LangleyMemorialAero- June 1948-May1949 Berlin Blockade:

Winston Churchill approach control coupler system F-5 automaticpilotand William P. Learfordevelopmentofthe $0.27 All TheKing’s Men 1949 1949 was namedChiefoftheStation. Station (HSFRS).Walt Williams High-Speed FlightResearch 100 people,designatedNACA NACA’s Muroc unit,with about August 29,1949 November 14,1949 of the“.” immediately withthediscovery cilities proved theirworthalmost for industrytesting.Thenewfa- with priorityutilizationreserved of itsthree research centers, erect supersonictunnelsateach Act of1949enabledNACAto National UnitaryWindTunnel test . First Sovietnuclearweapon signed by12nations. zation (NATO) created —treaty North AtlanticTreaty Organi- April 4,1949

All About Eve The Americanfighting-man of air-rescue rotary-wing aircraft ter industryfordevelopmentanduse U.S. militaryservicesandthehelicop - $0.27 1950 1950 hydrogen bomb. Truman orders developmentof January 31,1950 rule.” to developmentofthe“area at transonicspeeds,leading nel atLangleytostudyairflow 8-Foot HighSpeedWindTun- use theslottedthroat inthe Richard Whitcombbeginsto less vehicles. studying flyingqualitiesoftail- pilot toflytheX-4aircraft John GriffithwasthefirstNACA September 25,1950 bypass jetturbofan. high the basisofmodern nitude. Thisresearch became efficiency byanorder ofmag- for jetenginesthatimproved of anaxialflowcompressor tory pursueddevelopment Engineers attheLewislabora- 1950-1960

Korean War:

June 2,1950-July27,1953 An American inParis Mohammed Mossadegh the transonicwindtunnelthroat ation, developmentanddeployment of John Stackandassociatesforthecre $0.27 1951 1951 to theSovietUnion. supplying USnuclearsecrets found guiltyoftreason for Julius &EthelRosenberg reduced “choking”effects. interference andproviding demonstrating muchlesswall in thefieldofaerodynamics, tional asarevolutionary step Wind Tunnel becameopera- The SlottedThroat Transonic to U.S.missileprograms. ballistic re-entry prove critical concepts andmechanicsof on materials,bluntbody to . NACAresearch the Atlasmissileisawarded A developmentcontractfor - The Greatest ShowonEarth Elizabeth II production oftheJ-57jetengine Corp fordesign,development,and Leonard S.Hobbs ofUnitedAircraft $0.28 1952 1952 and B-1aircraft. used todayonF-14,F-111, full 60-degree angle.Concept variable sweepwingX-5to Joe Walker wasfirsttofly subsonic orsupersonicflight. angles toconformeither adjusted todifferent sweep sweep wingmechanically swept wingtheory, thevariable began. Avariationofthe Variable sweepresearch in hypersonicsresearch. Committee urgesanincrease The NACAAerodynamics March 4,1952 for satellitelaunches. for 1957-58,includingacall GeophysicalYearInternational Scientific Unionsproposes an Councilof The International (hydrogen) bomb. U.S. testsfirstthermonuclear

From Here toEternity Konrad Ardenauer mann fortheDouglasF4D American F-100andEdward H.Heine- James H.KindelbergerfortheNorth $0.29 January 20,1953-19,1961 Dwight D.Eisenhower Secretary oftheCommunistParty. Nikita Khrushchevbecomes1st Soviet leaderStalindies. 1953 1953 Memorandum. lished asaclassifiedResearch of objectsfrom space)ispub- ings (allowingforsafereentry Julian Allenbluntbodyfind- the speedofsound. was thefirstpilottoflytwice powered D-558-2Skyrocket, Scott Crossfield, in rocket- November 20,1953 breakthrough concepts. wing, winglets,andother to developthesupercritical is usedbyRichard Whitcomb Tunnel opensatLangleyand The 8-FootTransonic Pressure namics, waspublished. for compressible flowaerody - Compressible Flow,” abible tions, Tables, andChartsfor NACA ReportR1135,“Equa-

Roger Bannister On theWaterfront John FosterDulles area rulethatled topracticaljetflight and experimentalverificationofthe Richard T. Whitcombfordiscovery $0.29 1954 August 23,1954 program. X-3 “FlyingStiletto”supersonic NACA research flightsinthe Joe Walker madefirstof20 1954 May 17,1954 segregation inpublicschools. peka) unanimouslybansracial v. Board ofEducationTo - U.S. Supreme Court(inBrown Flight Station. shortened toHigh-Speed Research Stationnameis The High-SpeedFlight July 1,1954 ing children againstpolio. Dr. JonasSalkstartsinoculat- first U.S.four-stage rocket. search Divisionlaunchesthe NACA’s PilotlessAircraft Re- becomes theX-15. X-vehicle project that fund ahypersonicresearch suades AirForce andNavyto Airplane Committeeandper convenes theResearch NACA Director HughDryden

- Marty tion oftheBoeingB-52stratofortress conception, developmentandproduc- William M.Allenandassociatesfor $0.29 1955 1955 December 1,1955 Alabama, bussystem. boycott ofMontgomery, Luther King,Jr., leadsblack the backofbus.Martin Rosa Parksrefuses tositat tional GeophysicalYear. - U.S. satellitefortheInterna gram isselectedtodevelopa The U.S.Navy’s Vanguard pro- tobuildthree X-15s. contract toNorthAmerican The U.S.AirForce awards a

Around theWorld in80Days The Hungarianfreedom fighter development oftheF-8UCrusader Russell andassociatesfordesign Charles McCarthy, AdmiralJames Vice $0.30 Bobby JoeMorrow Hungary. anti-communist uprisingsin Soviet militaryforces putdown destroying thevehicle. and itcrashed,killinghim lost control oftheairplane Unfortunately, hesubsequently Apt flewtheX-2toMach3.2. Air Force G. Capt.Milburn August 27,1956 September 27,1956 assembly line). ber sevenF-104aircraft off the in anF-104Aaircraft (thenum- Walker madefirstNACAflight NACA research pilotJoe achieves aspeedofMach15. five-stage solid-fuel rocket that Division launchesthefirst The PilotlessAircraft Research 1956 1956 path-breaking jetengines. the company’s J-79andother prove instrumentalindesigning hired byGeneralElectric.They A teamofNACAexpertsare Nasser. Canal anddeposePres. Abdel restore control overtheSuez and FranceinvadeEgyptto Suez Crisis:Israel,Britain Oct 29–Nov7,1956

October 1956-September30,1958 James H.Doolittle,ShellOil

The Bridge ontheRiverKwai long-range airspaceplanning representing adramatic advancein Edward P. Curtisforareport $0.31 March 26,1957 10% to25%ofallresearch. research atNACAgrows from space- androcket-related Between 1954and1957, earlier thatmonth. tial roll couplingflight research lowing thecompletionofiner Force Base,AZ,forstoragefol- 53-1712 toDavis-MonthanAir ferried JF-100CSerialNo. research pilotNeilArmstrong High-Speed FlightStation 1957 1957 December 6,1957 pad. vehicle explodesonitslaunch U.S. soil.Theeffort failsasthe rocket toattemptlaunchfrom tory’s Vanguard TV3isthefirst The NavalResearch Labora- October 4,1957 Age begins. artificial satellite—theSpace Russians launchSputnik,first November 3,1957 dog Laikaaboard. 2nd artificialsatellitewiththe Russians launchSputnikII,

- Gigi Charles DeGaulle development oftheF-104 Lockheed andGeneralElectricfor USAF andtheindustryteamof $0.30 Ministers oftheUSSR. Chairman oftheCouncil Nikita Khrushchevbecomes Langley. of theSpaceTask Group at Bob Gilruthbecomesdirector Ministers inFrance. President oftheCouncil Charles DeGaullebecomes 1958 1958 March 17,1958 January 31,1958 Earth orbit. successfully launchedinto The Vanguard Isatellitewas . satellite launchedbythe Explorer 1becamethefirst . ballistic-capsule conceptof Ames meetingendorsesthe engineer MaxFaget,aNACA In anapproach championedby

Sportsperson oftheYear Person ofthe Year Sports Illustrated Academy Award NACA Chairman for Best Picture Time Magazine NACA Director U.S. President Collier Trophy Price ofGas

NASA: SOLVING DECADES OF AVIATION CHALLENGES

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March 9, 1971 April 1972 Propulsion Controlled February 2008 January 22, 2009 April 22, 2011 February 1, 2012 January 2015 X-15 Program 1959–1969: A revolutionary aircraft, the X-15’s 199 test flights uncovered many “first’s” in high-speed, high-altitude research that were also later used in the Advanced Project 1976-1987: After the energy crisis of the early ‘70s, NASA initiated research into a unique “swirled” design for propellers used on propeller-powered aircraft to reduce noise and increase fuel efficiency. High Speed Research (HSR) Program 1990-1999: Interest in a supersonic transport had been renewed, and Phase I of HSR focused 1995: Phase II of the HSR program began to assess technologies to improve the economic competitiveness of a High-Speed FutureFlight Central 1999–Ongoing: ACCESS Test Flights October 3, 1967 October 24, 1968 NASA research pilot Thomas NASA published fundamental Aircraft (PCA) A broken fan blade was used to Test flights conclude on Researchers at NASA’s Dryden NASA transfers innovative May 7, 2014 At NASA Langley Research space program such as high-temperature materials, reaction control systems, and full-pressure pilot suits. on the three key challenges to a High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT): the sonic boom, and community noise, and ozone depletion. Civil Transport, including weight reduction, advanced control systems, flight deck instrumentation, and displays. A full-scale airport operations simulator. test the strength and durabil- Phase 2 of NASA’s Alternative An unofficial world speed record NASA pilot William H. Dana McMurtry completed the first papers introducing the con- The Aircraft Energy Efficiency (ACEE) Program 1975–1986: This program stimulated wide application of lighter and more durable composite materials to secondary and primary structures on civil aircraft. 1989-1998 measurement of shock-wave Flight Research Center con- aircraft descent software to the February-March 2013 Center tests begin of a of Mach 6.7 (4,520 mph) was ended an era by flying the flight of an F-8A modified with a cept of 4-dimensional trajecto- April 24, 1996 ity of a jet engine containment formation to provide data to duct on-ground performance Federal Aviation Administration. During a series of test flights Fuel Effects on Contrails and -manufactured The National Advisory Com- June 8, 1959 March 25, 1960 March 7, 1961 June 27, 1962 August 22, 1963 June 25, 1964 NASA developed a computer-assisted engine control system to The Advanced Control Technology for Integrated Vehicles (ACTIVE) Program February 2006 reached in a modified version of final flight in the X-15 flight new wing called the supercritical ries (three spatial dimensions The F-15 ACTIVE achieved its case made of lighter, composite help in the design of quieter and emissions tests of renew- for the Alternative Fuel Effects Cruise Emissions – ACCESS composite-materials panel, mittee for Aeronautics (NACA), First flight of the hypersonic First NASA X-15 research flight First Mach 4 flight by pilot Pilot Joseph A. Walker flew Highest X-15 flight (unofficial), First flight of the X-15A-2. Storm Hazards Program 1978–1986: This program conducted extensive research and flight tests to identify conditions that cause lightning strikes. allow pilots to land aircraft even after losing primary flight controls. 1993–2006: A joint NASA, U.S. Air Force, McDonnell Douglas Aerospace, and Pratt & Test flights of an F-15 proved that a flight control system built the X-15 by research pilot research program. airfoil. Work on the airfoil design plus time), which today are a supersonic yaw vectoring flight material versus metal. supersonic aircraft. able aviation biofuel made from March 23, 2012 on Contrails and Cruise Emis- II – begins. ACCESS II data part of a possible center fuse- founded in 1915, was soon to X-15, a planned glide flight to by pilot Joseph A. Walker. Robert M. White. the X-15 to an unofficial world 354,200 ft (67+ miles) by By adjusting the thrust from each engine to go up, down, left or on an artificial neural network can help pilots retain control of William “Pete” . concept began in the 1960s basis for air traffic guidance in Results informed new design guidelines used in aircraft and flight operations to protect critical digital systems. Whitney effort to evaluate thrust vectoring engine nozzles for improved high-angle of attack at Dryden Flight Research chicken and beef tallow. NASA flight tests ADS-B sions (ACCESS) study, NASA may aid in the development lage section of a future hybrid become the core of a new fed- 522 mph piloted by A. Scott speed record of 4,104 mph. Joseph A. Walker. right, engines-only landings were flown on NASA research aircraft their aircraft during destabilizing conditions. under NASA chief scientist the NextGen. control and maneuverability, and to explore integrated intelligent flight control systems. Center, Edwards, CA. airplane tracking technology researchers assess the effects of cleaner aircraft fuels. Data wing body aircraft. eral agency that took NACA’s Crossfield. June 23, 1961 and on actual transport aircraft. January 28, 2009 July 17, 1962 Richard Whitcomb. March 11, 2010 on the Ikhana MQ-9 unmanned of biofuels on aircraft engine showed a 50% reduction in mandate to “direct and con- First Mach 5 flight by pilot Low Visibility Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology (ERAST) Project A series of tests measure the soot emissions when using Pilot Robert M. White set a Advanced Supersonic Technology (AST)/Supersonic Cruise Research (SCR) Project 1972–1982: This research July 7, 1997 August 6, 1998 April 2005 NASA evaluates an MD-500 aircraft. performance, emissions and duct research and experimen- Robert M. White. Center/TRACON Automation System (CTAS) July 13, 1988 April 1990 Landing and Surface Pioneering research on high-altitude, long-endurance unmanned aircraft. August 13, 2001 June 26, 2003 performance and emissions blended biofuel. Fédération Aéronautique Inter- effort tackled the technical and environmental challenges of making a viable, advanced commercial supersonic transport. The 1994–2003: The modified, extended-wing The effects of sonic booms on helicopter’s deployable energy contrails. tation in aeronautics, with a NASA researchers convinced “CTAS” became the official Pathfinder UAV set an unofficial The Helios uncrewed solar- Helios crashes after malfunction of two synthetic fuels derived nationale world altitude record program resulted in technology of value to the subsonic transport industry such as new aerodynamic design modeling tools. 1986-1990: NASA foundational papers on trajectory Operations Project Pathfinder Plus flew to a structures and humans on the April 26, 2007 absorber for its ability to pre- May 10, 2012 view to their practical solution” November 9, 1961 FAA to approve access to live name and the system began September 11, 1995 altitude record of 71,500 feet for powered UAV flew to world from coal and natural gas. of 314,750 ft. optimization led to development of a system of software 1993-2000 record altitude for propeller- ground were measured using First test flight of the Strato- vent injuries from crashes. As part of a program to July 14, 2014 and expanded it to the realm First Mach 6 flight by pilot radar data. using live data from FAA air Pathfinder Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) set a new altitude a solar-powered aircraft. record altitude of 96,863 feet. tools to improve traffic flow and fuel efficiency. Research created early con- driven aircraft of 80,201 feet. microphone arrays to capture spheric Observatory for Infrared advance hypersonic flight, a NASA-developed Terminal March 3, 2015 of space. Robert M. White. Quiet Short-Haul Research Aircraft (QSRA) Project 1974-1981: July 6, 1978 July 10, 1980 traffic control centers. record of 50,567 feet for a solar-powered aircraft. November 1, 1973 cepts for GPS-based airport sound from aircraft flying at Astronomy (SOFIA), a Boeing February 12, 2008 team that includes NASA and Sequencing and Spacing soft- 100th Anniversary of the First flight of supercritical wing Developed and demonstrated technologies necessary to support short-takeoff and landing (STOL), First flight of QSRA at Boeing QSRA began sea carrier trials low altitudes. the U.S. Air Force success- The X-29 test vehicle demonstrated map displays now on the 747 carrying an infrared tele- NASA wind tunnel tests help May 3, 2010 ware to help controllers man- NACA’s founding. on F-III variable sweep wing Field, Seattle, WA. on the USS Kitty Hawk without Forward Swept Wing Research 1981-1990: X-43A Program 2002–2004: The X-43A airplane March 27, 2004 fully launches an experimental and high-lift cargo aircraft. These technologies were employed on the C-17 Globemaster III. December 14, 1984 December 8, 1988 Airbus A380 and for head-up October 2000 scope to capture images and Speedo International create its NASA tests open-rotor tech- age ground traffic in is April 1, 1960 Wake Vortex Research March 3, 1970 catapult launch or landing forward swept wing technology and provided data on aeroelastic tailoring, active X-43A set a new aeronautical scramjet engine on a sounding March 16, 1961 aircraft. The X-29 took its first test flight. X-29-1 completed its flight research program with flight number 242. guidance cockpit displays to NASA and the FAA tested an used innovative scramjet technology to fly at ten spectra not possible by the larg- nology, a new approach in the formally transferred to the Fed- The United States launched NASA researchers began flight arresting gear. controls, and canard effects. speed record of Mach 6.83– most hydrodynamically advanced Goddard is officially dedicated. 1969-1980 improve safety. early version of the Runway times the speed of sound, setting a world’s record August 2006 est ground-based telescopes. design of jet engines. rocket from Kauai, Hawaii. eral Aviation Administration. TIROS 1, the first successful Runway Grooves NASA conducted research and tests of the triplesonic YF-12 nearly 5,000 mph. swimsuit design to date. Runway Grooves Incursion Prevention System, for air-breathing aircraft. June 5-7, 2005 The Future Air Traffic Manage- meteorological satellite, for 1968–1972 test flights on the dangerous aircraft to investigate the The Small Aircraft Transpor- 1962–1987 (approx.) June 7, 1974 Advanced Composite Technology Program 1988–1997: This research program focused on how to use textile composite materials, from design through fabrication, on wing and fuselage primary structures which alerts pilots and air traffic November 16, 2004 ment Concepts Evaluation Tool X-48 Flight Tests May 21, 2008 July-August 2009 February 11, 2010 August 15, 2012 April 18, 2013 Sept-Oct 2014 monitoring Earth’s weather. May 5, 1961 NASA teamed with the U.S. wakes of turbulent air that trail effects of sustained high- May 25, 1972 tation System project held (FACET) won NASA Software NASA developed a process for NASA research pilot Gary First flight of the NASA Boe- Energy Efficient Engines Project1976–1984: Managed at NASA’s , this project proved that a 15 percent reduction in fuel consumption could be made relative to the best commercial for commercial or military aircraft. A key ACT contribution was the validation of braided or stitched composite structures as cost-effective, low-weight, high-durability options. controllers to planes or other A second unpiloted flight of The X-48B hybrid wing body NASA conducts wind tunnel The X-48B is modified into the The transformed X-48C hybrid Research involving the X-48 NASA conducts tests of became the first Air Force and FAA to conduct behind every aircraft (wing- speed flight. a public demonstration to of the Year. FACET simulates 2007–2013: cutting transverse grooves into Krier flew an F-8C modified with ing 737 Transport Systems aircraft engines in service at the time. Research enabled industry’s development of the more fuel-efficient high-bypass GE90 jet engine, which powers the intercontinental . vehicles about to encroach on the X-43A resulted in a second enters the second phase of testing of the X-48C hybrid X-48C configuration in prepara- wing body takes to the Califor- hybrid wing body technology advanced aircraft-spacing American to fly in space on the first tests of pavement tip vortices). Resulting data showcase future technologies thousands of aircraft trajecto- July 20, 2007 runways to help aircraft land an all-electric, digital fly-by-wire Research Vehicle, which July 1996 runways. speed record of Mach 9.68– flight tests. wing body to assess noise–re- tion for NASA wind tunnel tests. nia skies for final flight tests. demonstrator concludes after a software on a Boeing 787 the Freedom 7 suborbital flight grooving using an F-4 fighter, helped the Federal Aviation like “Highway in the Sky” that ries and assists air traffic con- The first test flight of the 21-foot safely on wet pavement. The (DFBW) control system, a proto- conducted thousands of flight Airborne Wind Shear Detection Program 1986–1993: This program developed the first 1991-1992 November 30, 1994 The Traffic nearly 7,000 mph. duction modifications. total of 122 test flights. ecoDemonstrator aircraft. from Cape Canaveral, FL. a Convair 990 jet transport, Administration (FAA) establish Highly Maneuverable Aircraft Technology (HIMAT) 1979–1983: HiMAT was installed for the first time on an unpiloted subscale flight test A Continental Boeing could help small planes better trol managers plan for efficient wingspan X-48B Blended Wing process was adapted to U.S. type of the flight control system hours of research for more onboard sensor system that can give pilots advance warning of dangerous wind shear conditions. NASA flew 130 flights through dangerous weather to test the Advisor, a NASA CTAS soft- April 6, 2010 October 30, 2012 and a Beech Queen Air safe separation distances be- XV-15 Tilt Rotor forward-looking Doppler radar. 737-300 was the first - May 17, 1997 utilize small airports in all kinds flow across the country. Body research aircraft took The 80th and final Phase 1 test highways and other types of used today on some aircraft and than 20 different projects from vehicle to validate use on future fighter aircraft. HiMAT’s extensive use of composites, winglets and canards was adapted for other aircraft. ware tool for controlling arriv- Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology (UEET) Program October 1, 1999–2004: In light of future aviation growth, NASA created UEET to research ways to reduce The X-48 hybrid wing body air- twin-propeller aircraft. tween aircraft during takeoffs, cial flight to use the forward- The X-36 subscale prototype of weather. place at NASA’s Dryden Flight October 1, 2014 wet surfaces. on the . wind shear detection to noise October 22, 1976 ing air traffic, was deployed at flight of the X-48B hybrid wing landings and cruise flight. tailless fighter made the first nitric oxide and carbon dioxide emissions from commercial and military jet engines while maintaining performance and fuel efficiency. Multiple engine demonstrations and Research Center. craft makes its 100th flight. A former Marine helicopter is studies to runway friction. After decades of research July 27, 1979 May 11, 1982 January 11, 1983 looking Doppler radar to detect Dallas/Ft. Worth International body concludes. of 31 test flights, showing a new computer simulation tools were among the beneficial results from UEET. the centerpiece of the Trans- and wind tunnel testing into The HiMAT remotely piloted ve- First supersonic flight of Last of 26 flights made of the wind shear. Airport and later at more FAA high-speed vehicle without a port Rotorcraft Airframe Crash Lifting Body Vehicles Research Program October 21, 1965 July 12, 1966 May 10, 1967 October 23, 1968 April 17, 1969 February 18, 1970 June 4, 1971 December 20, 1972 August 1, 1973 March 5, 1974 November 26, 1975 technologies to make vertical hicle completed its first flight. HiMAT, Aircraft Number 1. HiMat test vehicle. en-route facilities. August 17, 2009 May 28, 2010 May 27, 2011 tail could fly normally. Intelligent Flight Control Systems (IFCS) 1999–2008: Neural network technology for aircraft control was invented to help aircraft recover from loss of control. Testbed full-scale crash test. October 1, 1958 1963–1976: The program demonstrated the low speed M2-F1, last captive flight NASA’s Milt Thompson made M2-F2, last flight First rocket-powered flight of First X-24A glide flight, by pilot First max speed of 1,228 mph on X-24A, last flight M2-F3, last flight First X-24B glide flight First X-24B supersonic flight X-24B, last flight for the Lifting takeoff and landing (VTOL) The Inflatable Re-entry Vehicle An engine first validated in a NASA’s uses former military The National Aeronautics and the first flight of the M2-F2, a the HL-10, flown by Air Force Jerauld R. Gentry. the HL-10 Body Vehicles Research Program possible, NASA and Bell Mission Adaptive Wing (MAW) 1985–1989: The MAW, built by the Boeing Company, had a flexible outer skin that entry and landing characteristics of vehicles that use Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Technology 1995–2008: NASA supported a public/ Capstone Program 1999-2006 2005 2007 Experiment – IRVE – launches NASA wind tunnel fires suc- jets to make super-loud sonic Space Administration (NASA) body shape, rather than wings, to generate lift. lifting body ve- Major Jerauld R. Gentry. August 25, 1971 Aircraft rolled out the experi- 1984 could be adjusted in-flight using an internal mechanism to attain ideal aerodynamic shapes for subsonic through super- ADS-B began deployment at Over 300 aircraft in Alaska re- from NASA’s Wallops Flight cessfully during the longest booms to help create noise- April 24, 2013 February 27, 1970 November 15, 1973 October 25, 1974 December 6, 1983 private partnership to test and deploy new airborne surveillance and cockpit avionics technology that complements This FAA-led program was the proving ground for ADS-B technology and its ability to reduce accidents among the thousands of general aviation pilots in the Alaska region who fly remote routes. was formed. The 1958 Space hicle designed to demonstrate May 9, 1969 First M2-F3 supersonic flight mental XV-15 tilt rotor aircraft. July 24, 1979 Riblets, or small V-shaped sonic speeds. It was tested by NASA and the U.S. Air Force through the Advanced Fighter Technology Integration program. air facilities from Florida to ceived ADS-B to help air traffic Facility on ’s Eastern supersonic combustion ramjet- quieting designs for future NASA studies ways to prevent November 6, 2014 First max altitude of 90,303 ft. on First X-24B powered flight Fastest lifting body flight (Mach Ribbon-cutting ceremonies radar; provides air-to-air, air-to-ground, and ground-to-air functionality; improves safety and increases airport capacity. NASA supported installation of Global Positioning System (GPS)-based avionics and data link communications suites in commercial aircraft, along with ground systems, equipment and services. Act established NASA as the or- March 1, 1963 the handling characteristics of NASA pilot John A. Manke made Successful flights of the XV-15 First full in-flight conversion grooves, were discovered New York. separation efforts. Shore. powered hypersonic flight to commercial supersonic craft. insect remains from sticking to NASA reaches a milestone the HL-10 1.76, 1164 mph) in an X-24B were held for the new National ganization responsible for both M2-F1, first flight a capable of land- the first supersonic flight of a led to Department of Defense May 3, 1977 from helicopter-to-airplane to reduce aerodynamic October 18, 1985 date of the U.S. Air Force’s aircraft wings. in its Adaptive Compliant aeronautics and astronautics. ing on a runway. wingless lifting body when he approval in 1986 to produce Transonic Facility (NTF), the drag. This technology has The MAW was first tested on June 2003 January 2004 August 10, 2006 X-51A vehicle. Trailing Edge (ACTE) project (ground tow) First hover and low-speed mode with the XV-15. Sonic Boom Reduction 1994–2000: Improvements in the configuration of aircraft to reduce sonic boom intensity were formulated in a sonic boom study. NASA’s Performance Data Twenty-one more test flights NASA and Gulfstream Aero- reached a top speed of 744 mph. June 2, 1970 the V-22 Osprey. first NASA wind tunnel been used on many air- an F-111. June 14, 2013 as revolutionary experimen- flight of the XV-15. Analysis and Reporting System of the modified F-5E were space tested a telescopic March 2008 August 16, 1966 First M2-F3 glide flight equipped for scale model test- craft and sailing vessels. NASA communications experts tal flaps are flown on NASA’s August 16, 1963 Advanced Subsonic Technology (AST) Program 1992–1999: Led research into areas most likely to improve U.S. civil transport aircraft, including aircraft aging, noise reduction, environmental impact, was recognized for helping air conducted under the project “Quiet Spike” sonic boom A NASA wind tunnel hosted M2-F1, last flight (air tow) Oblique Wing Program 1979–1982: The wing of this unique research aircraft could be pivoted up to 60 degrees to ing in actual flight conditions. begin flight tests of a prototype G-III research aircraft for the M2-F1, first air tow productivity of the area, propulsion, wing design, use of composite materials and improved flight controls. This work continues to inform aeronautics research at NASA. traffic control centers improve now renamed “Shaped Sonic mitigator on a NASA F-15B tests of the Smart Material July 17, 1970 the fuselage to decrease drag and increase speed and range. The AD-1 was flown 79 times to evaluate the pivot-wing August 17, 2011 radio system for unmanned first time. Researchers believe December 22, 1966 safety and efficiency through Boom Experiment.” aircraft and proved it reduced Actuated Rotor Technology aircraft. HL-10, last flight Researchers begin study the June 22, 2012 wing surfaces that can change NASA’s Bruce A. Peterson concept and collect data on handling qualities. Laminar Flow Control Project 1986–1994: Research on active flow control over all speed regimes was developed to produce laminar flow over 65 percent of the wing of the aircraft, generating less drag and promoting better fuel efficiency. customized reports. the intensity of sonic booms (SMART)—new trailing edge phenomenon of engine core Smartphone technology is shape in flight will make future piloted the HL-10 lifting body November 25, 1970 caused by supersonic aircraft. control flaps and “smart” ma- July 1, 1960 December 21, 1979 August 7, 1982 ice accretion, which can cause validated as flight tests of a quieter and more fuel- on its first glide flight. First M2-F3 powered flight X-30 National AeroSpace Plane (NASP) Program 1986–1994: Conceived to develop operational space planes, this program never advanced beyond its technology development period, but produced advanced technologies in materials, propulsion and other fields. August 27, 2003 terial actuators that can reduce Marshall Space Flight Center First flight of the AD-1 AD-1, last flight November 2005 aircraft power loss. miniature, automatic, ground- efficient. The F-5 Shaped Sonic Boom helicopter vibrations and noise. September 28, 1978 A three-week series of flight December 2006– opens. , 1965 April 4-9, 1983 July 15, 1991 Advanced General Aviation Transport Experiments (AGATE) Program Demonstration research collision avoidance system Last NASA YF-12 research F-18 High Alpha Research Vehicle (HARV) 1987-1996: The HARV was developed to validate computer codes October 24, 1998 tests with the Boeing Company April 2007 conclude. January 9, 2014 The second piloted Gemini On STS-6, F. Story Mus- Research pilot Edward Schnei- aircraft proved its modified May 25, 1961 flight before returning aircraft June 12, 1981 and wind tunnel test results relating to high angle of attack , flight controls and airflow phenomena. Deep Space 1 mission 1994-2001: Under the AST, AGATE revitalized the general aviation industry through an and other partners proved that NASA’s 8-Foot High-Temper- NASA commercial partner mission, Gemini IV, stayed aloft grave and Donald H. Pe- der flew the F/A-18 High Alpha forward section reduced the December 1, 2011 February 17, 1959 President John F. Kennedy to U.S. Air Force. First operational flight of the launched from Cape Canaveral alliance of government agencies, industry and universities that dramatically updated scalloped or asymmetrical ature tunnel hosted testing of March 6, 2009 Orbital Sciences Corporation for four days, and astronaut terson conducted the first Research Vehicle (HARV) with intensity of sonic booms. May 25, 2008 The Waveforms and Sonic The United States launched committed the United States July 15–24, 1975 Lockheed ER-2 high-altitude with first primary ion engine flight deck and propulsion technologies, certification methods and airspace infrastructure Sept – Nov 2004 chevrons on jet engine nozzles Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne’s NASA launches the Kepler May 22, 2012 launches its cargo Ed White performed the first shuttle spacewalk to test thrust vectoring paddles for The Phoenix Mars Lander boom Perception and Re- Vanguard 2, an International and NASA to landing on the At the height of the Cold War, aircraft used for atmospheric system. NASA flight-tested a version of or casings reduce noise inside X-1 scramjet engine, a major space telescope on a three- The SpaceX Dragon space November 4, 2013 spacecraft aboard the Antares spacewalk by an American. new spacesuits and work in for small aircraft. September 2003 lands safely in the Martian sponse project, or WSPR, November 6, 1958 Geophysical Year scientific moon by the end of the decade. the - Test Project research, observation and the first time to demonstrate Synthetic Visions Systems that and outside the aircraft. and-a-half-year mission to October 26, 2010 Tests conclude on a Boeing rocket for its first official com- the cargo bay. NASA’s Surface Management technology step toward mak- gathers data from 100-plus capsule becomes the first Last flight of the Bell X-1E, the January 27, 1967 became the first joint interna- mapping missions. improved agility. north pole to begin three seek signs of other Earth-like NASA software finds the most 757 vertical tail in tests of satellite, from Cape Canaveral, July 1, 1965 System software, which helps uses GPS signals and com- ing hypersonic flight (> Mach volunteers on the effects of non-government spacecraft mercial International Space last of the X-1 series of aircraft. During a simulation aboard December 21, 1968 tional human space flight effort. July 4, 1997 October 31, 2000 November 15, 2002 months of exploration. planets. fuel-efficient path along an active flow control technol- FL. Vanguard produced the first February 20, 1962 Mississippi Test Facility opens manage air traffic from puter-based terrain models to 5.0) a reality. low-noise sonic booms. launched to the International Station resupply mission. The X-1 was the first aircraft to September 7, 1961 October 30, 1964 an Apollo command module launched atop the July 20, 1969 April 11-17, 1970 July 24, 1979 The Mars Pathfinder landed on October 29, 1998 Expedition One of the Interna- The Active Aeroelastic Wing airplane’s intended route. ogy that could one day reduce photos of Earth from space. John Glenn became the first (later renamed John C. Stennis to gate, was demonstrated at create a 3-D image of objects Space Station. exceed the speed of sound. NASA announced plans to open The first flight of the Lunar on the launch pad at Kennedy V booster from Ken- became the first mis- Fifty-six hours into the flight of December 7-19, 1972 Research pilot Thomas April 12, 1981 June 18-24, 1983 December 1, 1984 January 28, 1986 May 4, 1989 Mars and deployed the Sojourner John Glenn returned to tional Space Station launched F-18A was first flown to June 6–7, 2007 aircraft drag and weight. American to orbit Earth, making Space Center). Memphis . outside the cockpit, improving MSFC Michoud Operations. Landing Research Vehicle, the Space Center, a flash fire broke nedy Space Center with three sion to land people on the moon. Apollo 13, the oxygen tank in Apollo 17 was the last of the six May 14, 1973 McMurty flew a KC-135A Stra- Astronauts John W. Young Sally K. Ride became the NASA and the FAA conducted During the 25th launch of The Magellan mission to June 27-July 7, 1995 rover. This mission marked the space on the Space Shuttle July 22-27, 1999 from in explore how aerodynamically December 5, 2014 three orbits in his Friendship 7 flight safety in low visibility. July 26, 2005 January 19, 2006 NASA’s MESSENGER (Mercury, forerunner of the Lunar Lander out, engulfing the capsule in astronauts aboard–Frank Astronauts the service module ruptured Apollo missions to the moon. , an orbital space plat- August 20, 1975 totanker jet outfitted with wing- and Robert L. Crippen flew first American woman to the Controlled Impact Dem- the space shuttle, an explo- Venus was launched. It ar- Space Shuttle Atlantis first return of the U.S. to Mars Discovery (STS-95). He was The Space Shuttle Columbia’s . Astronaut William twisting flexible wings could February 1, 2003 The Space Shuttle July 21, 2011 November 18, 2013 The Exploration Flight Test Mercury spacecraft. The New Horizons space- Surface, Space Environment, October 28, 2009 March 3, 1959 August 12, 1960 that was used to train the December 15, 1965 flames. The three astronauts Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr., and walked on its and damaged several of the July 26, 1971 The astronaut crew included form, was launched. Skylab Viking 1 was launched from lets, proving that the vertical Space Shuttle Columbia fly in space when STS-7 onstration using a remotely- sion occurred 73 seconds rived at Venus in Septem- April 24, 1990 docked to the space sta- after nearly twenty years. a test subject for specific 26th flight was led by Air M. Shepherd and cosmonauts improve maneuverability of All crew members died January 3 and 24, 2004 Discovery lifted off into craft lifted off from Cape Geochemistry and Ranging) NASA’s Ares I-X next-gen- NASA’s Space Shuttle August 6, 2012 NASA launches the Mars 1 carrying the Multi- December 3, 1958 The United States sent Pioneer NASA successfully orbited Echo astronauts for flying the Lunar First rendezvous in space be- aboard—Gus Grissom, Ed and William A. Anders. On surface while Michael Collins power, electrical, and life sup- made the first use Eugene A. Cernan, Ronald A. became home to three crews Kennedy Space Center toward tips on the ends of the wings on the first flight of the lifted off on June 18, 1983, controlled Boeing 720 aircraft into the flight of Space ber 1990 and, using radar, Launch of the Hubble Space tion. It was the first of nine investigations on the simi- Force Col. Eileen Collins, the Yuri Pavolich Gidzenko and high-performance aircraft after the Space Shuttle NASA landed two Mars Explora- orbit, marking NASA’s Canaveral, beginning its probe flew by Venus on its eration rocket successfully Program ends with the The Atmosphere and Volatile Evolu- Purpose Crew Vehicle launches JPL transferred from the U.S. 4 to the moon, successfully 1, a 100-foot inflatable, passive November 1, 1961 July 1, 1962 Excursion Module, was flown tween Gemini 6-A and Gemini 7 White, and Roger Chaffee— Christmas Eve, the crew read orbited overhead in the Apollo port systems. All crew mem- of a Lunar Roving Vehicle on Evans and Dr. Harrison H. Jack during 1973–74 for periods of Mars. It landed on the red August 12, 1977 reduced drag and improved Space Transportation another early milestone of to test an anti-misting fuel for Shuttle Challenger. All mapped 99 percent of the Telescope from the Space shuttle-Mir link-ups between October 15, 1997 larities between space flight first woman to command a Sergi K. Kirkalev became the at transonic and supersonic Columbia broke up 15 tion Rovers, Spirit and Opportu- return to human spaceflight nine-year trip toward Pluto way to encountering Mercury completes its first suborbital final flight and landing of and rover land suc- tion – MAVEN – spacecraft to from Cape Canaveral on a two- bers returned safely to Earth. the moon. the aircraft’s range. seven crew members died. planet’s surface. Shuttle Columbia (STS-31). 1995 and 1998. shuttle mission (STS – 93). first residents of the ISS. speeds. minutes before landing. nity, on the surface of Mars. the shuttle Atlantis. cessfully on the Red Planet. study the Martian atmosphere. orbit unmanned test flight. Panoramic runway photo by: Tom Bozak Panoramic runway photo by: Tom Army to NASA. making the first U.S. lunar flyby. communications satellite. Johnson Space Center opens. Kennedy Space Center opens. at NASA Dryden by Joe Walker. for five hours of station-keeping. died of asphyxiation. from the book of Genesis. command module. Schmitt, a geologist. 28, 59 and 84 days. planet on July 20, 1976. First free flight of Enterprise System (STS-1). the shuttle program. suppressing post-crash fire. Launch of Cassini. and aging. after the Columbia disaster. and the Kuiper Belt. in 2008. test flight. 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard M. Nixon Gerald R. Ford George H.W. Bush William J. Clinton George W. Bush U.S. President January 20, 1953 – January 19, 1961 January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963 November 22, 1963 – January 19, 1969 January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974 August 9, 1974 – January 19, 1977 January 20, 1977 – January 19,1981 January 20, 1981 – January 19, 1989 January 20, 1989 – January 19, 1993 January 20, 1993 – January 19, 2001 January 20, 2001 – January 19, 2009 January 20, 2009 – present U.S. President

NACA Chairman, James H. Doolittle Dr. T. Keith Glennan James E. Webb Dr. Thomas O. Paine Dr. James C. Fletcher Dr. Robert A. Frosch James M. Beggs Dr. James C. Fletcher Richard H. Truly Daniel S. Goldin Sean O’Keefe Dr. Michael Griffin Maj. Gen. Charles F. Bolden NASA Administrator 1956 - September 30, 1958 October 1, 1958 – January 20, 1961 February 14, 1961 – October 7, 1968 March 21, 1969 – September 15, 1970 April 27, 1971 – May 1, 1977 June 21, 1977 – January 20, 1981 July 10, 1981 – December 4, 1985 May 12, 1986 – April 8, 1989 May 14, 1989 – March 31, 1992 April 1, 1992 – November 17, 2001 December 21, 2001 – February 11, 2005 April 14, 2005 – January 20, 2009 July 17, 2009 – present NASA Administrator Hugh L. Dryden NACA Director 1947 - September 30, 1958 Price of Gas $0.30 $0.31 $0.31 $0.31 $0.31 $0.30 $0.30 $0.31 $0.32 $0.33 $0.34 $0.35 $0.36 $0.36 $0.36 $0.39 $0.53 $0.57 $0.61 $0.67 $0.63 $0.90 $1.25 $1.38 $1.30 $1.24 $1.21 $1.20 $0.93 $0.95 $0.95 $1.02 $1.16 $1.14 $1.13 $1.11 $1.11 $1.15 $1.23 $1.23 $1.06 $1.17 $1.51 $1.46 $1.36 $ 1.59 $1.88 $2.30 $2.59 $2.80 $3.27 $2.35 $2.79 $3.53 $3.64 $3.53 $3.36 Price of Gas

USAF and the industry team of USAF and the Convair Div. of General Vice Adm. William F Raborn for X-15 test pilots for invaluable techno- Clarence “Kelly” Johnson for design- Gen. Curtis LeMay for great achieve- The Gemini Program teams for James McDonnell for leadership and Hughes Aircraft Neil Armstrong, Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin Boeing, Pratt & Whitney and Pan The Apollo 15 crew and NASA’s The personnel of the 7th and 8th Air NASA’s Skylab Program, with recogni- John Clark (NASA) and Daniel Fink and the USAF F-16 USAF, the B-1 Industry Team and Gen. Robert Dixon and the USAF Williams Research Corp. for concept Paul MacCready and pilot Bryan Allen NASA’s Voyager Mission team for a NASA, Rockwell, Martin Marietta, The Army and Hughes NASA and Martin Marietta for devel- Russell Meyer and Aircraft for Jeana Yeager, Richard Rutan, Elbert NASA Lewis Research Center for Rear Adm. Richard Truly for outstand- and the Lockheed-Air Force USAF, Northrop and the Industry Team USAF, USNRL, the Aerospace Corp., Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Repair McDonnell Douglas, USAF and the Boeing Commercial Aircraft Co. for Cessna Aircraft Co. for design, Corp. for , , , Rolls-Royce, The Joint Strike Fighter Program Sikorsky and industry team for devel- Gulfstream for setting new safety The Rutan SpaceShipOne Team for Eclipse Aviation Corp. for develop- USAF and its industry partners for The Automatic Dependent Surveil- Commercial Team for NASA and industry partners for for a 250-knot The Boeing Company for notable ad- NASA/JPL for landing Curiosity Rover Northrop Grumman/the U.S. Navy The seven Mercury astronauts for pio- The Apollo 8 crew for flawless execu- T. A. Wilson and Boeing Co. for devel- Bell-Boeing team for development of Boeing Co. for development of the Lockheed and General Electric for Dynamics for creation and operation directing creation of the Polaris fleet logical contributions to the advance- ing and directing development of the ments with respect to air vehicles and significantly advancing the human perseverance in advancing aeronau- team and the Jet Propulsion Lab for and Michael Collins for the epic flight American Airways for pioneering the Robert Gilruth for most ambitious Forces and Task Force 77 during tion to director William Schneider and for the Earth Resources Technology team for advancements leading to Rockwell Intl. Corp. for B-1 bomber TAC for developing and implementing and development of a turbofan to for design, construction and flight of spectacular fly-by of and return from and the Space Shuttle Helicopters Inc. for development of opment of manned maneuvering units the outstanding safety record of the Rutan, Bruce Evans and associates design and development of advanced ing leadership rejuvenating the U.S. team, for production of the F-117A for B-2 design, development, produc- Rockwell and IBM for Global Position- Team for successful HST orbital Industry Team, for C-17 Globemaster design, development and production development and production of the design, development and production NASA, USAF and DIA for U-2S/ER-2 Raytheon, L-3, USAF and DARPA for Office and industry partners for the opment and introduction into service standards with development of the the first privately financed, built and ment and operation of the very light design, test and operation of the lance-Broadcast (ADS-B) team of an 83% fatalities decrease and no International Space Station design, helicopter that sets new standards for vance in design, construction, delivery on Mars and advancing national tech- for the first UAS vehicle to operate tbd Collier Trophy neering manned American spaceflight tion of the first manned opment of the 757 and 767 airliners the V-22 Osprey tilt-rotor aircraft F/A-18E/F Super Hornet Collier Trophy development of the F-104 of the ICBM ballistic missile system ment of flight Mach 3 Lockheed A-11 national defense spaceflight experience tics and astronautics aiding lunar exploration of Apollo 11 science lunar mission Operation Linebacker II its three astronaut crews Satellite Program (LANDSAT) effective fighter aircraft design and development flight-training programs power cruise missiles the Gossamer Condor Saturn Columbia crew AH-64A Apache helicopter weapons to rescue satellites Citation fleet for the Voyager aircraft turboprop propulsion concepts manned space program Stealth Nighthawk bomber tion and flight testing ing System development recovery and repair creation and production of the Boeing 777 Citation X of the development and operation Global Hawk creation and operation Integrated LiftFan Propulsion System of the S-92 helicopter innovative G550 aircraft flown space vehicle jet the revolutionary F-22 Raptor public and private sector groups deaths for two years running development and assembly speed, maneuverability and utility and support of the 787 Dreamliner nology and capabilities successfully from an aircraft carrier

Sports Illustrated Sports Illustrated Rafer Johnson / / U.S. Olympic Hockey Team Ed Moses / Kareem Abdul-Jabbar ‘Eight Athletes Who Care’ Greg LeMond / John Olav Koss Cal Ripken, Jr. Mark McGwire / U.S. Women’s Soccer Team Tiger Woods / / Boston Red Sox / LeBron James Sportsperson of the Year Sportsperson of the Year Time Magazine Time Magazine Dwight Eisenhower U.S. Scientists John F. Kennedy Pope John XXIII Martin Luther King, Jr. Lyndon B. Johnson The Generation Twenty-Five & Under Lyndon B. Johnson The Apollo 8 Astronauts The Middle Americans / Richard Nixon King Faisal American Women Jimmy Carter Ayatollah Khomeini Ronald Reagan Lech Walesa The Computer Ronald Reagan / Deng Xiaoping Endangered Earth Mikhail Gorbachev George H. W. Bush The Peacemakers Pope John Paul II Andy Grove Bill Clinton / Kenneth Starr Jeffrey P. Bezos George W. Bush Rudolph Giuliani The Whistleblowers The American Soldier George W. Bush The Good Samaritans You Barack Obama The Protester Barack Obama Ebola fighters Person of the Year Person of the Year

Academy Award The Lord of the Rings: Academy Award Gigi Ben-Hur The Apartment West Side Story Lawrence of Arabia Tom Jones My Fair Lady The Sound of Music A Man for All Seasons In the Heat of the Night Oliver! Midnight Cowboy Patton The French Connection The Godfather The Sting The Godfather Part II One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Rocky Annie Hall The Deer Hunter Kramer vs. Kramer Ordinary People Gandhi Terms of Endearment Amadeus Out of Africa Platoon The Last Emperor Rain Man Driving Miss Daisy Dances with Wolves The Silence of the Lambs Unforgiven Schindler’s List Forrest Gump Braveheart The English Patient Titanic Shakespeare in Love American Beauty Gladiator A Beautiful Mind Chicago Million Dollar Baby Crash The Departed No Country for Old Men Slumdog Millionaire The Hurt Locker The King’s Speech The Artist Argo 12 Years a Slave Birdman for Best Picture The Return of the King for Best Picture