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Introduction Chinese Migrants in Latin America/Caribbean And Journal of Chinese Overseas 13 (2017) 163-180 brill.com/jco Introduction ∵ Chinese Migrants in Latin America/Caribbean and Africa, Then and Now Yoon Jung Park Executive Director, Chinese in Africa/Africans in China Research Network [email protected] In the past, South East Asia and North America were the two most common destinations for migrating Chinese. With China’s integration into the global economy, migration flows both to and from China have intensified as well as diversified (on migration to China, see Pieke 2013; on Africans in China, see Bodomo 2012, Mathews and Yang 2012, Haugen 2012, Castillo 2015, Lan 2017). As a result, numbers of Chinese migrants in the Global South, particularly in Africa and in the Latin America/Caribbean (LAC) region have increased spec- tacularly in the last two decades. Acknowledging the importance of these two regions for the study of overseas Chinese and attempting to put scholars of overseas Chinese in the two regions in conversation, I organized a double panel for the July 2016 gathering of the International Society of the Study of Chinese Overseas (ISSCO). ISSCO has been one of the few international con- ference organizations open and welcoming to those of us straddling two or more global regions in our studies of overseas Chinese. The double panel fo- cused on Chinese migrants in these two sites in an effort to start examining the similarities and differences in historical and contemporary migrations, com- munities of overseas Chinese, local perceptions, and issues of identity. * I want to thank Cecilia A. Green and Monica DeHart for their intellectual contributions to this introduction and Karen L. Harris for her careful editing. On behalf of all of the contributors, I would also like to thank ISSCO and the editorial team of the Journal for Chinese Overseas for encouraging both the panels and the special issue and for creating a space where those of us interested in multiple regions of the world can come together and converse. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2017 | doi 10.1163/17932548-12341353Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 04:07:59AM via free access 164 Park Historically, flows of Chinese to the Latin America/Caribbean region and Africa were significantly smaller than those to South East Asia and North America.1 Most of the earliest flows of Chinese to the Americas and Africa were linked to colonial projects and indentured labor. Reception and subsequent processes of integration in different countries varied greatly. Today, in an era of a Rising China, China’s “going out” has involved renewed flows of Chinese state and private capital and Chinese people. As in earlier times, independent mi- grants often follow state projects and contract labor, although these days most of the labor is voluntary rather than unfree. Despite the similarities, it can be argued that the socio-economic context of the Global South today, as a site of migration, is significantly different from that of North America in the late 19th and 20th centuries. And China’s “arrival in” (Armony and Strauss 2012) these regions is greatly impacted by local perceptions of China’s global rise as well as their previous encounters with foreign powers, specifically the United States and various European countries. In two back-to-back panels, exploring both the past and the present, papers addressed the question: has Chinese migra- tion to the Global South played out, and is it still playing out, differently from in the “West”? This special issue of the Journal of Chinese Overseas stems from this double panel. Growing Bodies of Literature: “China-Africa” and “China-Latin America” This special issue is informed by my thinking around the tremendous growth in the China-Africa field, challenges facing area studies, the possibilities of greater collaborative and comparative study, and lessons that might be learned from cross-regional, cross-time perspectives. The media and schol- arly attention on “China-Africa” seems to be undergirded by assumptions that we are witnessing something unique and unprecedented. While the linking of these two unevenly matched “partners” — one a country, and the other, a continent — has elicited scholarly attention since the 1960s when China was actively supporting African independence movements and engaged in build- ing anti-hegemonic solidarities (Yu 1966 and 1970; Larkin 1971; Ogunsanwo 1974; Hutchinson 1975; Snow 1989), writing on China-Africa really exploded in 1 Because of relative proximity, cultural and ethnic ties, the longue durée, and a significant body of literature on Chinese migration to South East Asia (see Wang 1999; Suryadinata 1997; Tan 1988 and 1993) overseas Chinese in and new migrations to that region are not covered here. Journal of Chinese OverseasDownloaded from 13 Brill.com09/27/2021 (2017) 163-180 04:07:59AM via free access Introduction 165 the mid- to late 2000s when a great number of individual scholars published books on China-Africa (Alden 2007; Rotberg 2008; Brautigam 2009; Taylor 2009; Monson 2009) and others published special issues and edited volumes (Centre for Chinese Studies 2007; Strauss and Saavedra 2009; Alden, Large, and Soares de Oliveira 2009). While the first set of publications focused on the earlier pe- riod of China’s engagement with newly independent African states in the con- text of the Cold War, the more recent publications focused primarily on trade and investment, development, and the changing world order, mostly from the perspective of international political economy or development. Pambazuka Press, at this time, also put out a series of edited volumes concerned with African and Chinese perspectives (Manji and Marks 2007; Guerrero and Manji 2008; Harneit-Sievers, Marks, and Naidu 2010). Until around 2005/6 it was possible, as a new researcher in the field, to read virtually everything written on China-Africa linkages. These days, the most extensive and up-to-date bib- liography of the growing body of China-Africa literature fills over 200 pages (Shinn 2017). In what has been described as an ethnographic turn in the China-Africa literature,2 there has been a rapid growth in literature focused on more finely- grained, close-up examinations of Chinese migrants, Chinese goods, and rela- tions with locals in Africa, as seen in a growing number of special issue journals (Park and Huynh 2010; Monson and Rupp 2013; Giese 2015). The papers making up these publications have tended to move the lens closer, zooming in on the day-to-day, on the interactions and perceptions, and on the meanings of these interpersonal and group engagements. Mostly independent from the China-Africa literature, a body of work on 19th and 20th century Chinese immigration, overseas Chinese, newer Chinese migrations, and ethnic Chinese migrant communities — spanning nearly every continent — has been accruing steadily since 1875, when D. P. Carnegie wrote about the controversies surrounding the migration of Chinese to the Natal colony in what is today South Africa. While some of the earlier scholars of the Chinese in Africa made reference to these works (Harris 2010 and 2013; Park 2008), these two bodies of literature have tended to remain separate and distinct. While Chinese investments, capital, people and goods have also been flow- ing into Latin America since China’s going out began a couple of decades ago, these flows have not attracted the same level of media or scholarly attention. New academic interest in LAC seems to be matching pace with the rate and 2 I attribute this comment to Mingwei Huang, Chinese in Africa/Africans in China conference, Nairobi, Kenya, 18-20 August 2017. Journal of Chinese Overseas 13 (2017) 163-180 Downloaded from Brill.com09/27/2021 04:07:59AM via free access 166 Park range of Chinese trade and investment in the region, with a noticeable surge in 2010. According to Armony and Strauss, three edited English-language volumes (Roett and Paz 2008; Jilberto and Hogenboom 2010; Hearn and Manríquez 2011) and one monograph (Gallagher and Porzecanski 2010) were among the first to examine China’s contemporary relations with Latin America (Armony and Strauss 2012); as with many of the early writings on China-Africa, all of these focused on international political economy and bilateral relations. The literature on Chinese migrants and overseas Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean has a longer history, dating back to the late 1980s and 1990s with important works grounded in archival and ethnographic research by Christine Ho (1989), Evelyn Hu-DeHart (1994), and Walter Look Lai (1993; 1998). Since the latter part of the 2000s there has been an uptick in publica- tions on Chinese in the LAC region, perhaps spurred at least in part by new flows of Chinese finance, development projects, and people (see, for example, Look Lai and Tan 2010; Sui 2005; and Tjon Sie Fat 2009). More recently, there has been a surge in historical scholarship on Chinese migration and Chinese communities in Latin America (Maria Schiavone Camacho 2012; Lopez 2013; Young 2014; and Chang 2017). This special issue is a child of all these different literatures and the result of a long-held desire on the part of the guest editor to marry her interest in Latin America with her long adventure in Africa (where she was resident from 1995 through 2010) and her scholarly and personal explorations of migration (as an immigrant to the US, a student in Mexico, and an ex-pat in Costa Rica, South Africa, and Kenya) through a focus on the largest, longest, and the most fluid migration flow in the world. Beyond Area Studies and Global Studies One of the questions arising from the scholars of China-Africa, stemming from the inevitable naval-gazing internal struggle of an emerging area of study, has been about where China-Africa research fits within the thickly walled con- fines of disciplinary and area studies.
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