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Crossroads on the Coast: a Preliminary Examination of Bridgetown

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Crossroads on the Coast: a Preliminary Examination of Bridgetown CROSSROADS ON THE COAST: A PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION OF BRIDGETOWN, ANTIGUA A Thesis by ARIK J. K. BORD Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Chair of Committee, Luis Filipe Monteiro Vieira de Castro Committee Members, Donny L. Hamilton Andrew Klein Head of Department, Cynthia Werner May 2019 Major Subject: Anthropology Copyright 2018 Arik J. K. Bord ABSTRACT In 1675, the English government passed a law that established six “trade towns” on Antigua. The law required that all imports, exports, and intra-island trade be conducted in these towns to be assessed for taxes. Of the six original towns – St. John’s, Parham, Falmouth, Carlisle Road, Bridgetown, and Bermudian Valley – all but two survive today: St. John’s, Parham, and Falmouth exist as they were, and Carlisle Road is now called “Old Road.” The remaining two towns were abandoned sometime in the past: Bermudian Valley’s location has been lost, and Bridgetown was abandoned in the 19th century, its inhabitants moving up the hill and establishing the modern town of St. Philip’s – the name of the church at Bridgetown. In 2016 I conducted preliminary archaeological surveys at the Bridgetown site and elsewhere on the island, in cooperation with Antigua National Parks Authority, to begin documenting the deterioration of the town ruins, compared to previous assessments done between 1987 and 1996, assess offshore cultural resources in the associated harbour, and to begin to answer questions about the town’s abandonment and assess the veracity of various local legends surrounding the site. This project serves as a pilot study towards a Ph.D. dissertation research project, which will aim at exploring the influence of Antigua’s sugar economy within the world trade network in the Early Modern Period. ii For my Grammie Catherine B. Bord (1922-2018) iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my original committee chair, Dr. C. Wayne Smith, my former committee member, Dr. Cecilia Smith, my current committee chair, Dr. Filipe Castro, and the rest of my committee, Dr. Donny Hamilton and Dr. Andrew Klein, for their guidance and support throughout the course of this research. This project would not have been possible without the generosity and support from Dr. Reg Murphy of National Parks Antigua. For the past 25 years, Dr. Murphy and his wife Nicki have opened their home to students and researchers by hosting archaeological field schools and facilitating several thesis and dissertation research projects in Antigua and Barbuda. I am indebted to Dr. Cory Look for his help through some of my initial frustrations with navigating ArcMap software and Christopher Waters for sharing his digitized archive collections he has acquired as well as assisting in brainstorming and providing insight. Dr. Georgia Fox first brought me to Antigua in 2012 and a few years later suggested a project idea which has evolved into this thesis. Her mentorship has given me inspiration and invaluable knowledge in conservation and archaeological methods. Additionally, I would like to thank all of those who helped me with my surveys of Bridgetown, St. Philips, and Morris Bay: Dr. Reg Murphy, Dr. Georgia Fox, Chis Waters, David Murphy, Nicola (Nicki) Murphy, and Victoria (Tori) Ryan. Thanks also go to my friends and colleagues and the department faculty and staff for making my time at Texas A&M University a great experience. Finally, thanks to my Family for their encouragement, support, and love: my mothers, Susan Kajszo and Katherine Milo, my sisters Andi, Aimee, and Bronwen, my brother-in-law Johnny, iv my nieces and nephew, Blaise, Whitney, and Ashton. Most importantly, I thank my spouse, Abby for putting up with our long-distance relationship while I complete my graduate studies. I could not have completed any of this without you. v CONTRIBUTORS AND FUNDING SOURCES This work was supervised by a thesis committee consisting of my advisor, Dr. Filipe Castro, along with Dr. Donny Hamilton of the Department of Anthropology and Professor Andrew Klein of the Department of Geography. My fieldwork could not have been completed without the assistance and guidance of Dr. Reg Murphy of National Parks Antigua. I was assisted in completing archaeological surveys in 2016 by Dr. Georgia Fox of California State University Chico, Dr. Christopher Waters of Syracuse University, Dr. Murphy, Nicola Murphy, and volunteers Victoria Ryan, and David Murphy. Additionally, Dr. Cory Look of Brooklyn College (CUNY) assisted me with the initial GIS projection of the 1987 survey maps noted in Chapter 4 and the Museum of Antigua and Barbuda Graciously allowed me access to their archive collection. All other work conducted for the thesis was completed by myself independently. Graduate study was supported by a Graduate Assistant Teaching position in the Department of Anthropology at Texas A&M University and the 2016 Antigua field season was partly funded by a Texas A&M Department of Anthropology Dissertation Pilot Study Grant. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... iv CONTRIBUTORS AND FUNDING SOURCES ..................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 Background ............................................................................................................................. 4 Present Status .......................................................................................................................... 5 Historical Archaeology vs. History ........................................................................................ 6 CHAPTER II HISTORY .......................................................................................................... 10 Antigua and the Sugar Revolution ........................................................................................ 15 War with France .................................................................................................................... 17 The Codrington Dynasty ....................................................................................................... 19 Bridgetown ............................................................................................................................ 21 Emancipation, Tourism, and Independence .......................................................................... 22 CHAPTER III CLARK ILLUSTRATION AND MORRIS BAY .......................................... 26 Interpreting Historical Art and Iconography ........................................................................ 26 Thomas Clay ......................................................................................................................... 27 William Clark ....................................................................................................................... 28 John Richard Delap-Halliday (later, John Richard Tollemache) .......................................... 28 The Book ............................................................................................................................... 29 Location of “Shipping Sugar” ............................................................................................... 35 Rephotography ...................................................................................................................... 39 Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 41 Further Research ................................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER IV PRELIMINARY SURVEYS AT BRIDGETOWN ........................................ 43 Abandonment of Bridgetown ................................................................................................ 43 Earthquake ............................................................................................................................ 44 Tsunami ................................................................................................................................ 46 Previous Research at Bridgetown Site .................................................................................. 47 vii Pipe Stems Found at the Bridgetown Site ............................................................................ 47 2016 Surveys ......................................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH .............................................. 58 Funding of Future Research .................................................................................................. 61 Implications
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