An Environmental History of Izmir in the Late Ottoman Period
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A Port and Its Hinterland: An Environmental History of Izmir in the Late-Ottoman Period Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Inal, Onur Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 09/10/2021 03:44:50 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/579043 A PORT AND ITS HINTERLAND: AN ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF IZMIR IN THE LATE OTTOMAN PERIOD by Onur İnal __________________________ Copyright © Onur İnal 2015 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2015 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Onur İnal, titled A Port and Its Hinterland: An Environmental History of Izmir in the Late-Ottoman Period and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________________________________________________________ Date: (04/22/2015) Linda T. Darling _______________________________________________________________________ Date: (04/22/2015) Julia Clancy-Smith _______________________________________________________________________ Date: (04/22/2015) Katherine Morrissey Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: (04/22/2015) Dissertation Director: Linda T. Darling 2 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. ONUR İNAL 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the support and encouragement of many institutions and people. In the first place, I am indebted to Linda Darling, my dissertation advisor, for her support since the day I arrived in Tucson in January 2007. It has been a privilege being her PhD student at the University of Arizona. She has contributed to my intellectual development and influenced my thinking in Ottoman history as a PhD student. During the writing process of this dissertation she has encouraged me to find new ways of interpreting historical issues and offered her knowledge and advice in support of my writing efforts. Special thanks are also due to Julia Clancy-Smith and Katherine Morrissey, who have not only accepted being part of my dissertation committee, but also contributed to the improvement of this work with the feedback and constructive suggestions they have provided. The History Department of the University of Arizona as a whole also deserves special thanks for funding both writing and research processes of this dissertation and providing a supportive academic environment in which this dissertation could ripen. Among the Tucsonan colleagues and friends, I am particularly grateful to Ziad Abi Chakra, Seçil Uluışık, and Vikas Rathee for our long discussions and arguments. During the course of research in the archives and libraries in Tucson, Istanbul, Izmir, London, Paris, Marseille, Washington, D.C., Munich, and Hamburg, I have spent many hours and many people helped me find my way through books, papers, and documents. I would thank all of them, but I owe special gratitude to Melisa Urgandokur Pellegrino from the Ahmet Piriştina Municipal Archive and Museum, Izmir. Melisa did her best to provide books and articles. She also helped me to read and translate archival documents in Ottoman Turkish. 4 Finally, I would like to thank my family for their unconditional support and encouragement during the course of this dissertation. Without the endless sacrifices of my parents Nafi and Nedret Inal, my sister Esin Inal Aysel, and my wife Sarah Inal, I would not have been able to finish this dissertation. 5 To my daughter, Leyla Marie 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................ 4 NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION............................................................................................ 9 WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND CURRENCIES ................................................................... 10 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................. 11 LIST OF MAPS AND FIGURES ........................................................................................... 12 LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. 13 ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................. 14 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 15 CHAPTER ONE: TOWARDS AND ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF AN OTTOMAN PORT CITY ............................................................................................................................ 23 Port-City: A Conceptual and Analytical Framework .................................................. 23 The Port-City of Izmir: Some Theoretical and Historical Perspectives ................ 31 The “Gateway City” .................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER TWO: DISTINCT DICHOTOMY: IZMIR AND WESTERN ANATOLIA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY ........................................................................................... 45 Geographical and Historical Layout of Ottoman Izmir .............................................. 46 The City: Between Life and Death .............................................................................. 53 The Countryside: Desertion, Isolation, and Poverty ................................................... 70 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 87 CHAPTER THREE: REVERSING FORTUNES: DEMOGRAPHIC, ECONOMICAL, AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES ........................................................................................ 89 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 89 Demographic Processes: The Resettlement of Migrants, Nomads, and Refugees ..... 91 Commercial Processes: The Emergence of a Market Economy and Trade Networks .... ................................................................................................................................... 111 Technological Processes: The Construction of a Railroad Network ........................ 125 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 142 CHAPTER FOUR: TRANSFORMING THE WESTERN ANATOLIAN LANDSCAPE . 144 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 144 Reclaiming the Land: The Spread of Cereal Cultivation .......................................... 147 7 Spinning the Land: Cotton Growing ......................................................................... 158 Conquering the Hills and Valleys: Fig and Vine Growing ....................................... 171 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 187 CHAPTER FIVE: A MEDITERRANEAN GATEWAY: IZMIR IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY ............................................................................................................................ 191 Urban Commercial Space Before the Nineteenth Century ....................................... 192 Transformation of Urban Commercial Space ........................................................... 199 Punta: The Birth of a New Industrial District ........................................................... 205 Becoming the Storehouse of Anatolia: The Quay Project ........................................ 209 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 218 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 220 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................. 224 8 NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION In transliterating Ottoman Turkish source materials, I have used modern Turkish orthography. I have preferred the modern