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Reuniones Cientificas De La Fundacion Index PARANINFO DIGITAL MONOGRÁFICOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN SALUD ISSN: 1988-3439 - AÑO X – N. 24 – 2016 Disponible en: http://www.index-f.com/para/n24/031.php PARANINFO DIGITAL es una publicación periódica que difunde materiales que han sido presentados con anterioridad en reuniones y congresos con el objeto de contribuir a su rápida difusión entre la comunidad científica, mientras adoptan una forma de publicación permanente. Este trabajo es reproducido tal y como lo aportaron los autores al tiempo de presentarlo como COMUNICACIÓN en “¿REGISTRAMOS O CUIDAMOS?” Forandalus 2016 - VIII Reunión Internacional de Investigación en Enfermería – III Reunión del Grupo Aurora Mas, reunión celebrada del 15 al 16 de abril de 2016 en Zaragoza, España. En su versión definitiva, es posible que este trabajo pueda aparecer publicado en ésta u otra revista científica. Título La Revolución De La Píldora Anticonceptiva Por Margaret Sanger Autores Miriam Abdel Karim Ruiz,* María José Carreño Cuadra,** Soledad Luna Galveño*** Centro/institución *Hospital Costa del Sol. **Hospital Obispo Polanco. ***Hospital Regional Universitario Ciudad/país * Marbella (Málaga), España. ** Teruel, España. *** Málaga, España Dirección e-mail [email protected] RESUMEN Justificación/Objetivos: Muchas mujeres hoy en día tienen la libertad de decidir cuándo tener hijos. Hasta hace unos cincuenta años, las mujeres pasaron la mayor parte de su vida, año tras año, teniendo hijos. Esta situación cambió debido a los esfuerzos de los activistas como; Margaret Sanger que creyó que la prevención del embarazo era una condición necesaria para la libertad de las mujeres y para el progreso humano Describir la trayectoria profesional de Margaret Sanger, enfermera estadounidense, que lucho por el control de la natalidad. Metodología: Se han revisado los artículos encontrados en Pubmed, Google Académico y biografías. Los puntos de referencia tomados para el análisis de las fuentes han sido: Margaret Sanger y control birth. Conclusión: Sus esfuerzos condujeron a la legalización y extendido uso de anticonceptivos en los Estados Unidos. Margaret Sanger creía que el tener menos hijos y de forma más espaciada, podría permitir a muchas familias conseguir una mejor calidad de vida, pero cuando intentó averiguar algo más acerca de la planificación familiar, descubrió que no existía información al respecto. ABSTRACT Objective: Many women today have the freedom to decide when to have children. Until about fifty years ago, women spent most of his life, year after year, having children. This situation changed due to the efforts of activists like; Margaret Sanger who believed that preventing pregnancy was a necessary condition for the freedom of women to human progress and describe the career of Margaret Sanger, American nurse, who fought for birth control. Methods: We reviewed the articles found in PubMed, Google Scholar and biographies. Conclusion: His efforts led to the legalization and widespread use of contraceptives in the United States. Margaret Sanger believed that having fewer children and more spaced form, could allow many families to get a better quality of life, but when he tried to find out more about family planning, discovered that there was no information. Key-words: Birth control/ Contraception/ Margaret Sanger. TEXTO DE LA COMUNICACIÓN Introducción Desde la década de 1870, la ley federal de Estados Unidos (EEUU.) había hecho ilegal la anticoncepción. Un número creciente de mujeres de clase media y alta, trataron de limitar la concepción a través de medios naturales (tales como abstenerse de tener relaciones sexuales), mientras que otras trataron de obtener dispositivos de control de la natalidad de Europa, a un gran costo. El movimiento fue encabezado por Margaret Sanger, enfermera activista, que trabajó en barrios pobres, para ayudar a las mujeres a tener menos hijos (1). Margaret Sanger trabajó para garantizar nuevos derechos humanos: el derecho de toda mujer a controlar su fertilidad, el derecho de los padres ante embarazos no deseados y el derecho de todo niño a ser querido. Además, proporcionó los métodos de control de natalidad y clínicas necesarias para la realización práctica de estos derechos, el Control de la natalidad (2). Muchas mujeres hoy en día tienen la libertad de decidir cuándo tener hijos. Hasta hace unos cincuenta años, las mujeres pasaron la mayor parte de su vida, año tras año, teniendo hijos. Esta situación cambió debido a los esfuerzos de los activistas como; Margaret Sanger que creyó que la prevención del embarazo era una condición necesaria para la libertad de las mujeres y para el progreso humano (3). Breve descripción de la historia de la anticoncepción En la historia temprana de EEUU., las mujeres no tienen acceso a los métodos anticonceptivos, tenían que ser métodos naturales como la abstinencia, la retirada del sexo masculino durante el sexo y la programación del sexo en el ciclo menstrual de la mujer. Los condones habían sido utilizados durante siglos y eran fabricados de intestinos animales. También se utilizaron objetos y materiales de todo tipo como el vidrio, el marfil, la madera y el ébano, la plata y el oro y el platino que se introducían en la cavidad uterina con resultados muy variables (4). La píldora reemplazó rápidamente a los métodos más antiguos y menos convenientes de anticoncepción, tales como el diafragma y el condón. Las estadísticas estadounidenses indicaban que la píldora era cada vez mas utilizada por más mujeres. Otras formas de anticonceptivas que siguieron a la píldora, fueron implantes, esponjas, parches, inyecciones y anillos (5). La anticoncepción ha tenido muchas campañas en su contra. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), cada año los embarazos no planificados causan al menos más de 40 millones de abortos, de los cuales la mitad se realizan en condiciones desfavorables y son muchos los que causan la muerte (6). Hoy en día, existen una variedad de métodos anticonceptivos altamente eficaces, científicamente probados y aprobados, están disponibles ya sea por prescripción o en las farmacias. Margaret Sanger Margaret Sanger, nació en 1879 en Corning, Nueva York (aunque se piensa que pudo nacer en 1883). Hija de una mujer enferma que murió de tuberculosis y cáncer de cuello uterino a la edad de cincuenta años, después de 18 embarazos. Sanger declaró que la muerte de su madre era de "tener demasiados hijos". Estudió Enfermería en la Escuela del Hospital de White Plains en Westchester, Nueva York. En 1902, se casó con William Sanger, es cuando su vida comenzó a parecerse a la de su madre, fue diagnosticada de tuberculosis; y en muy poco tiempo era madre de tres hijos. William animó Margaret quedarse en casa y criar a sus hijos en lugar de seguir con su carrera, y ella aceptó (7). En 1911, tras el incendio de la fábrica Triangle Shirtwaist y la muerte de 146 costureras, muy afectados se trasladaron a Nueva York, donde la pareja se involucró en la política radical. En 1912, Margaret comenzó a trabajar como enfermera en los barrios pobres del East Side de Manhattan, donde observó la difícil situación de las mujeres con trabajos de 60 horas semanales, atrapadas en una maternidad continua, víctimas de embarazos no deseados, enfrentadas a dos alternativas, arriesgar su vida practicándose un aborto ellas mismas o acudir a un médico abortista clandestino. Los abortos eran practicados de forma no estéril, con trementina y agujas, por lo que muchas mujeres morían por septicemia. Estas mujeres no tenían acceso a la información sobre los métodos anticonceptivos, ya que fue suprimida por los médicos y la Iglesia. Debatió sobre la libertad sexual, la maternidad voluntaria, y la necesidad de que las mujeres fueran más autónomas. Durante este tiempo, Sanger trabajó como enfermera a domicilio de Guillermo Wald, un grupo de enfermeras enviado por el Henry Street Settlement House para cuidar a las mujeres afectadas por la pobreza y la miseria, aparentemente inconscientes de cómo funcionaban sus cuerpos, con sucesivos embarazos y enfermedades venéreas (5,8–10). Después de presenciar este tipo de sufrimientos, decidió que las mujeres tenían que tener conocimientos sobre la anticoncepción, a conocer sus propios cuerpos y a que disfrutasen del sexo; que estaba destinado sólo para la procreación. Pensaba que todas las mujeres tenían derecho a disponer de anticonceptivos. Soñaba con una píldora mágica y fiable que resolviera el problema, pero los anticonceptivos eran un tema tabú. A pesar de los tabúes que rodean control de la natalidad, las primeras encuestas de opinión pública muestran un fuerte apoyo (7,11). En 1912, inicia su lucha para toda la vida en promover la información. Fue en un periódico socialista; The Call, “Lo que toda chica debe saber” que hablaba de la salud de la mujer, su desarrollo, la higiene, la sexualidad y las enfermedades venéreas. En 1913, La Oficina de Correos ordenada, por el congresista Anthony Comstock prohibió su columna, estipulando que la palabra sífilis y gonorrea eran obscenas. Viajó París, donde investigó acerca de los métodos anticonceptivos europeos, regresando a los EEUU convencida de que las mujeres no sólo pueden tomar el control de sus cuerpos; sino que podían ser los principales agentes de cambio social y económico. En 1914, lanzó un boletín de noticias mensual de ocho páginas, cuyo título era “La Mujer Rebelde”, en la que abogaba por la autonomía sexual y reproductiva de la mujer. Es por esta publicación, por la que es acusada por las autoridades, por oscenidad, incitación al asesinato y al homicidio. Fue acusada por usar el sistema postal para su distribución y violar la Ley Comstock (que criminaliza el uso del Servicio Postal de los Estados Unidos para enviar anticonceptivos, juguetes sexuales o eróticos, abortivos e información) (7,9,11,12). Para evitar la persecución, huyó a Europa, y allí permaneció durante un año. Sanger regresó a Estados Unidos para enfrentarse a un juicio y escribió Family Limitation, que describía con ilustraciones los métodos mas comunes para el control de natalidad y que en esa época estaban disponibles (condones, espermicidas químicos, duchas, tapones, el método de retirarse y el nuevo diafragma de caucho.
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