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Persistent Principles in Japanese Architecture This dissertation has been 63—78 microfilmed exactly as received QUERA, Leon Neal, 1926- PERSISTENT PRINCIPLES IN JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1962 Fine Arts University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Copyright by Leon Neal Quera 1962 PERSISTENT PRINCIPLES IN JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State U n iv e rs ity By LEON NEAL QUERA, B .F .A ., M.A. The Ohio State University 1962 Approved by . Luc / A d v iserf f o r I Department of Fine and Applied Arts ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Seldom is a research project solely the work of one individual. Therefore, the author wishes to thank a number of persons in Japan and the United States who assisted him in this particular investigation. Dr. Sidney M. Kaplan should be mentioned first, for he helped define the scope of the project and gave valuable guidance throughout the entire work. Among persons in Japan who gave generously of their time in offering suggestions and helping the author get the project under way are: Thomas DeGraw, Waseda Graduate School; Jiro Harada, Director Etaeritus, TokyS National Museum; Otei Kaneko, Zuiosha: Dr. Bunji Kobayashi, T5ky5 University; Professors Senshu Ogasawara and Ariyoshi Sa- n ada, R 3rukoku University; Professor K. Okada, Head, Depart­ ment of Architecture, T5ky5 University; Dr. S. Onodera, KySto University; Antonin Raymond, architect, T5kyo; Shige- nari Shirai and Aiko Sugiyama, Editorial Department, Gei- iutsu Shinchg: Yukio Yashiro, art historian, Kanagawa Pre­ fecture; Junzo Yoshimura, architect, T5ky5, and the author’s T5kyo (Kamiuma) neighbors. Throughout the period between the formulation of the topic and the writing of the following pages the members i i of an advisory committee also supplied invaluable guid­ ance. The members of this committee are: Dr. Manuel Barkan, Ohio State University; Dr. James W. Grimes, Chairman, Art Department, Denison University, and two Ohio State University professors who have firsthand knowledge of Japan, Paul Bogatay and Gordon H ullfish. Finally, the author is extremely grateful for the ex­ cellent advice offered by Noverre Musson, architect, Columbus, Ohio, who has personally examined many of the monuments treated in this dissertation and gave freely of his time in offering suggestions in the writing of the manuscript. CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION............................ 1 P a rt One Moraoyama A rchitectural Style C h a p te r I . THE GREAT SHGIN AND HIUNKAKU AT NISHIHOH- GANJI.................................................................................. 6 I I . THE NIJQ CASTLE..................... 262 I I I . THE KATSURA DETACHED PALACE ................................. 45 P a rt Two Early Japanese Architecture IV. THE SHRINES AT I S E ............... 74 V. HORYUJI................................................................................... 97 V I. THE HOODS AT BYSD iDIN ..................................................... 122 V II. KINKAKUJI AND GINKAKUJI.............................................. 141 Part Three Late Japanese Architecture V I I I . TOSHOGU............... 170 IX. MEIJI-JINGU .............. 196 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.................................................................... 220 BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................’................................................................ 233 iv ILLUSTRATIONS P la te Page I. Nishihonganji: Birdseye View ................................... 15 II. Nishihonganji: Great Shoin Floor P lan ........................ 17 III. Nishihonganji: Hiunkaku Front Elevation .................... I d IV. Nishihonganji: Great Shoin Audience Hall .................. 20 V«, Nishihonganji: Great Shoin Apartments ..................... 21 VI. Nij5-j5: Ground P lan ................................................................ 33 VII. Nijh-jO: Karamon ......................................................................... 35 V I I I . N ij5 - j 5 : Ni-no-maru Front Elevation ........................ 36 IX. Nij5-j5: Ni-no-maru Entrance Corridor ............ 37 X. Nij5-j5: Ni-no-maru Side Elevation ...................... 3# XI. Nij5-j5: Hon-maru Side Elevation .......... .... 39 XII. Nij0-j5: Hon-maru Front Elevation .................................. 40 XIII. Katsura Rikyil: Ground P lan ..................................................... 52 XIV. Katsura Rikyu: Detail of Goten Exterior ....................... 53 XV. Katsura Rikyu: Detail of Goten Interior ....................... 54 XVI. Katsura RikyE: GepparC Front Elevation ......................... 56 XVII. Katsura Rikyu: Detail of Geppard Interior .................. 57 XVIII. Katsura Rikyu: ShCkintei Exterior ................ 59 XIX. Katsura Rikyu: ShSkintei Plan ................ 61 XX. Katsura Rikyu: Shdkintei Front Elevation ......... 63 XXI. Katsura Rikyu: ShSkatei E xterior ....................................... 65 XXII. Katsura Rikyu: Shokatei Detail ..................................... 66 v ILLUSTRATIONS (c o n td .) P la te PaSe XXIII, Katsura Rikyu: ShSiken Exterior .............................. 67 XXIV. Katsura Rikyu: Detail of Shoiken In te rio r ................... 63 XXV, Ise Naiku: Ground Plan .. ............... 31 XXVI, Ise Naiku: Entrance To rii and Ujibashi ......... 32 XXVII, I s e N aiku: T o r ii O u tsid e Honden Compound .......... 63 XXVIII, Ise Naiku: Birdseye View of Honden Compound ..... 35 XXIX. I s e Naiku: Honden Com pound ......................................... 36 XXX. Haniwa House M odel .............................. .......................... .. 37 XXXI, H o ry u ji: Ground P lan 1^4 XXXII. H o ry u ji: Chumon ....................................................... 1^7 XXXIII. H o ry u ji: D e ta il o f Ghtunon .............. 103 XXXIV. Horyuji: Pagoda ................................................... 109 XXXV. Horyuji: Kond5 .............. HO XXXVI. Horyuji: Detail of Kondo Interior ................. I l l XXXVII. H S ry u ji: Kodo .............................. H 2 XXXVIII. HSryuji: Shor5 ...................................................... 113 XXXIX. Horyuji: SaiendC ......................................................... 117 XL. HSryuji: Kyoro ...................................... 113 XLI. Byddoin: Ground P lan ............................................................. 123 XLII. BySdoin: Perspective View of H255db .............. 130 XLIII. Byodoin: H55d5 Front Elevation ...................................... 132 XLIV. ByCdSin: Side View of HoodS T ail Corridor ........... 137 XLV. ByJUdoin: Amida S ta tu e and C a n o p y .................................. 139 v i ILLUSTRATIONS ( c o n td .) P la te p®Se ILVI. Kinkakuji: Birdseye View of Golden Pavilion ..... 147 XLVII. Kinkakuji: Sjfmon ........................ 148 XLVIII. Ginkakuji: Ground P lan ............................ 149 XL1X. Ginkakuji: Soraon ........... 150 L. Ginkakuji: Silver Pavilion Floor Plans 152 LI. Ginkakuji: Silver Pavilion Exterior ............. 153 LII. Ginkakuji: Silver Pavilion Elevations ................ 154 LIII. Kinkakuji: Golden Pavilion Front Elevation 155 LIV. Kinkakuji: Golden Pavilion Detail ............. ;... 156 LV. Ginkakuji: Entrance Passageway ................ 158 LVI. Ginkakuji: Gate to the Inner Garden ....................... 160 LVIII Ginkakuji: Ginshanada and Kogetsudai ........................... 161 LVIII. Ginkakuji: View of the Court ............................ 163 LII. TSshBgu: Ground P lan ................................................................ 17# LI. TCshbgEL: Bronze Torii and Guards 1 S t a t i o n ............... ISO LII. TSsKSgS: YSmeimon Flanking Walls .................. 182 L III. TBshftgu: Gomado ................................................. 183 LIIII. Toshogu: Honden ........................................................................ 184 'U LIIV. Toshbg&: Second Level Towards YSmeimon 185 LIV. T5 shSgu: Haiden In terio r .................. 186 LIVI. T5shbgu: Suibansha ................................................. 188 LIVII. Toshogfl: D etail of ISmeimon......................... 191 LXVIII. Meiji-jingu: Ground Plan ................................ 203 LIII. M eiji-jingu: Plan of the Sanctuary Compound ..... 204 vii ILLUSTRATIONS ( c o n td .) P la te Page LXX. Mei ji-jingu: Birdseye V iew ........................... ..................... 205 LXXI. M e iji-jin g E i: O u te r H a id e n .......... ...................................... 207 LXXII. M eiji-jingii: Honden ...................................... 20# LXXIII. Meiji-jingQ: Treasure House ............................ 209 LXXIV. M e iji- jin g u : O u te r G ate and Court ................................ 211 LXXV. M eiji-jingu: Inner Haiden ............... 212 LXXVI. M e iji- jin g u : T h ird T o r ii and Ou te r G a t e 214 v iii INTRODUCTION Numerous books and magazine articles have been w ritten about Japanese buildings in recent years, but these have been predominantly descriptive or historical in content. Relatively little research has been concerned with qual­ ities of Japanese architecture and standards for apprais­ ing it. It is therefore the purpose of this investigation to develop a sound set of principles which would be of value to architectural students in scrutinizing Japanese monuments. In pursuing this goal an attempt w ill be made to determine the various characteristics of Japanese architecture and to ascertain whether these are true principles which have persisted throughout the centuries.
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