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The Foreign Relations of the Napatan-Meroitic Kingdom in the Sudan from the 8Th Century B.C. to the 4Th Century A.D

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The Foreign Relations of the Napatan-Meroitic Kingdom in the Sudan from the 8Th Century B.C. to the 4Th Century A.D Durham E-Theses The foreign relations of the Napatan-Meroitic kingdom in the Sudan from the 8th century B.C. to the 4th century A.D. Haycock, Bryan G How to cite: Haycock, Bryan G (1965) The foreign relations of the Napatan-Meroitic kingdom in the Sudan from the 8th century B.C. to the 4th century A.D., Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9994/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 The Foreign Relations of the Napatan-Meroitic Kingdom in the Sudan from the 8th Century B.C. to the kth Century A.D. Abstract This thesis is designed as a well-documented and discreet analysis of the relationship of the ancient kingdom of Cush to the external world in the light of the latest discoveries. It attempts to traoe how far its rise was prompted "by external factors and investigates the role of foreign pressures on its fall. The evidence is everywhere controversial, as can be seen from the diametrically opposed approaches of A. J. Arkell and W. 7. Adams, who use respectively the monumental architecture and the pottery as their main criteria of judgement. The present writer oontends, however, that, whilst Arkell's theory of progressive degeneration is inadequate, the history of the later Napatan period and of the Heroitic age is much better documented than Adams thinks, if the literary evidence is fully utilised, and that the Reisnerian chronology forms an acceptable interim standpoint, provided that it is not given an authoritative status which its originator would never have claimed* The attitude taken to the Meroitic kingdom is that, at first, the Sudanese were encouraged by the desire for an outward higher culture to Imitate Egypt as closely as they could, but that, during the pros• perous period of the fourth-third century B.C., their civilization advanced sufficiently to be able to generate many of its own ideas in building, pottery and writing. Only later with the onset of (1) decline did the old lack of originality return - until all that was distinctively Meroitic vanished* The writer is willing to admit that the Meroites strongly influenced the peoples on their boundaries or within their territories, for example the Blemmyes and the Noba, but cannot see that Cush was ever a powerful focus for the diffusion of culture throughout Africa. He believes that kingships there arose from a primitive substratum of society older than Egypt or Cush, and were essentially an outcome of Neolithic alterations in human ecology* The view is advanced that the geographical and geological characteristics of the Sudan, which made its people semi-nomadic pastoralists rather than farmers, prevented the land ever becoming fully assimilated to Egypt, and determined that the entourage of the king and the priesthood should continue to be merely a thin veneer upon a people whose former way of life continued undisturbed, except possibly in Lower Nubia. This region became exceptionally prosperous in the first oenturies A.D. Bryan G-. Haycock. (2) The Foreign Relations of the Napatan-Meroitic Kingdom in the Sudan from the Eighth Century B.C. to the Fourth Century A.D. Bryan G-. Haycock, B'JU, Ph.D. (Dunelm.) Thesis submitted for the Degree of Master of Literature. 1965. INDEX OP CONTENTS Page Numbers List of Abbreviations Un-numbered Preface I-V Introduction 1-7 Chapter 1 8-33 The Beginnings of the Napatan State Chapter 2 34-51 Cush and Egypt: the XXVth Dynasty 52-84 Chapter 3 The Napatan Period (654 - c. 300 B.C.) 85-111 Chapter 4 The Earlier Meroitic Age (c. 300 B.C. - 70 A.D.) 112-134 Chapter 5 The Late Meroitic Kingdom Chapter 6 135-143 "Conclusions'* Index of Personal and Divine Names 144-155 Bibliography 156-162 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS I. Periodicals B.I.F.A.O. = Bulletin de l'Institut francais d'Archeologie orientals. Cairo. J.E.A. = The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology* London* Rush. = Kush, the Journal of the Sudan Antiquities Service. Khartoum. L.A.A.A. = Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology. Liverpool. M.F.A.B. = The Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin. foston* P.S.B.A. = The Proceedings of the Society for Biblical Archaeology* London* S.N.R. = Sudan Notes and Records* Khartoum. Z.A.S. = Zeitschrift fur aegyptisohe Spraohe und Altertumsurkunde. Berlin etc* H. Bocks Arkell, 1961. = A. J. Arkell, A History of the Sudan to 1821. Second Edition* London* -1961* Sevan, 1927. = E. Bevan. A History of Egypt under the Ptolemaic Dynasty. London, 1927* Dunham, R.C.K. = Dows Dunham. The Royal Cemeteries of Kush. Volumes I-V. Boston. 1950-1963. Hintze, 1959. = F. Hintze, Studien zur Meroitischen Chronologie und zur den Opfertafeln aus den Pyramiden von Meroe. Berlin* 1959. Hintze, 1962. = F. Hintze, Die Inschriften des Lovrentempels yon Musawwarat es Sufra. Ferlin, 1962. Macadam, 1949. = M. F. L. Macadam, The Temples of Kawa. Volume I. Text and Plates. Oxford. 1949. Macadam, 1955. = M. F. L. Macadam, The Temples of Kawa. Volume II. Text and Plates. Oxford* 1955. I Preface Prom the time of the expedition of Ismail Pasha in 1821 the Sudan attracted a number of pioneer travellers and archaeologists, Caillaud, Linant de Beliefonds, Hoskins and others, whose drawings and descriptions of sites are often still of the greatest import• ance to scholars, but when Richard Lepsius demonstrated that the Meroitic monuments belonged to the last centuries B.C. and the first A.D., and not to seme remote period at the birth of civili• zation, as was previously commonly believed, interest languished despite the discovery of the Napatan royal stelae in 1859-1860. At the end of the nineteenth century the establishment of the Mahdiya meant that no archaeological work could be undertaken for twenty years. In the twentieth century the work of G. A. Reisner and P. LI. Griffith, which first elucidated the outlines of early Sudanese history, received much less recognition than it deserved in learned circles, which continued to be obsessed with classical Egyptian and Mediterranean archaeology to the exclusion of all else. As a result active field work on Meroitic sites almost ceased after 1931* Such archaeological work as the Sudan Anti• quities Service attempted had to be tailored to their limited funds, so they naturally concentrated on prehistoric, post- Meroitic or Christian sites which would require nothing like the capital outlay needed for work on any extensive Meroitic site, and could not lead to the discovery of temples needing preservation, nor to the finding of objects needing museum-space. II Only after the Second World War did archaeologists generally begin to appreciate the urgent need to investigate the less advanced ancient cultures which produced no vast buildings and few outstanding art objects - until then the spirit of the collector and the refined antiquarian was still too strong. Archaeology was only gradually becoming the universal study of the early history of Man, and interest was still centred on a few Mediterranean and West European countries where scientific excavation had begun. Even in oountries such as Britain, where interest, if still uninformed, is widespread, raising funds for archaeology is often difficult. In developing lands like the Sudan knowledge about ancient times and public awareness are rapidly growing, but, not unnaturally, expenditure on more practical needs is usually given priority. The present revival in Meroitic studies owes something to the much publicised Aswan Dam scheme, which has stirred the archaeological conscience of many countries. Qasr lbrim and Paras within the flood area are Meroitio sites of the first im• portance, but in such rescue-work all periods, and not this alone, have to be investigated equally. The excavations of Professor P. Hintze of Humboldt University, Berlin, at Musawwarat-es-Sufra, financed by the German Democratic Republic, and the privately supported work of Mme. M. Schiff Giorgini and Professor J. Leclant at Sedenga are concerned much more specifically with the country of Napata-Meroe and its New Kingdom antecedents. Professor P. L. Ill Shinnie anticipates that sufficient funds will be available to enable him to recommence extensive excavation at Begrawiya next season. One must hope that this time international interest will be sustained, and local enthusiasm thrive, so that in due course the early history of the Sudan may be reconstructed more completely than at present. Certainly the time is ripe for a new advance, since nearly all the large unpublished material left by Reisner and G-riffith at their deaths has now been edited by Professor Dows Dunham and Dr. M. F. L. Macadam. This study oannot claim to be a definitive treatment of the external relationships of the Napatan-Meroitic kingdom, and will be much supplemented and modified by future work, but it has been deemed worthwhile because one can now show more clearly which features of Meroitic culture are kindred to the African peoples of the savannah belt south of the Sahara, with whom the Sudanese have always had much in common, which are riverain and related to or influenced by the cultures of Egypt, Asia or the Mediterranean world.
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