David Wark Griffith

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David Wark Griffith David Wark Griffith >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> I primi a scoprire i vantaggi di quello che diventerà il découpage di taglio e poi il montaggio sono i cineasti britannici, noti con il nome di Scuola di Brighton: «Mentre gli inventori del cinema primitivo non derogarono mai dall’abitudine di riprendere una sola volta la scenografia e l’azione con una sola inquadratura e un solo piano sequenza, George Albert Smith descrive una singola azione che si svolge nel medesimo posto adottando piani sequenza multipli interconnessi tra loro dalla sola logica visuale». >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> George Albert Smith Realizzato da George Albert Smith nel 1900, il film Les Lunettes de lecture de Mamie, o La Loupe de grand maman (in italiano Le lenti della nonna) è una di quelle opere che influenzeranno il cinema a venire. >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> Grandma’s Reading Glass il film durata un minuto e venti secondi ed è basato su un soggetto abbastanza banale: un ragazzo utilizza la lente della nonna per osservare quanto accade intorno a lui. George Albert Smith alterna due piani sequenza. Un’inquadratura principale mostra il ragazzo con la nonna, occupata a rammendare. Ma ogni volta che il giovane punta la lente verso un oggetto, si mostra l’oggetto in primo piano attraverso un’apertura rotonda della lente. >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> Grandma’s Reading Glass Questa successione di piani sequenza legati dal medesimo racconto inaugura quello che oggi si chiama «montaggio». E la sequenza costituita dall’assemblaggio di tutti questi elementi filmati separatamente, verrà in seguito chiamata «montaggio alternato». Inoltre, il film inaugura la soggettiva, dal momento che ciascun piano sequenza visto attraverso la lente è a livello soggettivo poiché segue lo sguardo del ragazzo. Per l’epoca si tratta di un film rivoluzionario. >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> Méliès Georges Méliès non comprende questo apporto essenziale e inserisce la straordinaria messe di effetti speciali che adopera (doppia esposizione, dissolvenza, arresto di ripresa), nel quadro «statico» del cinema delle attrazioni. Persino Le Voyage dans la lune del 1902 è ancora nient’altro che un tableaux. >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> Griffith Pastrone introduce nelle scene un punto di vista «mobile», con piani ravvicinati e dettagli, che spezza l’inquadratura unica corredata da «inserti», mettendo in evidenza dettagli o stati d’animo che rendono la storia più semplice da capire. Ma il primo regista che codifica e usa le tecniche cinematografiche come «strumento narrativo» viene individuato generalmente in David Wark Griffith. >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> Griffith Di Griffith Peter Bogdanovich ha detto: «Se non fosse stato per lui il cinema non sarebbe mai uscito dall’infanzia». >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> Griffith In quello stesso anno entra alla Biograph David Wark Griffith, regista dalla copiosa capacità produttiva (in cinque anni dirige circa 450 cortometraggi, spesso anche uno a settimana), che con la sua volontà di cimentarsi in molti generi diversi, aiuta la compagnia a raggiungere un grande successo commerciale >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> Griffith La Biograph è anche la prima casa di produzione a girare un film a Hollywood: Ramona, per la regia proprio di Griffith, inviato nel gennaio 1910 a Los Angeles con una piccola troupe anche per valutare l’idea di costruire uno studio sulla west coast. Il regista, spostatosi a nord, si innamora di quel piccolo villaggio di cui aveva sentito decantare i panorami. >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> La Biograph Dopo aver finito di girare Giuditta di Betulia, nell’ottobre 1913 - esacerbato dalla riluttanza della Biograph per i lungometraggi, per i budget alti e per l’accreditamento di registi e attori sui manifesti - Griffith se ne va, portandosi via il cameraman di fiducia Billy Bitzer, il suo staff di produzione e molti attori. >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> Griffith Entrato alla Biograph nel 1908, dopo aver fatto il cascatore nel film di Porter Sauvé du nid d’un aigle, Griffith mostra interesse per le varie tecniche di montaggio e, ricevuto dal capo dello studio Henry Marvin un ruolo di supervisore, in pochi mesi diventa il principale regista della compagnia. >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> The Adventures of Dollie Intanto gli viene subito offerta la direzione di un film di 13 minuti, The Adventures of Dollie. È un film con un soggetto semplice: una bambina viene rapita dagli zingari e nascosta in un barile che finisce nel fiume; dei ragazzi che stanno pescando la salvano prima che incappi in una cascata. >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> The Adventures of Dollie I diversi luoghi e la simultaneità delle azioni possono rendere apparentemente complessa la realizzazione del soggetto, ma Griffith – pur non avendo esperienza e non avendo studiato – ha molta confidenza con i libri, che ha anche venduto; perciò decide di fare come nei romanzi: cercare di mettere «in parallelo» le azioni che si svolgono contemporaneamente. >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> Montaggio parallelo La possibilità di tagliare o integrare le sequenze consente infatti di passare da un’azione svolta in un determinato ambiente a un’altra che ha luogo simultaneamente altrove e viceversa, più volte. È il montaggio «parallelo», che consentirà ai cineasti di realizzare storie sempre più lunghe e complesse, mettendo in scena molti personaggi alle prese con situazioni diverse ma riguardanti la medesima storia. >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> David Wark Griffith Tra il 1907 e il 1913 Griffith diresse all’incirca 450 cortometraggi per la casa di produzione Biograph, che abbandonò in seguito al rifiuto della casa di produzione di superare il limite delle due bobine e a quello di inserire il nome del regista e degli attori nei titoli di testa. >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> Nel 1914, Griffith realizza la sua opera più nota, The Birth of a Nation, che narra la storia di una famiglia sudista durante la guerra civile americana sulla base dei racconti di Thomas Dixon The Clansman e The Leopard’s Spots. Il film presenta in modo positivo il Ku Klux Klan, che ristabilisce l’ordine contro le “minacce” della comunità nera ma, nonostante il messaggio di sapore razzista e le vivaci polemiche, è un grande successo. >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> Nascita del montaggio Il film introduce molte novità. Anzitutto dura circa due ore e mezza (per 12 bobine), in barba alle convenzioni dell’epoca. In secondo luogo si presenta come un fatto importante di tipo prettamente cinematografico. «Per la prima volta» scrive Umberto Dante «il cinema produce un evento culturale e politico capace di raccogliere l’attenzione di tutto il paese … lo si potrà criticare, condannare, ma non se ne potrà prescindere». >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> Nascita di una nazione Ma non basta. Le novità più importanti risiedono nell’impronta stilistica e in una specie di «nuova alleanza» che il film stringe con il pubblico. Vengono utilizzate, tutte insieme, tecniche per l’epoca assolutamente innovative come il cross-cutting (montaggio incrociato) per mostrare fatti che si verificano contemporaneamente in luoghi diversi, il close-up (una zoomata dal campo largo al particolare), l’inserimento di primi piani, la dissolvenza, il flashback e la ripresa in movimento. >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> Nascita di una nazione La velocità del montaggio, a confronto con la staticità del cinema circostante, emoziona il pubblico in modo nuovo, ma ancora non basta. In questo senso Griffith non fa altro che mescolare e rendere popolari molti degli espedienti già comparsi nei lavori di altri registi; Soggettive, raccordi sull'asse erano già presenti nel cinema inglese da più di un decennio (nelle opere dei registi della scuola di Brighton); il carrello era un brevetto di Giovanni Pastrone; la panoramica era già stata usata da Edwin Porter, e >>così anche0 la>>dissolvenza1 >>, il primo2 piano >>, ecc. la3 vera >> novità 4 >> dell’opera sta nel fatto che egli qui armonizza le tecniche con la L’integrazione è finita il primo vero film in senso moderno che rappresenta il culmine del nascente linguaggio cinematografico e codifica una «grammatica» (sia in termini di stile che di contenuti e di lunghezza) che è quella che viene usata ancora oggi. Griffith è il «sintetizzatore» di tante scoperte di più padri, che erano riusciti a ribaltare il ruolo dello spettatore: da osservatore distaccato, come a teatro, venne trascinato dentro la storia filmata. >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> Nascita di una nazione La storia raccontata ne La nascita di una nazione viene infatti enfatizzata dall’applicazione delle tecniche innovative. Le scene di inseguimento vengono vivacizzate dal montaggio alternato, ad esempio, mentre il primo piano diventa la pietra angolare per la costruzione psicologica dei personaggi. Gli espedienti tecnici favoriscono quindi un nuovo stile e un nuovo modo di raccontare, imponendo gran parte delle future convenzioni del cinema di narrazione, tra cui l’effetto last rescue, l’“arrivano i nostri” tipico del cinema d’oltreoceano. >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> Nascita di una nazione Con Griffith si inverte il rapporto tra ciò che si vuole raccontare e ciò che si mostra: se in precedenza la storia era un pretesto per esporre visioni e sfolgoranti effetti speciali, ora il primo interesse del regista, e del pubblico, si concentra sulla vicenda raccontata. >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> Una manifestazione davanti ad un cinema di New York che proietta The Birth of a Nation, accusato di alimentare l’odio razziale contro la comunità afro-americana. È il 1947 >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> Narratore invisibile Griffith è insomma il primo vero regista, in perenne conflitto col suo operatore Billy Bitzer per la paternità del film. Il regista diventa il «narratore invisibile», che conduce il pubblico nella storia, sostituendo le forme di mediazione esplicita del primo cinema. >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> Professionalizzazione 1912, si gira Bébé victime d’une erreur judiciaire di Louis Feuillade La necessità di alimentare la poderosa macchina distributiva con centinaia e centinaia di film all’anno, moltiplica e precisa i profili professionali necessari alla produzione (registi, soggettisti, operatori e tecnici vari, attori e comparse).
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